Hasil untuk "Social pathology. Social and public welfare. Criminology"

Olivia Gaddum, Stefan Gutwinski, Alva Lütt et al.

Abstract Background Virtual reality (VR) technology has been increasingly employed to develop innovative treatments for Alcohol use disorder (AUD) and overcome limitations of currents therapies. However, previous research in this field has yielded inconclusive results. To improve the quality and comparability of studies, a critical analysis of the research methodology employed in this field is necessary. Objectives This scoping review aims to provide an overview of existing studies with a focus on their objectives, methodology, treatment paradigms, and VR design characteristics. Methods A systematic literature research was conducted in the electronic databases MEDLINE (PubMed), APA PsychInfo, APA PsychArticles, PSYINDEX (EBSCOhost), Scopus, Web of Science and by search in the reference list of included publication to identify relevant publications. Clinical studies and study protocols using VR for the assessment or treatment of patients with AUD were included. Results The literature search yielded 1.197 studies, of which 22 met the inclusion criteria. Completed trials (n = 16) and study protocols (n = 6) were included. The majority of the studies (n = 19) used a VR cue exposure paradigm to induce craving. The studies can be classified either as assessment (n = 9) or treatment studies (n = 13). The duration (7–60 min) and number of applied sessions (1–13) varied significantly depending on the type of study. Craving outcomes were based on subjective and physiological measurements. All studies used alcoholic beverages and VR scenarios such as bars, pubs, parties and restaurants, with additional scenarios varying, except for one study using a hospital and subway scenario as aversive scenarios. Moreover, synchronized olfactory stimuli were frequently used. Conclusions Despite the heterogeneity of VR software features and VR interventions, it was possible to identify a similarity within the main VR scenarios employed, as well as consistent positive results concerning the induction of subjective craving by alcohol-associated VR cues. While VR interventions for AUD show methodological progress, future research should adopt standardized protocols, include objective psychophysiological outcomes, and evaluate long-term efficacy and feasibility in clinical settings. Integration of emerging VR paradigms and technologies may further enhance the therapeutic potential.

Yu. V. Grigor’ev

The article provides recommendations based on the author’s personal experience on conducting patent and technical forensic examination of inventions and utility models. It complements the recently published educational and methodological manual, which highlights the legal norms and practical aspects of patent and technical expertise. The main sections of the article are devoted to the prevention of procedural violations, ensuring the sustainability of conclusions and are accompanied by a number of practical examples.

IBCCRIM

A guerra contra as drogas – o uso do sistema penal para combater a produção, a distribuição, o comércio e o uso de entorpecentes – falhou miseravelmente. E não só por aqui; no mundo inteiro não há relato de caso de sucesso. E nem se pode dizer que o problema seria a falta de aplicação da lei, uma questão de impunidade. No Brasil, as prisões estão cada vez mais cheias de pessoas acusadas de crimes relacionados a entorpecentes – muitas, em razão de prisões preventivas.

Jovia Salifu

Despite being the subject of numerous research, professional identity in social work remains an important yet contentious concept. The aim of this article is to contribute to the literature on professional identity in social work by reflecting on the mutual development of the personal and professional identities of social workers in Ghana. Interviews were conducted among 20 social workers in two regions of Ghana, the northern and central regions. The evidence shows that the identity of social workers is shaped by two major factors – the statutory legal regime in which they operate, and the professional principles they apply in their work. Understood within the frame of social identity theory, the narratives of the social workers indicate how identifying with the professional group bestows distinctiveness and a change in personal identity. This change is reflected in their attitudes and value judgements of previously taken-for-granted socio-cultural practices. But while they firmly identify with the state and the professional principles, the social workers actively attempt to build local authenticity into their professional practices.

