Hasil untuk "Law of nations"

Ivan Olaya

Immigration, a matter of state since the late 19th century, moved beyond the national debates of the first half of the 20th century and became a major issue at specialised international conferences in the first half of the 20th century. These transnational forums, which discussed measures to prevent the movement of individuals who might pose a threat to the security of participating nations, promoted the use of the concept of ‘undesirable’. However, it was the Pan-American conferences that gave legal weight to the term while giving the state the sovereign right to decide on immigration, even overriding the civil rights of the immigrant, as enshrined in international law. This article aims to examine the logics behind the circulation of this notion and to analyse how its use in these spaces of discussion materialised in national migration policies in Latin America. It also seeks to examine how the processes of internationalisation introduced figures of exclusion, the ‘undesirable’, thus reinforcing an international law based on the rights of states rather than individuals.

Francesca Saveria Pellegrino

En Italie, les fondations sont de plus en plus utilisées comme instruments de gestion des services publics, pourtant elles ne font pas encore l’objet d’un encadrement juridique homogène. L’article examine ce phénomène, dans une perspective comparative avec le système juridique français, qui au contraire présente un cadre juridique plus structuré. L’objectif est de mieux comprendre comment ces entités privées sont intégrées dans la sphère publique et utilisées comme instruments dans des secteurs d’intérêt général, en accordant une attention particulière au secteur culturel. Après une première partie consacrée au cadre italien, l’article décrit les principales caractéristiques du droit français des fondations, avant d’analyser les typologies de fondations d’origine publique en Italie et les problématiques liées à leur nature hybride. Deux cas concrets sont ensuite examinés : la Fondazione MAXXI en Italie et la Fondation du Patrimoine en France. Ce qui ressort de l’analyse comparative, c’est la nécessité d’un cadre réglementaire cohérent et structuré afin que le modèle des fondations puisse déployer pleinement son potentiel.

V. V. Tkacheva

INTRODUCTION. The granting of asylum to people persecuted by the host State on political grounds in the premises of diplomatic missions can be traced in the practice of different countries for many centuries. Nevertheless, the institution of diplomatic asylum remains one of the most controversial issues of international law and diplomatic practice primarily due to the lack of international legal regulation, which leads to divergent positions of states on the admissibility of granting diplomatic asylum. In practice, inconsistent practice in this regard serves as a basis for potential international disputes, as well as violation of the inviolability of diplomatic missions by the host State, abuse of immunities and privileges and interference in internal affairs by the accrediting State. Despite the existence of a treaty framework governing the procedure for granting this type of asylum, the practice of Latin American countries is also inconsistent and contradictory. In this regard, the article analyzes the current international legal issues of the institution of diplomatic asylum, including its role and place in international law, along with the peculiarities of the procedure for granting it both in Latin American countries and in states of other regions. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The present study was carried out on the basis of universal international agreements, as well as regional acts applicable to the institution of diplomatic asylum. In preparing the article, the author also took into account works of leading Russian and foreign experts in the field of international law and diplomacy. In addition, for the purposes of the research court decisions rendered on the disputes arising in the course of the implementation of the institution in question were analysed. The following general scientific and special methods of cognition were used in the work: dialectical method, methods of analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction, comparative-legal and historical-legal methods. RESEARCH RESULTS. The article provides a comprehensive analysis of diplomatic asylum institution legal basis, including the inherent characteristics of Latin American regional approach to the right of asylum in premises of legations. Special attention was paid to the practical aspects of the question under consideration, based on existing case law, that facilitated the identification of conflicts of universal and regional legal norms applicable to the institution of diplomatic asylum. In particular, legal uncertainty was revealed regarding the correlation between the sovereignty of the host State and the inviolability of the premises of the diplomatic mission of the accrediting State.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. Based on the conducted research, the author concludes that the absence of universal international legal recognition of the diplomatic asylum institution, uniform practice of states and universal international treaty regulating the issues of its granting contribute to the formation of a dangerous trend: host states apply illegal measures against foreign diplomatic missions thus infringing not only the inviolability of its premises, but also the provisions of international law, justifying their wrongful acts by the need to prosecute undesirable persons who have taken refuge on the foreign state’s territory, thereby undermining the foundations of international security. The interstate disputes arising in this regard necessitate further reglamentation of the institute of diplomatic asylum to develop a unified legal approach to the matter at issue.

Marina Meskhi

Trafficking in Human Beings, as a modern form of slavery and a major global challenge, remains one of the most lucrative criminal activities worldwide, surpassed only by arms and drug trafficking. The criminalization of human trafficking through national legislation, the refinement of legal frameworks, and the imposition of stricter sanctions - in accordance with the definition established by international instruments - are gaining increasing relevance. Judgments of the European Court of Human Rights play a particularly important role in shaping and reinforcing this process. The aim of this article is to examine the judgments of the European Court of Human Rights concerning the violation of Article 4 of the European Convention on Human Rights, which provides that no one shall be held in slavery or servitude, and that no one shall be required to perform forced or compulsory labour. The violation of the aforementioned Article 4 of the Convention will be examined in the present article in the context of human trafficking, specifically involving the following forms of exploitation: labour and sexual exploitation, slavery, servitude, and trafficking in minors.

