Hasil untuk "Lexicography"

INDRĖ IGNOTAITĖ

Translanguaging research has predominantly focused on spoken interaction in educational contexts, leaving written multilingual practices outside classrooms comparatively underexplored. This article addresses that gap by examining translanguaging in written, asynchronous computer-mediated discourse by analysing the length of English text fragments embedded in 2,100 Lithuanian “Twitter” messages. Adopting computer-mediated discourse analysis within a translanguaging framework, this study operationalises a length-based typology, reports relative frequencies of each length category, and discusses their characteristic features, thus linking structural distribution, pragmatic function, and sociocultural meaning. A total of 2,493 English fragments were identified and categorised as word-length (1,459, or 58.5%), phrase-length (603, or 24.2%), and sentence-length (431, or 17.3%). This corresponds to approximately 118.7 fragments per 100 tweets, or roughly 75.6 fragments per 1,000 words. Empirically, the research shows that English single-word insertions dominate, functioning as compact, high-salience resources for stance-taking, identity indexing, technological literacy signalling, and memetic reference, whereas longer forms are comparatively rare. Methodologically, this paper demonstrates how the structural and pragmatic dimensions of computer-mediated discourse analysis can be adapted to capture the distribution, form, functions, and meaning of multilingual features in social media texts. These findings extend beyond the Lithuanian-English context, as they highlight how brevity-driven platforms, such as “Twitter”, foster highly lexicalised translanguaging, with implications for understanding language contact, digital literacy, lexicography, and language technology. Limitations include the single-corpus scope and the absence of user metadata. This study concludes with recommendations for comparative, cross-platform, and mixed-methods research to further theorise short-form translanguaging as a distinct phenomenon in global digital communication.

Ivana Filipović Petrović, Jelena Parizoska

Elektronička je leksikografija grana leksikografije koja se bavi teorijskim i praktičnim aspektom mrežnih rječnika, a obuhvaća enciklopedije, leksikone, glosare, terminološke repozitorije i druge informacijske alate kojima se može pristupiti putem interneta. Među obilježjima i prednostima elektroničkih rječnika iz korisničke perspektive ističe se brz pristup informacijama te novi tip informacija, poput zvučnih i slikovnih priloga u natuknici ili povezanost s drugim softverom kao što je ugrađeno poučavanje i učenje, igre i slično. Iz leksikografske perspektive naglašava se oslobođenje od abecednoga ustroja sadržaja rječnika, kao i dokidanje ograničenja linearnoga teksta uključivanjem poveznica u natuknicu i opcije pokaži manje/više kojom upravlja korisnik. Ipak, unatoč prednostima, prisutne su kritike zbog nedostatne ponude izvorno elektroničkih rječnika u leksikografijama pojedinih jezika. Stoga suvremena e-leksikografija nastoji naći rješenja za izazove proizišle iz naoko idealnih digitalnih uvjeta, poput opasnosti od preplavljivanja korisnika golemom količinom nestrukturiranih podataka u kojoj se gubi informacija, ali i odgovora na pitanje što leksikografi mogu učiniti da korisnički izbor u potrazi za informacijom budu rječnici, a ne kakve druge internetske baze podataka i brze tražilice. U radu se daje pregled suvremenih dosega elektroničke leksikografije iz teorijske i tehnološke perspektive. Najprije se donose osnovne teorijske postavke vezane uz obilježja e-rječnika i teoriju u elektroničkoj leksikografiji, koja se istovremeno naslanja na postojeću teoriju leksikografije koja počiva na lingvistici i u kojoj važnu ulogu imaju procjene leksikografa o načinima obrade unutar mikrostrukture te na nadogradnju koja uključuje tehnološke, funkcionalne i estetske aspekte izrade rječnika u digitalnom obliku. Zatim se pokazuju primjeri različitih rješenja u elektroničkim rječnicima hrvatskoga i drugih jezika koja nastoje odgovoriti na izazove informatičkoga i informacijskoga doba te pomiriti leksikografske mogućnosti i korisničke potrebe. Na temelju toga daje se zaključak o tendencijama izrade rječnika i drugih leksikografskih alata koji će pratiti ubrzani tehnološki razvoj i društvene potrebe u suvremeno doba.

