Hasil untuk "Japanese language and literature"

Kujawska-Lis Ewa

Philip Caputo’s A Rumor of War is a fictionalised autobiographical story that presents war from the perspective of one of its participants. In order to suffuse his text with verisimilitude, Caputo introduces various languages and their varieties, ranging from dialectal variations of American English and the professional jargon of the US marines to inclusion of other languages, such as French and Vietnamese, as well as Japanese and American pidgin English. This linguistic heterogeneity, quite different from Bakhtin’s polyphony, as the different languages do not have the same status in the memoir, serves to authenticate the story, to reflect the realities of this particular war, and to personalise characters, indicating their social and ethnic backgrounds. It also affects the reception of the text depending on the experience of the readers (the knowing and unknowing audience). Language in this case creates a bond of war experience with some readers (those who are/were familiar with the realities of Vietnam) while, paradoxically, generating some emotional distance for others. Additionally, the author provides each chapter with an epigraph, mostly quotes from English-language literature, and in particular the Great War poets Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon, thus further diversifying the linguistic landscape of the text and universalising war. The purpose of this analysis is to explore linguistic heterogeneity (understood as the employment of different languages and their varieties) in Caputo’s memoir to pinpoint the aforementioned functions. Methodologically, the analysis is primarily based on the close reading of selected passages that include linguistic varieties to indicate their effects. It looks at how Caputo operationalises language varieties to achieve specific outcomes in his work treated as a linguistically heterogenous text, whereby the employment of particular varieties does not equal the empowerment of characters or minority groups they represent and does not necessarily provide their perspectives on that war.

Elmee Huda, Patrick Hawker, Sara Cibralic et al.

Abstract Background Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has varying prevalence rates worldwide, often higher in culturally diverse populations. Cultural differences can affect autism symptom recognition. Language barriers and differing healthcare attitudes may delay diagnosis and intervention. Most autism screening tools were developed in Western, predominantly Caucasian populations, and their appropriateness in culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) contexts remains uncertain. There is a lack of comprehensive data on the accuracy of these tools in identifying autism in culturally and linguistically diverse groups. Consequently, it is unclear whether current screening tools are culturally sensitive and appropriate. Methods A research protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022367308). A comprehensive search of literature published from inception to October 2022 was conducted using the following databases: PubMed, Medline Complete, Scopus, PsychInfo and CINAHL Complete. The articles were screened using pre-determined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data extracted included participant demographics, screening tool psychometric properties (validity, reliability, accuracy) and acceptability. A narrative synthesis approach was used. Results From the initial retrieval of 2310 citations, 51 articles were included for analysis. The studies were conducted in 32 different countries with screening tools in the following languages: Chinese, Spanish, Korean, Turkish, Arabic, Kurdish, Persian, Serbian, Italian, French, Sinhala, Taiwanese, Finnish, Northern Soho, Albanian, German, Japanese, Vietnamese, Farsi, Greek and English. There was no data on acceptability of the screening tools in CALD populations. Validity, reliability, and accuracy ranged from poor to excellent with consistently high performance by screening tools devised within the populations they are intended for. Conclusions The review evaluated autism screening tools in culturally diverse populations, with a focus on validity, reliability, and acceptability. It highlighted variations in the effectiveness of these tools across different cultures, with high performance by tools devised specifically for the intended population, emphasizing the need for culturally sensitive screening tools. Further research is needed to improve culturally specific, reliable autism screening tools for equitable assessment and intervention in diverse communities.

Mintarsih Mintarsih

This research examines how fukubun (complex sentence) with transitive verbs is constructed in the utterance of Japanese language learners in universities. The fukubun constructions are described and analyzed through transformational generative grammar. This research method is descriptive-qualitative, with data collection techniques in the form of semi-structured interviews. Data analysis uses an analytical approach of transformational generative grammar, namely analysis of phrase structure rules and analysis of the transformation process. The results showed that there were 4 (four) types of B-derived constructs, namely: BB type, BB (1) type, BB (2) type, and BB (3) type. Among the four types of derivatives, type BB construction is dominant in the utterance of learners. This is indicated by the tendency to use the BB-type construction when describing various situations, even though the utterance events use various conjunctions. The dominance of the BB-type shows that the utterances by learners are still relatively simple because it only requires one object in the subordination clause and main clause. Furthermore, B fukubun found eight varieties of conjunctive transformation used in this type. All varieties of conjunctive transformation appeared in the BB-type construction, with relatively frequent use of causality, serial, selection/alternative, and temporal conjunctions. The T-process analysis shows several tendencies in the elementary transformation process in the utterance, namely the omission of the subject in both the subordination clause or the main clause, the merger of the subject or the predicate of the verb, whereas in causality conjunctive transformation learners showed a more varied and complex T-process.