Khalil Ahmad, Bitar Mohammad, Anandha Krishna Raj S.

The use of cyber operations in armed conflicts has become a reality, with several states openly admitting to being involved in such activities. An increasing number of nations are developing military cyber capabilities, and the use of these operations is expected to rise. Advancements in offensive cyber capabilities have demonstrated that these operations can significantly impact civilian infrastructure and cause harm to humans. This study explores the complex application of international humanitarian law (IHL) to cyber warfare, focusing on the evolving roles of both state and non-state actors. It examines the difficulties in distinguishing between combatants and non-combatants in the light of the concept of direct participation in hostilities during cyberattacks. Furthermore, this paper examines the responsibilities and legal consequences for states that direct or control non-state actors and the need to adapt IHL to the specific nature of cyber conflicts. It underscores the crucial need for strong legal frameworks to protect civilians and uphold humanitarian principles in the digital era. This study employs cyberattacks which occurred during the Russian-Ukraine armed conflict as a case study.

MohammadAli Rajbar, Mohsen Gheibgholami

Human rights, as one of the fundamental principles of the contemporary international law, has always been influenced by West-centric hegemonic structures. The main goal of the current research is to firmly prove the widespread and continuous violation of human rights by the Zionist regime in the occupied Palestinian territories, with an emphasis on the dimensions of the United States' dual policies and contradictory double standards regarding this issue. The research method is descriptive-analytical, and the findings indicate that human rights violations in Israel and the United States' dual policies have intensified conflicts in the region and the world. The contradiction, from conflict to interaction, while strengthening the resistance of the Palestinian nation and creating new openings and awakening the consciences of the free and those with true rationality, promises the gradual and calculated reconstruction of a new Islamic civilization with fresh actors and active agents, delivering profound blows to arrogance, tyranny, and the bullying of the great power, the United States, and heralds the collapse of the hegemony of soft power that had colonized the intellectually weak, leading to the realization of the rights of oppressed nations.

Andrea Romano

The article employs comparative analysis to investigate the nexus between constitutional adjudication and electoral systems through the perspective of the principle of equality in elections. It delves into the different reasoning of the constitutional courts of Germany, Italy and Spain, trying to unpack the various interpretations attached to that principle under the case law of these courts. In particular, it explores the arguments revolving around the interpretation of equality as the “one person, one vote” rule and its potential wider meaning, comparing the approaches adopted in the case law of the three jurisdictions. On a theoretical level, this submission aims to provide insights on the functions and limits of constitutional review in electoral matters and, more generally, to contribute to studies of constitutional law concerned with the tension between legislative discretion and the role of constitutional courts.

Yu. V. Puzyreva

INTRODUCTION. In recent decades, there has been an escalation of armed clashes in the territories of African states, the states of the Middle East and Central Asia with the participation of military formations, international terrorist groups that everywhere use the practice of attacking and looting cultural property as a military strategy. In this regard, of scientific and practical interest is a comprehensive study of the legal and organizational foundations of international legal regulation of the protection of cultural property during armed conflicts, evaluation of their effectiveness and identification of promising tasks for the development of additional measures and strategies for the preservation of cultural heritage, taking into account new challenges and threats.MATERIALS AND METHODS. This paper examines the provisions of key international treaties, decisions of the main bodies and specialized agencies of the UN, which together form the existing international legal regime for the protection of cultural property in armed conflict. The author also analyzes the jurisprudence of international criminal justice bodies on bringing individuals to justice for deliberate attacks on cultural sites as part of hostilities. Special attention is paid to the study of scientific works of both domestic and foreign scientists, within which international legal concepts are formed, designed to resolve existing problems in the current international legal regulation of the issue under study, as well as to form promising concepts in the framework of the development of the doctrine of international law. The methodological basis is made up of general scientific and special research methods.RESEARCH RESULTS. According to the results of the study, it was found that during the XX century states have consistently developed norms for the protection of cultural property from threats associated with armed conflicts, while the XXI century was marked by best practice in the application of the rules on liability for attacks on cultural property in situations of armed conflict in the activities of international justice bodies. In addition, it was determined that for the first time in the history of UN peacekeeping, the UN Security Council tested the mandate of the Multidisciplinary Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali, in which the peacekeeping contingent, among other things, performed the tasks of protecting, safeguarding and restoring cultural heritage sites together with UNESCO. It seems significant to identify and generalize the prospects for the development of new international legal measures for the preservation of cultural heritage for future generations, taking into account the changing nature of armed conflicts, the intensification of the activities of international terrorist groups and the growing practice of destroying the centuries-old cultural heritage of peoples in the framework of the so-called “cultural cleansing". The topical aspect of the study was the establishment of new approaches of states to the protection of cultural heritage as a means of ensuring international peace and security.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The publication presents the author's objective assessments of the established international legal framework, judicial practice of international criminal justice bodies, as well as doctrinal approaches of both domestic and foreign scientists on the issue of international legal regulation of the protection of cultural property during armed conflicts. Separately, the forms of international legal cooperation of states at the UN site within the framework of the UNESCO profile organization for the development of modern regulatory and organizational foundations for the interaction of the competent authorities of states to prevent and suppress the destruction of cultural heritage, as well as the looting and illegal export of cultural property in the event of an armed conflict, especially terrorist groups.

