Hasil untuk "Psychology"

R. Carl, Rogers

Esta A. Berg

D. Templer

E. Staub

C. G. Jung

T. Shuell

B. Hofer

A. Waytz, J. Cacioppo, Nicholas Epley

L. F. Barrett, M. Tugade, R. Engle

Sheryl L. Walter, S. Seibert, Daniel D. Goering et al.

P. Oudeyer, F. Kaplan

Intrinsic motivation, centrally involved in spontaneous exploration and curiosity, is a crucial concept in developmental psychology. It has been argued to be a crucial mechanism for open-ended cognitive development in humans, and as such has gathered a growing interest from developmental roboticists in the recent years. The goal of this paper is threefold. First, it provides a synthesis of the different approaches of intrinsic motivation in psychology. Second, by interpreting these approaches in a computational reinforcement learning framework, we argue that they are not operational and even sometimes inconsistent. Third, we set the ground for a systematic operational study of intrinsic motivation by presenting a formal typology of possible computational approaches. This typology is partly based on existing computational models, but also presents new ways of conceptualizing intrinsic motivation. We argue that this kind of computational typology might be useful for opening new avenues for research both in psychology and developmental robotics.

J. Harackiewicz, Amanda M. Durik, K. Barron et al.

M. Inzlicht, K. Werner, J. Briskin et al.

Self-regulation is a core aspect of human functioning that helps facilitate the successful pursuit of personal goals. There has been a proliferation of theories and models describing different aspects of self-regulation both within and outside of psychology. All of these models provide insights about self-regulation, but sometimes they talk past each other, make only shallow contributions, or make contributions that are underappreciated by scholars working in adjacent areas. The purpose of this article is to integrate across the many different models in order to refine the vast literature on self-regulation. To achieve this objective, we first review some of the more prominent models of self-regulation coming from social psychology, personality psychology, and cognitive neuroscience. We then integrate across these models based on four key elements-level of analysis, conflict, emotion, and cognitive functioning-specifically identifying points of convergence but also points of insufficient emphasis. We close with prescriptions for future research. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Psychology, Volume 72 is January 5, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Herman Aguinis

Mykhailo Beilin, Oleksandr Zheltoborodov

The profound transformation of all aspects of society's existence, which began in the last quarter of the previous century and continues to this day, has changed almost the entire structure of social relations, both in its morphological and substantive plans. Social solidarity is presented as a dynamic and non-guaranteed state arising in the course of human interaction and requiring constant activity of all participants of the interactive process. The main integrative role is played by joint action and its interpretations, the proximity of which ensures the consolidation of society. The influence of solidarity on the reproduction function of the social system at all its hierarchical levels – from groups of primary social practices to the society as a whole – has been studied. It is substantiated that the state or level of social solidarity in society determines the degree of harmony of its functioning, and in general determines the life chances and prospects of this society. It is noted that the reduction of solidarity carries a threat of social disintegration. It is emphasized that in the normal functioning of society, solidarity is the object of unremitting attention, both on the part of the ruling group in society, whose actions are almost inseparable from the goals of reproduction of society and its power, and on the part of other social institutions, whose activities are directly conditioned by the level of consolidation and cooperation of their members. Accordingly, a state of social relations in which neither the authorities nor other institutions demonstrates adequate concern for the degree of consolidation of the social whole cannot be considered normal. It is shown that within the post-political consensus, class identity appears as the result of a specific political gesture – a political and discursive construction. Political-discursive analysis is defined as an independent and self-sufficient methodology that enables a new perspective on traditional objects of political inquiry, such as populist movements and ideologies, large-scale social conflicts, the absolutization of ideology, and the ideologization of the functioning of various societal discourses.