Naura Rohadatul 'Aisy

This study uses a qualitative approach by presenting data descriptively. This study aims to determine how Japanese native speakers perceive Japanese learners' soudesuka’s intonation pronunciation. Three Japanese native speakers participated in this study and have assessed the pronunciation of Japanese learners' aizuchi soudesuka intonation. The findings showed that nine out of ten respondents can pronounce soudesuka which means “understand,” with the correct descending intonation; only three out of ten respondents can pronounce soudesuka which means “asking question,” with the right ascending intonation; and six out of ten respondents can pronounce soudesuka which means “happy, joy, or surprise” with the right descending intonation. The results of this study indicate that, according to Japanese native speakers, respondents tend to be more able to pronounce soudesuka with descending intonation than soudesuka with ascending intonation.

I. P. Lebedeva

The ageing of the population is one of the main challenges Japan is facing. It occurs under the influence of both the economic achievements of the country and the peculiarities of the demographic situation. The article considers three aspects of population ageing – the position of elderly Japanese in the labor market and the problem of their employment, the financial situation and the level of consumption of elderly citizens, as well as the impact of population ageing on the situation in the social security system. The elderly Japanese have become an important reserve of the workforce, which compensates for the reduction in the number of young workers. Their economic activity has significantly increased in the last decade, in particularly due to the purposeful policy of the state, which legislatively establishes rules for extending the employment of workers after reaching the teinen. The incomes of elderly Japanese allow most of them to maintain a fairly high level of consumption, and non-working citizens use their savings for this purpose too. The state policy of smoothing economic inequality in this group, which increases sharply after entering retirement age due to increased diversification of lifestyles, also contributes to maintaining a decent standard of living for older citizens. In general, the absolute and relative growth in the number of senior citizens among Japanese consumers does not lead to a reduction in the volume of the consumer market, although it affects in a certain way the structure of goods and services offered in it. The most obvious negative consequence of the ageing of the population is a sharp increase in the share of spending on senior citizens in the total state spending on the welfare sphere. The main part of their financing is borne by working generations, and the inevitable further change in the ratio between the number of working Japanese and the number of elderly citizens in favor of the latter threatens to further aggravate the problem of financing the country’s welfare system. Considering the tools offered by Japanese specialists, the author believes that Japan will be able to preserve the obvious achievements in the field of social security without overstraining its financing system.

Mary A. Knighton

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Jingyi Li

The Chinese novelist and playwright Li Yu 李漁 (1610~1680) enjoyed great fame in Japan since the 1690s when he was introduced to Japanese readers of the Tokugawa period. Particularly important in the reception history of Li Yu in Japan was Jieziyuan huazhuan, the Mustard Seed Garden Manual of Painting. The reproduction and reinterpretation of Jieziyuan huazhuan in Tokugawa Japan shaped Li Yu’s reputation as a literatus ideal among his Japanese readers in spite of his obscure reputation among his Chinese contemporaries. Through a wide range of primary materials, this article examines the idolization of Li Yu in the middle and late Tokugawa period and argues that it was a result of the misrepresentation of Li Yu as a literati painting master, as well as a hermit fiction writer. The close connection established between him and Jieziyuan huazhuan led to the recognition of him in Tokugawa Japan as one of the greatest literati painting artists. Meanwhile, the imagination of him as a hermit further established his image as the ideal of literati spirit among his Japanese admirers. Such idolization in turn contributed to his reputation in early modern China when his works were re-introduced to Chinese readers in the 1930s.

Hari Setiawan, Ari Artadi

Many studies regarding the acquisition of te iru focus on the learner’s language output. There are very few researches that focus on textbooks as the input in language studies. There is a possibility that introducing grammatical items in textbooks tends to lead the learners to misuse te iru. It is necessary to clarify the grammatical items' characteristics in the basic level textbooks as a language input. Especially, in the study abroad, such as in Indonesia, non-textbook sources for Japanese input are limited. Therefore Indonesian Japanese learners mostly depend on textbooks. This research will discuss the introduction of te iru in the basic level textbooks from the input viewpoint. This research examines how te iru is introduced in “Situational Functional Japanese”. The data in this research include the main textbook and the grammatical explanation, from which te iru sentences are collected and classified. In order to identify the general tendency of te iru in textbooks, te ita, te inai and subordinate sentences are also included as data. Each textbook recognizes that five usages are introduced in the explanation of SFJ, but only two usages are written in explaining the usage of te iru. Their usage is resultative and progressive. And, te inai and te ita are also introduced in SFJ. Moreover, if we look at the distribution of the example sentences of te iru in SFJ the example sentences can still be found, some of which show an increase in subsequent chapters.

Saho Takaya, K. Hayakawa, N. Matsunaga et al.