Sylvanus Abila

The paper is an analysis of goal 14 (life below water/targets) of the United Nations’ sustainable development goals 2019 to the development of marine/blue economy towards the attainment of the said goal, existing legal framework and potential threats in Nigeria and the global environment. The threats examined in this paper include: the threat of ocean acidification, the threat of ocean dead zones, the threat of overfishing and the threat of ocean waste in the oceans. The paper adopts an admixture of the doctrinal, historical, comparative, the law and development and empirical approaches. The paper ends with a conclusion and a set of recommendations.

Jenssy Carolina Paz Macias

En esta investigación se presenta un análisis jurídico desde la visión del Derecho Administrativo relacionado con los actos ejecutados por funcionarios públicos en aplicación de la normativa vigente respecto al estado de emergencia, cuya experiencia ha dejado ver la vulnerabilidad administrativa del Estado hondureño en la contratación directa en la que se visibiliza inexperiencia, falta de controles fiscales antes y durante las contrataciones, así como  negligencia jurídica de los actores señalados en ley que deben actuar en los procesos de aprobación y desembolso de los capitales nacionales, observando acciones  a posteriori a las contrataciones directas que facilitaron el incumplimiento del control fiscal, las cuales han generado confusión y cuestionamientos en la agenda pública, por considerar una inversión multimillonaria, insegura, dudosa con la falta de garantías visibles de aseguramiento de los fondos pagados a terceros. El análisis jurídico conlleva la identificación y descripción de las debilidades de la normativa vigente hondureña y las recomendaciones para su reforma y creación de leyes especiales complementarias, que le garanticen al pueblo hondureño un mejor manejo de los recursos financieros frente a fenómenos de la magnitud de los efectos del Covid 19.

José Gabriel Ruiz González

El Pacto de Estado en materia de Violencia de Género, aprobado en 2017 por el Parlamento español, recoge la tesis ratificada por Naciones Unidas de que la violencia contra la mujer es un abuso de derechos humanos, reforzando el estatus normativo de la víctima, al vincular sus derechos a los valores constitucionales y obligar al Estado a garantizarlos. El presente artículo, partiendo del marco normativo español, analiza los mecanismos vertebradores de las políticas que han de desarrollar las distintas administraciones para determinar si, una vez conseguido el consenso político contenido en el Pacto de Estado de 2017, se cuenta con los instrumentos precisos que permitan la cooperación interadministrativa para la erradicar la violencia contra la mujer.

J. R. Clark, R. Lawson, Alex Nowrasteh et al.

Manuel Andreu Gálvez

Este trabajo consiste en una selección inédita de las más de dos mil obras sobre historia del derecho mexicano que se encuentran depositadas en la Biblioteca Nacional de España. Se trata de un valioso instrumento historiográfico que ordena cronológicamente, por autores, el material bibliográfico de los siglos XVIII y XIX, hasta ahora desconocido. Incluye trabajos desde la independencia de México —vista más allá de las fronteras nacionales—, el imperio mexicano, la época santanista, comunicaciones eclesiásticas, disposiciones administrativas y decisiones judiciales.

Yuliya L. Belyaeva

The article contains the analysis of the system of the anti-corruption legal instruments adopted in universal and regional international organizations, such as the United Nations organization, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the Council of Europe and the European Union. Also the author considered the specificities of the monitoring procedures of controlling and assessing the level of their realization by the State parties. The author determined and argued the fact that the European Union has its own organizational and legal mechanism of combating corruption, and pointed out the specificity of its functioning.

S. Vertovec

Ivan I. Kotlyarov

The initiative of Russia to convey the Brussels Conference of 1874 of the European states to codify the laws and customs of war, where professor Martens presented his project of the Convention of the Laws and Customs of War. The participant states recognized the importance of the Russian proposal. However, due to discord between them they had not come to a common decision on agreement on the text of the International declaration of the Laws and Customs of War.

W. Landes

Elizabeth M. Covart

Catherine Boone

P. Clarke