Daniel Chukwuemeka Ogbuabor, Alphonsus Ogbonna Ogbuabor, Matthew Chibunna Igwe

Abstract Background Smoking is a leading cause of avoidable deaths and attributable disability-adjusted life years globally. Yet, the determinants of smoking practices among women are understudied. This study assessed the determinants of smoking and smoking frequency among women of reproductive age in Nigeria. Methods and materials Data from the 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) were used in this study (n = 41,821). The data were adjusted for sampling weight, stratification, and cluster sampling design. The outcome variables were smoking status and smoking frequency (daily smoking and occasional smoking). The predictor variables included women’s socio-demographic and household characteristics. Pearson’s chi-squared test was used to evaluate the association between outcome and predictor variables. All variables significant in bivariate analyses were further analysed using complex sample logistics regression. Statistical significance was set at a p-value < 0.05. Results The prevalence of smoking among women of reproductive age is 0.3%. The prevalence of smoking frequency is 0.1% (daily) and 0.2% (occasionally). Overall, women aged 25-34 (AOR = 2.13, 95%CI: 1.06-4.29, ρ = 0.034), residing in the South-south region (AOR = 9.45, 95%CI: 2.04-43.72, ρ <0.001), being formerly married (AOR = 3.75, 95%CI: 1.52-9.21, ρ = 0.004), in female-headed households (AOR = 2.56, 95%CI: 1.29-5.08, ρ = 0.007) and owning mobile phones (AOR = 2.10, 95%CI: 1.13-3.90, ρ = 0.020) were more likely to smoke. Whereas female-headed households (AOR = 4.34, 95%CI: 1.37-13.77, ρ = 0.013) and being formerly married (AOR = 6.37, 95%CI: 1.67-24.24, ρ = 0.007) predisposed to daily smoking, age 15-24 (AOR = 0.11, 95%CI: 0.02-0.64, ρ = 0.014) was protective of daily smoking among women. Owning mobile phones (AOR = 2.43, 95%CI: 1.17-5.06, ρ = 0.018) increased the odds of occasional smoking among women. Conclusions The prevalence rates of smoking and smoking frequency are low among women of reproductive age in Nigeria. Women-centred approaches to tobacco prevention and cessation must become evidence-informed by incorporating these determinants into interventions targeting women of reproductive age in Nigeria.

Ria Poole, Hannah Carver, Despina Anagnostou et al.

Abstract Background This meta-ethnography investigates how young adults describe their tobacco use, smoking identities and pathways into and out of regular smoking, to inform future smoking prevention and harm reduction interventions. Methods Eight databases were systematically searched using keywords and indexed terms. Studies were included if they presented qualitative data from young adults aged 16–25 reporting smoking histories and/or smoking identities from countries culturally similar to the UK. A systematic and rigorous meta-ethnographic approach was employed, consistent with Noblit and Hare’s methodology. Results Thirty papers were included. Reasons stated for taking up smoking and becoming a smoker included alleviating stress, transforming one’s identity, and coping with the transition to further education, employment or leaving home. Many used smoking to aid acceptance within new peer groups, particularly when alcohol was present. Smoking was also perceived as an act of resistance and a coping mechanism for those with marginalised identities. Barriers to quitting smoking included young adults’ minimisation or denial of the health risks of smoking and not identifying with “being a smoker”. Conclusions This meta-ethnography may provide a blueprint to inform the development of health and wellbeing interventions designed specifically for young adults. Smoking cessation interventions should be co-designed with young adults based on their perceived needs, resonant with their desire to quit in the future at key milestones. Harm reduction interventions should address the social aspect of addiction, without reinforcing stigma, particularly for those with marginalised identities.

Fatemeh Salarian, Saeed Moeedfar, m z

First this study has tried to provide a global perspective of intervention programs worldwide through documentary andlibrary methods by collecting and reporting on important government intervention programs in the field of street children. In the second step, the present study, considering its sociological and critical position, has evaluated these programs and tried to reveal the neoliberal view behind these programs and to clarify their role in the vulnerability and instability of these programs. In fact, through a meta-analysis of evaluations of successful programs, the neoliberal view is described as a set of policies and plans that prevent these programs from achieving the goal of permanently eliminating street child labor. The results of this study indicate that intervention programs are designed to increase economic growth and therefore suffer from disadvantages such as temporary, limited, disconnected and non-optimal. From the results obtained and according to the data of the analytical part of the research in the final part, a model has been designed and proposed based on the values of inclusiveness, integrity, quality and sustainability.

Bertin Martens

Seyed Alireza Afshani, Seyed Mostajad Hosseini-motlagh, Hamide Shiri-Mohammadabad

Background: Considering the role of lifestyle in promoting, maintaining, continuity health and the importance of paying attention to the veterans and their families who have suffered a lot in order to sacrifice for the homeland, the present study intends to compare the lifestyle among veterans and non-veterans in Mashhad city. Methods: This study was conducted using a survey method. The statistical population included the veteran and non-veteran families of Mashhad. A total of 360 questionnaires were filled out in this city. The research instruments were Lifestyle Questionnaire (LSQ) and All Aspects of Health Literacy Scale. The data were analyzed by SPSS v.24. Results: There is not a significant difference between the mean scores of lifestyle in the two groups of veteran and non-veteran in Mashhad (p > 0.05). The comparison of mean lifestyle scores also showed that there was no significant difference between the lifestyle scores of men and women in the non-veteran group and the mean scores of the single and married lifestyle in the veteran and non-veteran group (p > 0.05). There is a significant relationship between education level and health literacy of veteran and non-veteran families with their lifestyle, age, and employment status. They are also related to the lifestyle of their life because of the status they provide for the sacrifices. Conclusion: Comparison of the two groups in terms of lifestyle indicates that the veterans are in a less favorable position than non-veterans in terms of some aspects of lifestyle such as physical health, exercise and health, disease prevention and mental health.