BACKGROUND Healthcare-associated infection (HAI) surveillance is useful for improved infection control. To understand the current HAI surveillance systems (HAISS) trend globally, a scoping review was performed. MATERIALS AND METHODS The search strategy included academic literature review, Google search, and questionnaires by the Embassies of Japan (registration number: UMIN000036035). Eighty-two high and 56 upper-middle income countries defined by country income classification for the World Bank were targeted. The following information was reviewed: name of the system, official website, languages used in the official website, foundation year, operating body, survey type (prevalence or incidence), reporting periodicity, mode of participation (mandatory or voluntary), targeted medical facilities, targeted HAIs and definitions, targeted antimicrobial resistant pathogens, and parameters. Online accessibility of the official websites of the SS was assessed through Google search. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Forty-two (30.4%) countries (35 [42.7%] high and 7 [12.5%] upper-middle income countries) had national HAISS. Most systems operated on a voluntary basis, monitored HAI incidence, and used the Center for Disease Control and Prevention definitions. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, surgical site infection, and catheter-related blood stream infection were most commonly monitored. Surveillance for device-associated infections was implemented mainly in intensive care units. Thirty-five countries had at least one official website on their systems, while 7 (20.0%) were identified in the top 30 Google search hits, in English. Approximately half of the academic articles identified through PubMed were from three English-speaking countries. The feasibility and benefits of standardization of the HAI surveillance criteria and efficient feedback methods are future considerations.

Irma Winingsih

Abstract Bunmyakushiji type of ‘Ko-So-A’ demontrative pronouns are words that are being used to replace word(s) or to refer word(s) or thing(s) which have said before. The Ko-So-A demonstrative pronouns have difference usage with pronoun in Indonesian language. Writer found out there are many Japanese learners in Japanese Language Department of Dian Nuswantoro University including were having difficulties to distinguish functions of each pronoun. Because of that, writer is interested in analyzing the errors made by learner when using bunmyakushiji type of demonstrative pronoun. Writer use qualitative method and analytic descriptive. The data were collected from conversations of  Interpreting class’s Final Exam. The result was error usage of So and A demonstrative pronouns often happened than error usage of Ko and So demonstrative pronouns.   Keywords: kosoa, error, demonstrative, understanding.   Abstrak Kata ganti demonstratif Ko-So-A yang berfungsi kontekstual digunakan untuk merujuk atau menggantikan kata yang dituturkan sebelumnya. Penggunaannya berbeda dengan kata ganti demonstrative dalam bahasa Indonesia.Karena dalam Ujian Akhir Semester mata kuliah Penerjemahan Lisan yang merupakan percakapan antara penguji dengan mahasiswa cukup banyak ditemukan kesalahan penggunaan kata ganti ini, maka penulis tertarik untuk meneliti kesalahan tersebut.Metode yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif dengan analisis deskriptif. Data diperoleh dari percakapan/tanya jawab dalam ujian. Hasilnya yaitu kesalahan penggunaan kata ganti demonstrative So dan A lebih banyak ditemukan dibandingkan kesalahan penggunaan kata ganti demonstratif Ko dan So.   Kata Kunci: ko-so-a, kesalahan, demonstratif, pemahaman

Lina Rosliana, Fajar Mahardika

Speech is a way of expressing ideas in the form of words or discourse that is prepared to be spoken in front of the audience. Speech contains a message that is tailored to the situation when the orator delivers the speech. In addition to the message to be conveyed, the ideology and thoughts of an orator are also reflected in his speech. Therefore, an orator must have expertise in delivering his speech.This research is aims to determine the purpose and background of the Shinzo Abe Policy Speech at the 195th Session of Diet. The speech was delivered by Abe after he was re-elected as Prime Minister of Japan after the general election on October 22, 2017.Researcher used the critical discourse analysis of Teun A. van Dijk's model to dissect the ideology contained in the speech to focus on text analysis. Based on the results of this research, it can be interpreted implicit meanings in the text through linguistic elements, such as tematic, skematic, semantic, sintaxs, stilistic, and retoric.