Safiye Sena Baytan Gürler, Saim Kayadibi

This research examines the istijrar contract as a potential solution to the operational and Shariah compliance challenges commonly encountered in murabahah-based financing, particularly in scenarios involving continuous and repeated purchases. Such flexible purchasing arrangements often generate complexities and elevate compliance risks. To address these issues, the study adopts a structured literature review methodology, implemented in three stages. First, it reviews scholarly debates concerning the Shariah compliance of the istijrar contract. Second, it assesses existing global practices. Third, it analyzes Turkish practices and legal regulations, critically examining the discussions and models at each stage to identify the most suitable adaptation for implementation in Türkiye. Key findings highlight the absence of standardized frameworks in both global and Turkish contexts, along with the limited practical application of istijrar in Türkiye’s Islamic banking sector. In response, this research synthesizes these insights to develop a structured and independent istijrar model specifically tailored to the Turkish Islamic banking environment. It is anticipated that this model will enable Islamic banks to more effectively finance customers engaged in production and trade activities, thereby supporting the growth of the real economy.

Malik Muhammad Sohail, Akhlaq Ahmad, Arndt Büssing

As spirituality aims to reconnect us with the Sacred and should have effects on prosocial behavior, too, this study aimed to examine the role of transformational spirituality in raising prosocial and pro-environmental behavior. Data were collected from 370 students and teachers from different universities in Punjab. This cross-sectional study found that students scored higher on religious practices and awe/gratitude as an experiential aspect of spirituality as compared to their teachers. Living from the faith, perception of the sacred, and awe/gratitude were moderately interconnected. Both living from the faith and perception of awe/gratitude were strongly or moderately related to prosocial behaviors and valuing the environment/nature, as well as times of pausing in silence and reflection. These results help us to understand the role of the complex construct of spirituality that may contribute to promoting prosocial and pro-environmental behaviors of a young generation.

Enrico Cicalò, Michele Valentino

This article discusses the role of images in archaeological disciplines and the contribution that graphic sciences can make to research in this subject area. In archaeology, and not only, ‘visualization’ differs significantly from the more commonly used noun ‘representation.’ In this sense, archaeological visualization is a practice of reconstructing and understanding the past rather than documenting and representing only the material remains that have come down to us. From archaeological drawing to virtual reality, numerous techniques and tools from the graphic sciences are applied in archaeology. Some of these can now be ascribed to the disciplinary tools, while others fall outside the specific skills of the archaeologist and require interaction with the disciplines deputed to visualization and, thus, with the graphic sciences. In order to better understand the difference between visualization and representation in archaeology, the article uses prenuragic altar of Monte d’Accoddi as a case study to focus on the creation of different graphic-visual products starting from the same model, in order to demonstrate the role of different graphic artefacts.

Kacper Krzeczewski

Głównym celem artykułu jest sklasyfikowanie i omówienie mechanizmów kreowania postprawdy w przestrzeni medialnej. Na wybranych przykładach scharakteryzuję i opiszę funkcjonowanie 10 mechanizmów, które wyróżniłem w trakcie prowadzonych badań. Podzieliłem je na mechanizmy związane z działaniami podjętymi przez nadawcę oraz wynikające z jego zaniechania. Ułatwi to zrozumienie, w jaki sposób te techniki są wykorzystywane w mediach oraz że kreowanie postprawdziwych komunikatów wcale nie musi być intencjonalne. Termin „postprawda” porównam ponadto z takimi pojęciami jak: manipulacja, zwodzenie (ang. deception) czy „wciskanie kitu” (ang. bullshit), chcąc odnaleźć między nimipunkty wspólne i różnice, co pozwoli zrozumieć złożoność problemu również na gruncie semantycznym.

Julian Strube

Krechs ursprünglich im Jahr 2012 erschienener Artikel „Religious Contacts in Past and Present Times: Aspects of a Research Programme“ wird in diesem kommentierenden Beitrag in den Kontext mehrerer Pionierarbeiten eingeordnet, die wichtige Impulse für eine Globale Religionsgeschichte gegeben haben. Gerade weil der Artikel als provisorischer Zwischenschritt erschienen ist, wird er für ein Nachdenken über anhaltende Herausforderungen einer Globalen Religionsgeschichte fruchtbar gemacht. Es wird hervorgehoben, wie damals formulierte zentrale Fragestellungen auch in gegenwärtigen Diskussionen fortbestehen, die sich allerdings vorwiegend durch global- und verflechtungsgeschichtliche, oft genealogisch ausgerichtete Ansätze auszeichnen. Dies hebt hervor, wie das von Krech ins Spiel gebrachte methodologische Repertoire für das Nachdenken über Globale Religionsgeschichte wertvoll sein kann.