Frederick T. Martens

The author, Maurizio Catino, has undertaken a meticulous examination of criminal organizations that dominate the illicit marketplace throughout the world. The Mafia, Cosa Nostra, Camorra, ‘Ndrangheta, Triads, Yakuza, and the South American cartels are dissected and their respective nomenclatures compared and contrasted. Catino addresses their relationship to the illicit markets that they operate within and organize in order to minimize risks and maximize profits. Relying upon electronic surveillances, investigative reports, and intelligence sources, Catino takes this ethnographic data and molds it into a series of principles that govern each criminal organization. His research has profoundly advanced our understanding of criminal organizations and the illicit markets they supply. It will likely go down as the most seminal piece of research in the past thirty or more years.

Håvard Aaslund, Charles Chear

Dar Meshi, Ofir Turel, Dan Henley

Introduction: Facebook and Snapchat employ different features for encouraging repeated, reinforced use of their platforms. Importantly, this repeated use can become maladaptive and problematic. We sought to understand differences between these platforms in regard to problematic use, and its motivations and outcomes. We specifically focused on trait social reward preferences as important yet overlooked motivations. We also focused on quit and use reduction attempts as important yet overlooked outcomes. Methods: Participants (N = 472) responded to an online survey that assessed their Snapchat and Facebook use, as well as trait social reward preferences. Results: Our findings, with individuals who used both Snapchat and Facebook, revealed that (a) participants reported more time on Snapchat than Facebook, as well as more problematic use of Snapchat than Facebook, nevertheless (b) they reported more attempts to quit Facebook than Snapchat, with no difference in use reduction attempts between platforms, and (c) trait social reward dimensions – admiration, negative social potency, and sociability – were positively associated with problematic Snapchat use, and only negative social potency was positively associated with problematic Facebook use. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate the relevance of social media platform features and social reward preferences in problematic social media use. Implications for further research and practice are discussed.

Cecilia Amalia Molina, Yanina Noemi Roslan-Angeloni, Analía Graciela Correa et al.

Este escrito sintetiza resultados de un estudio sobre condiciones de trabajo decente en trabajadores sociales de hospitales públicos de la provincia argentina de Mendoza y detalla los retos que debieron sortearse desde el equipo de investigación por estar sus integrantes involucrados con el problema por indagar. La metodología es cuanti-cualitativa. Conjuga información obtenida a través de un cuestionario autoadministrado provisto al universo de profesionales de seis hospitales públicos (tasa de respuesta del 75%) y de entrevistas en profundidad a una muestra intencional que contempló diversidades presentes en el universo. Como hallazgos significativos, se identifica que las relaciones entre colegas son la vía privilegiada para ingresar a los hospitales y que esas relaciones resultan más confiables para resolver conflictos laborales que los gremios o las autoridades sanitarias. Los consultados dicen gozar de una alta autonomía profesional, pero al mismo tiempo se sienten excluidos de decisiones de política institucional que los afectan laboral y profesionalmente. Consideran que las contribuciones de la disciplina son valoradas por otros miembros de los equipos de salud, pero, en ciertas situaciones, los marcos conceptuales y las propuestas de intervención específicas que conllevan son fuente de destrato. Se concluye que el concepto de trabajo decente ofrece dimensiones clave para aproximarse a las condiciones laborales de la profesión en diferentes campos. Y que cuando el equipo de investigación es parte del ámbito de estudio, resulta imprescindible ejercitar la reflexividad de manera permanente para producir información rigurosa y a la vez estratégica para el colectivo profesional.

Balloni A.

Sentenza Cassazione N. 7766/2016 (in data 16.7.2015 - depositata il 20.4.2016) Terza Sezione Civile – Presidente: Vivaldi - Relatore: Travaglino Ordinanza Cassazione N.26805/2017 ( data di pubblicazione: 14.11.2017) Terza Sezione Civile - Presidente: Travaglino - Relatore: Moscarini La sentenza affronta un'importante ed attuale problematica che riguarda il risarcimento di “gravissimi danni” patiti da un soggetto in occasione di un sinistro stradale.