Liudmyla Danylenko

In 2021, we celebrate the anniversary of a world-class scholar, linguist - 90 years since the birth of Academician Vitaly Makarovich Rusanivsky. The purpose of the article is to explore the range of linguistic interests of the outstanding scholar, to consider his works and evaluate their significance for Ukrainian Slavic studies, to outline the defining human traits that together with his academician achievements give an idea of him as a person. V. M. Rusanivsky was born on June 25, 1931 in Kharkiv in a family of philologists. He graduated from Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, studied in graduate school at the Department of Ukrainian Language. After successfully completing graduate school he came to work at Potebnia Institute of Linguistics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, where he worked for the rest of his life. Rusanivsky's scientific interests were extremely wide. In total, his academician legacy includes more than 400 publications - books, textbooks, dictionaries, articles, reviews on comparative and historical linguistics, studies of literary monuments, sources of development of East Slavic literary languages, Ukrainian grammar, language culture, functional styles, theory and practice of lexicology and lexicography, linguistic Shevchenkiana, history of linguistic Slavic studies. Academician V.M. Rusanivsky has always combined intensive research work with no less intensive performance of scientific and organizational responsibilities. Since 1991 till 2007, V.M. Rusanivsky headed the Department of Western and South Slavic Languages at the Potebnia Institute of Linguistics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, which coordinated linguistic Slavic studies in Ukraine. For 24 years (1982-2006) he headed the Ukrainian Committee of Slavists and was a member of the International Committee of Slavists, the founder and the first chairman of the International Association of Ukrainian Studies (1989-1990). The defining individual traits of his character were erudition, responsible attitude towards his work, sense of humor, sociability.

Anna Aksenova

Although it can help avoid far too literal translations of metaphorical expressions, the reconstruction of metaphorical mapping is still an unclaimed instrument of pre-translation analysis. This research aims at a pre-translation analysis of a book of poems, Babylon in a Jar (1998) by Andrew Hudgins, which has not been previously translated into Russian. The method for linguistic metaphor identification created by G. Steen is applied for the first time in this study as an instrument of pre-translation analysis. Firstly, key conceptual metaphors of the book are identified: death is departure, life is a journey, plants are people, and emotional intimacy is physical closeness. Secondly, the relationship between source and target domains is analysed. For example, the source domain for the metaphor people are plants is a daffodil, a tree, or a chinaberry. In Western cultures, a chinaberry symbolizes the tree of knowledge and in A. Hudgins’ poem, this idea is mapped onto knowledge about sinful human nature. Thirdly, translation strategies are outlined. In the translated version, another plant is introduced to preserve the original cross-domain mapping because the chinaberry tree is not familiar to Russian readers. Based on conceptual metaphor theory, this research seeks to integrate the reconstruction of metaphorical mapping into a pre-translation analysis, which allows for the preservation of the spirit of the original version. These insights advance interdisciplinary research on poetry interpretation and the practice of translation.

Roberto Torre Alonso

This article presents ALOEV3, a lemmatizer based on Morphological Generation that allows for the type-based automatic lemmatization of Old English Class III strong verbs beginning with the letters L–Y. The lemmatizer operates on the basis of the inflectional, derivational and morpho-phonological alternation rules characteristic of this class. The generated form-types are checked against the two most reputed Old English corpora, namely the Dictionary of Old English Corpus and The York-Toronto-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Old English Prose to validate their attestations and assign the corresponding lemma. Results show that 97 percent of the validated forms are successfully assigned a single lemma. The remaining inflectional forms (38 out of 1,256) show competition between two lemmas, which implies that despite the high level of accuracy of the lemmatizer, contextual, token-based analysis is still needed for disambiguation. However, the research shows that competition only occurs in a limited set of lemma pairs and their derivatives. Although the research focuses on but one strong verb class, it confirms that exploring the avenues of automatic lemmatization will contribute to the field of Old English lexicography by either lemmatizing attested inflectional form types or by highlighting areas for manual revision.

Rinaldin, Anna

The article aims to present an unpublished study by Paolo Zolli preserved in the Archive “Carte del contemporaneo” of the Centro Interuniversitario di Studi Veneti (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia). The study reviews the fundamental stages of the Venetian lexicography starting from its origins (with attention to the relationship between Venetian and Tuscan) up to the Raccolta of F.Z. Muazzo, on which Zolli had already given an initial assessment when the manuscript re-emerged in the Archivio di Stato of Venice. Thanks to internal data, the drafting text’s dating is placed in the beginning of 1970’s: it is therefore pioneering in a field of study – that of dialectal lexicography – that today has a great interest for historical linguistics.

Olga Karpova

The paper is devoted to cultural heritage dictionaries with special reference to the oldest branch of English lexicography – author lexicography, comprising three hundred reference books of different types: concordances, glossaries, lexicons, indices, thesauri, etc. The article describes the main trends in developing author linguistic dictionaries for general and special purposes to single and complete works of G. Chaucer, W. Shakespeare, J. Milton, other famous English writers since the 16th c. up to the present days. The architecture of author encyclopedic dictionaries (guides, encyclopedias, companions) and onomasticons (dictionaries of characters and place names, who is who in … series) and their significant contribution to the English language, culture and society are discussed. The main accent is made on the digital era of English heritage lexicography, innovative features of modern printed and Internet author reference resources, aimed at certain target groups users’ needs and demands.

The article presents an analysis of a new interpretative and translation Slovak-Polish-Russian special terminological dictionary in which the authors, Marta Vojtekova, Svetlana Pakhomova and Anna Petrikova, present linguistic terms in such areas of linguistics as phonetics, phonology, morphonology, orthoepy and orthography based on the alphabetical principle of arrangement of dictionary entries. The Slovak words are used as initial headwords and terminological equivalents in Polish and Russian – as equivalents to them.

The article deals with the urgent problems of the linguocultural lexicographic representation of Russian proverbs. The purpose of the study presented in the article is to analyze the domestic experience of linguoculturological interpretation of paremias in learner’s dictionaries, to determine possible areas for optimization linguoculturologically oriented lexicographic parameters, to present the author’s concepts of innovative learner’s pare- miological dictionaries. The descriptive method is traditionally used to analyze dictionary materials. The method of linguometodically oriented lexicographic modeling, including various discursive tactics and techniques of linguoculturological interpretation of paremias, is used the development of the authored dictionary entries presented in the article. The linguistic properties and linguocultural potential of proverbs have been revealed during their contextual, linguocultural, historico-etymological analysis, preceding the lexicographic description. The article considers the opportunities for improvement of the definition of a paremia, its functional and pragmatic characteristics, linguocultural commentary, for which the methods of complex textual organization combi- ning the historico-etymological component and examples of the use of paremia in modern socio-culturally marked communicative situations have been developed. When macro-structuring thematic learner’s dictionaries of pro- verbs, it is suggested to use the method of grouping the material according to axiologems that reflect the general evaluative meaning of paremias and act as the headings of dictionary macro-entries within thematic sections. The article suggests an innovative authored concept of a paremiographic travelogue, which presents Russian proverbs to a foreign reader against the background of characteristic realities of different regions of Russia. It demonstrates techniques for developing routes of paremiological travel, depending on the subject, imagery, and sphere of origin of paremias. Special attention is paid to the realization of the principle of taking into account the addressee factor by developing a dictionary of proverbs for primary school children. The expediency of the maximum implementation of the principle of interactivity in the dictionary of the printed format due to the dialogization of metatext, the use of hyperlinks in the macro-structuring of the dictionary and the organization of real communication between authors and readers outside the dictionary text is justified. The authors draw conclusions about the opportunities of using the results of the study in the lexicographic practice and in the educational process.

L. G. Babenko

The new lexicographic project of the Ural semantic school, the Large Ideographic Dictionary of Synonymic-Antonymic Complexes, the concept of which is generally developed and is currently being implemented in the process of writing dictionary articles, is highlighted. It is noted that in Russian lexicography there are no comprehensive dictionaries based on the integrative consideration of synonyms and antonyms in their unity, which determines the relevance of creating new lexicographic sources. For the first time, a fundamentally new lexical set was chosen as the object of lexicographic description - a synonymic-antonymic complex, which has a unique structural-semantic organization based on the integration of units connected simultaneously by relations of opposites (antonyms) and identities (synonyms). The principal novelty of the project also lies in the fact that it provides an ideographic description of synonymic-antonymic complexes, which are distributed in the global structure of the dictionary, taking into account their general type semantics, by spheres, fields, classes, groups and subgroups. The author pays special attention to the problem of lexicographic interpretation of the integral type semantics of the entire synonymic-antonymic complex, as well as the type semantics of its main subgroups and the individual semantics of private antonymic oppositions. The solutions to this problem are given.