Ursula Dias Peres, Samira Bueno, Gabriel Marques Tonelli

A Constituição Federal de 1988 não atribui um papel de protagonismo aos municípios brasileiros no que tange às políticas de segurança pública. Ao longo dos anos 1990 e 2000, enquanto em outras áreas esses entes foram tornando-se cada vez mais relevantes, agentes da municipalização da educação, saúde e assistência social, por exemplo, o arranjo institucional da segurança pública continuou focado no papel das policiais estaduais e federais. Apesar disso, o crescimento da violência e criminalidade nos centros urbanos, depois inclusive em cidades interioranas e de menor porte, expôs a obrigatoriedade de envolvimento das prefeituras na prevenção e controle da violência. O que temos hoje são municípios, de diferentes portes, que quase triplicaram seus gastos em segurança pública nos últimos 20 anos e gastam 0,08% do PIB (Finbra, 2015) nessa área. Já existem mais de 1000 estruturas de guardas civis em todo país, além de prefeitos que cada vez mais colocam a segurança como prioridade em seus programas de governo, atendendo à pressão social. O propósito deste artigo é analisar esse crescimento da participação local no financiamento da segurança pública, buscando destacar a relação desse ente com a União e os desafios que se colocam no atual cenário federativo.

José Fernando Siqueira da Silva

O presente ensaio analisa a oposição entre as perspectivas ontológica e instrumental, tendo como referência o campo particular das profissões e o processo de formação profissional dos assistentes sociais. Para tanto, remete a uma importante questão: que tipo de profissional pretende-se formar, intelectuais ou técnico-operativos? Além disso, considerando o atual estágio de acumulação do capital, procura contribuir para o debate contemporâneo acerca da direção social estratégica assumida, a partir dos anos 1990, pelas principais organizações representativas da categoria profissional dos assistentes sociais no Brasil.<br>This essay analyzes the opposition between ontological and instrumental perspectives as a reference for the particular field of the professions and the process of professional education of social workers. To do so it raises an important question: what type of professional is to be educated, intellectuals or technical-operatives? Considering the current stage of capitalist accumulation, it seeks to contribute to the contemporary debate about the strategic social direction assumed since the 1990s by the main representative organizations of the professional category of social workers in Brazil.

Khan Riaz, Chatton Anne, Thorens Gabriel et al.

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Substance use disorders seem to be an under considered health problem amongst the elderly. The Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST), was developed by the World Health Organization to detect substance use disorders. The present study evaluates the psychometric properties of the French version of ASSIST in a sample of elderly people attending geriatric outpatient facilities (primary care or psychiatric facilities).</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>One hundred persons older than 65 years were recruited from clients attending a geriatric policlinic day care centre and from geriatric psychiatric facilities. Measures included ASSIST, Addiction Severity Index (ASI), Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI-Plus), Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), Revised Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire-Smoking (RTQ) and MiniMental State(MMS).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Concurrent validity was established with significant correlations between ASSIST scores, scores from ASI, AUDIT, RTQ, and significantly higher ASSIST scores for patients with a MINI-Plus diagnosis of abuse or dependence. The ASSIST questionnaire was found to have high internal consistency for the total substance involvement along with specific substance involvement as assessed by Cronbach’s α, ranging from 0.66, to 0.89 .</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The findings demonstrate that ASSIST is a valid screening test for identifying substance use disorders in elderly.</p>

Pilar Ríos Campos

Las casas de acogida para mujeres maltratadas han sufrido un proceso de transformación desde que fueron creadas. Inicialmente fundadas a partir de los principios y la filosofía del movimiento feminista, han ido siendo absorbidas por las administraciones públicas. Esto ha supuesto un cambio hacia la burocratización y la adaptación de las mujeres al sistema, antes que convertirlas en agentes de cambio social como se pretendía en un principio. En este artículo hacemos un somero análisis de este proceso basándonos en los principios de igualdad, potenciación, participación y concienciación, los cuales eran los fundamentos a partir de los que se trabajaba en el origen de estos organismos con el objetivo de conseguir transformaciones tanto individuales como colectivas; y cómo estos principios quedan recogidos actualmente en la forma de intervención con mujeres maltratadas en el centro donde hemos realizado nuestra investigación. Shelters for battered women have suffered a process of transformation since they were created. Initially founded on the principles and philosophy of the feminist movement, they have progressively been taken over by public administrations. This has brought change towards bureaucracy and adapting women to the system, instead of making of them agents of social change as it was pretended in a beginning. In this paper we make an analysis of this process on the principles of equality, empowerment, participation, and raising awareness, which were the foundations of all the work done at the beginning of these organisms, aiming at achieving both individual and collective change; and how these principles are currently contained in the form of intervention with battered women at the center where we conducted our research.

Martin Seeleib-Kaiser