Anna Pikalova

The representation of the “emotive-I” of Christina Rossetti’s identity in her children’s poetry This article concerns the construction of the “emotive-I” of the identity of Christina Rossetti, who wrote children’s poetry. It is revealed that the construction of the “emotive-I” includes the following components: cognitive (knowledge, beliefs, motives, and ideas), affective (emotional and evaluative attitudes towards knowledge and beliefs, and towards oneself and children), and behavioural (the corresponding reaction that stimulates an intentional emotional influence on the object of the texts and is represented in the author’s poetic speech). On the basis of these components it is possible to distinguish the types of the “emotive-I” of C. Rossetti’s identity. The different types of the “emotive-I” include “lyricist”, “optimist”, “prankster”, “humourist”, “dreamer”, “fantasizer”, “cardiocentric”, “pessimist”, and “ingenuous”. The actualization of these types covers a wide range of linguistic means and stylistic techniques in the author’s poetic texts for children. The peculiarities of the poetic speech provoke the desired emotions in the readers, influencing the formation of children’s emotional sphere.   Reprezentacja „emocjonalnego ja” tożsamości Christiny Rossetti w jej poezji dziecięcej Ten artykuł jest analizą struktury „emocjonalnego ja” tożsamości Christiny Rossetti, autorki poezji dziecięcej. Stwierdza się, że konstrukcja „emocjonalnego ja” obejmuje elementy: poznawcze (wiedza, przekonania, motywy i idee), afektywne (emocjonalne i oceniające postawy wobec wiedzy i przekonań oraz wobec siebie i dzieci) oraz behawioralne (odpowiednia reakcja, która stymuluje celowy emocjonalny wpływ na przedmiot tekstów i jest reprezentowana w poetyckiej mowie autora). Na podstawie wyżej wymienionych elementów możliwy staje się opis różnych typów „emocjonalnego ja” tożsamości C. Rossetti. Różne typy „emocjonalnego ja” obejmują między innymi „autora tekstów”, „optymistę”, „dowcipnisia”, „humorystę”, „marzyciela”, „pesymistę” i „pomysłowy”. Wariacje tożsamości związane są ze stosowaniem szerokiego zakresu środków językowych i technik stylistycznych. Osobliwości poetyckiej mowy wywołują pożądane emocje u czytelników, wpływając na kształtowanie się sfery emocjonalnej dzieci.

Elena A Osokina

The paper first presents the unique material matching the description of the word TIME in different author's dictionaries, created one model - in is the idioglossarium of Dostoevsky and etnnoidioglossarium of Ch. Aitmatov. There are no textual database of all works of Chingiz Aitmatov, there is no etnnoidioglossarium, but perfectly designed structure of a dictionary entry in the idioglossarium of Dostoevsky gives the possibility, firstly, to create a similar entry on a separate piece of another author; secondly, it gives an opportunity to see the peculiarities of the author's intention and his creative workshop, even if the work of different writers belongs to the different epochs; thirdly, it gives an opportunity to see the broad linguocultural and historical context of the writer's Outlook. To compare the language of two writers in this article the most informative, interesting and suitable parameters for comparison on incomplete material are chosen: this word frequency is a significant indicator for idioglossa; this is a system of contextual values - definitions - giving an idea of the completeness of the meaning of the word; this is the phraseology that has a stable form; it is the aphorisms - are important indicators of the author's thinking; this is an associative field, identified vocabulary from the context of the idioglossa; there are figures of speech showing the level of language proficiency and the breadth of precedent texts. Not represented vocabulary of idioglosses, as it does not make sense to compare the wordlist of a single work and the most complete Glossarium of all the works of the two authors. For comparison, two authors were chosen - Russian-speaking and bilingual, writing in Russian and Kyrgyz languages, and this is a unique opportunity to see the creative and linguistic features of each on the basis of Russian. This comparison contains unlimited perspectives. The dictionary description of the writer's language reveals the worldview (“picture of the world”) of each of them does not depend on the subjective assessment of the researcher, but reveals the truth.

Dario Čepo

Politički je sustav Bosne i Hercegovine kompleksan. Parlamentarna skupština Bos ne i Hercegovine, kao nominalno najviše zakonodavno-predstavničko tijelo u državi, oslikava tu složenost, ne samo kroz svoj sastav, način funkcioniranja, ovlasti i aktivnosti, nego i kroz ime. Koristeći komparativnu metodu najsličnijih slučajeva i analizu sadržaja, ovaj rad pokazuje da se ambivalentnost koja proizlazi iz imena Parlamentarne skupštine Bosne i Hercegovine oslikava i na odnos političkih elita prema građanima, što slabi, odnosno onemogućuje uspješan razvitak društva te dovodi do deficita u demokratskoj praksi političkoga sustava. Uspoređujući bikameralna tijela 37 država, a potom i nekolicinu parlamentarnih skupština koje su uspostavljene u svijetu, rad potvrđuje da su parlamentarne skupštine sastavni dio institucionalnoga okvira međunarodnih organizacija, odnosno da su sastavne jedinice međunarodnoga sustava, unutar kojega djeluju države kao nositelji suverenosti. U nacionalnim državama, gdje suverena volja proizlazi iz pojedinca-građanina, parlamentarne skupštine ne mogu optimalno funkcionirati jer je izvor iz kojega one crpe svoju legitimnost drugačiji.

Kristina Kalpakchieva

Lexical NP and VP quantifiers in Bulgarian The paper focuses on uniqueness, existential and universal quantification within the Bulgarian noun and verb phrase. Quantifiers scope is considered with respect to whether the quantifiers are used alone or in a group with other expressions. Another factor that affects the strength of quantifiers is the expression’s containing additional specifying functions or setting some circumstance or condition. Quantifiers within the verb phrase are particularly strongly affected by other conditions, while quantifiers within the subject NP have a broad scope and are not affected by the additional conditions of the situation described.

Hanelle Fourie Blair

Outer Texts in an Electronic Sign Language Dictionary.The suggestions made in this article about outer texts in an electronic sign language dictionary serve as part of a complete concept model suggested specifically for the De la Bat School for the Deaf in Worcester, South Africa (Fourie 2013). The purpose of the proposed dictionary is to give the learners of the De la Bat School electronic access to written school word lists, with signs and examples in sign language displayed in video format — therefore in the form of an electronic dictionary. A written word list does not meet the needs of school learners in this case and a dictionary that is designed for the Deaf target users at the school will be of far greater value in the learners' communication in both sign language and the written language.The article discusses data distribution and the use of a frame structure, the use of outer texts and also supplies examples of outer texts in existing sign language dictionaries, whether electronic or not. Following that suggestions for outer texts in the context of the model are made with illustrating examples.

Zoran Janjetović

U. Heid, D. Prinsloo, T. Bothma

G. Borradaile, Jennifer Iglesias, Theresa Migler et al.

Given an undirected graph, one can assign directions to each of the edges of the graph, thus orienting the graph. To be as egalitarian as possible, one may wish to find an orientation such that no vertex is unfairly hit with too many arcs directed into it. We discuss how this objective arises in problems resulting from telecommunications. We give optimal, polynomial-time algorithms for: finding an orientation that minimizes the lexicographic order of the indegrees and finding a strongly-connected orientation that minimizes the maximum indegree. We show that minimizing the lexicographic order of the indegrees is NP-hard when the resulting orientation is required to be acyclic.

Wilfrid Heinrich Gerhard Haacke

Despite of rapid progress in Southern Africa in the direction of multifunctionality of lexical databases through the advent of generic lexicographic software, a considerable number of lexicographic projects — especially in Khoe and Saan languages — still use or have recently used a word processor with the sole objective of compiling a printed dictionary. Hence the present paper expounds on the case of the Khoekhoegowab Dictionary Project, how in the early 1990s some off-the-shelf DOS-based database software was configured as part of a "home-grown" custom-made dictionary writing system. It is demonstrated in a non-technical way that the use of a structured database with fully-fledged retrieval facilities allows for the far-reaching elimination of human error in a dictionary, for the automatisation of processes like language reversal and sorting, and, finally, for the significantly enhanced usability of the data for purposes other than fixed media dictionary compilation. Compiling a dictionary without extensive query facilities as offered by tabular databases, is argued to be a lost opportunity, as it should be possible to utilise lexicographic data for more than just lexicography. By 2010 the data was accommodated in open source software to ensure its optimal survival in digital form for future use.

Min Feng, Min Xu, Kaishun Wang

Gravier et al. investigated the identifying codes of Cartesian product of two graphs. In this paper we consider the identifying codes of lexicographic product G[H] of a connected graph G and an arbitrary graph H, and obtain the minimum cardinality of identifying codes of G[H] in terms of some parameters of G and H.