N. Kakudate, Y. Yokoyama, F. Sumida et al.

OBJECTIVES This study quantified and compared practice patterns of treatment for deep occlusal carious lesions among Japanese dentists, and tested the hypothesis that dentist characteristics are significantly associated with the decision to choose an indirect pulp capping (IPC), a form of selective carious tissue removal that involves leaving a thin layer of demineralized tissue over the pulp, that is then covered with a protective liner. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted using a questionnaire survey of dentists affiliated with the Dental Practice-based Research Network Japan (n = 297). Dentists were asked to indicate what percentage of time they use three treatment options when treating patients with deep occlusal caries and possible mild pulpitis on a posterior tooth. Response options were "1. Stop before removing all caries and perform an IPC", "2. Remove all caries and proceed with a direct pulp cap", and "3. Remove all caries and proceed with endodontic-related procedures". Percentages of options 1-3 were compared by multiple comparison. Associations between dentist characteristics and a higher percentage of IPC provision (option 1) were analyzed via logistic regression. RESULTS Responses were obtained from 206 dentists. Median percentages (interquartile ranges) of options 1, 2 and 3 were 30% (10-59%), 10% (0-30%), and 40% (19-80%), respectively. The differences between option 3 and options 1 and 2 were significant (p < 0.001). In logistic regression analysis, a higher frequency of obtaining evidence from English-language scientific articles was significantly associated with a higher percentage of IPC, with an odds ratio of 2.28 (95%CI: 1.14-4.54). CONCLUSIONS Endodontic-related procedures remain the most frequent treatment option for deep occlusal caries. Frequent use of evidence-based information in English-language scientific articles was associated with Japanese dentists' preference toward IPC. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Japanese dentists would most frequently choose endodontic-related procedures, followed by IPC and direct pulp capping for treatment of patients with deep occlusal caries with possible mild pulpitis on posterior teeth. Significant association was identified between use of evidence-based information in the English-language scientific literature and Japanese dentists' preference for IPC.

Akhmad Saifudin

 This paper examines the use of deixis in Japanese. Deixis is one of the language phenomena whose frequency of occurrence in speech activities is many and varied. Basically, there are three types of deixis, namely person, spatial, and time. There are now two additional deixis, social deixis and discourse. This paper attempts to recognize the characteristics of Japanese deixis. With the aim that the data obtained is more varied, the data of this paper does not come from one source, but from various sources on the internet. By using the Pragmatic approach and theories about deixis (Fillmore, 1975; Hasegawa, 2012; Kuno & Kaburaki, 1977; Levinson, 1983; Lyons, 1977; Wetzel, 1988), this paper concludes that social and psychological contexts play a significant role very important in the use of Japanese language deixis. Social deixis and emphatic are central in Japanese deixis studies.

Dewi Karunia Widiyaningrum

The core problem of this study is to investigate the types of implicature used by Haruko, the main character, as verbal respond in he drama titled Nihonjin no Shiranai Nihongo. This study used cooperative principles theory by Grice to analyze the implicature. The study is to aimed to describe the verbal respond which the main character used in the drama, also to find the implicit meaning in the conversation. The study is using descriptive qulitative methode. The data are obtioned from the Haruko’s verbal respond which is violating the cooperative principle maxim by Grice. This study is a pragmatic study, so the analysis will be analyzed by the context. There are 23 datas obtioned from Haruko’s verbal respond which is violating the cooperative maxim by Grice. From those datas, there are 1 utteranc violating the maxim of quality, 11 utterances violating the maxim of quantity, 13 utterances violating the maxim of relation, and 6 utterances violating the maxim of manner. From this study is also found that there is utterances from Haruko’s verbal respond that is violating more than one maxim. The violating maxim of ach utterance have a different meaning. Based on the analysis that have been dobe, the aim of the conversational implicature in the drama to give or ask some information, to hide something, to avoid conversation, to express anger, to increase self confident, to mock someone, to share some stories, to share some information in polite way.

Saori SAKAMOTO

Historian Shinichi Yamamuro, an expert in the history of political philosophy, claimed that he had dedicated himself to his book, Manchuria Under Japanese Dominion (Enlarged Edition), trying hard to respond to Yoshimi Takeuchi, who in 1963 said, “Japan as a nation hadn’t held a funeral for Manchukuo yet.” He asserted one unforgettable fact that “in China, the thirteen-and-half-year-long existence of Manchukuo had been recognized as the fourteen-year-long tragic history starting from the date northeast China was invaded and occupied by imperial Japan.” He then continued to indicate that future studies on imperial Japan shall never regard Taiwan, Korea or any member of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, as “an individual subject,” but shall perceive and understand “how Japan as a colonial empire gradually formed a system to integrate Asia as a whole” in advance so as to reexamine “the significance of Manchukuo’s position and status.” This research carefully investigates the hardboiled novelist Yoichi Funado’s posthumous Manshukoku Engi (9 Volumes, 2007-2015), which attempted to make a comprehensive response in a form of a novel to the questions raised by Yamamuro in Manchuria Under Japanese Dominion. Meanwhile, Manshukoku Engi depicted large-scale and tremendous changes under the context in which “Japan as a colonial empire” had been correlated to “Taiwan, Korea and the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere” as well as “Manchukuo.” Manshukoku Engi has employed abundant critical and judgmental elements, which are believed in this research to be profoundly related to the technique of hardboiled detective novels manipulated by Funado.

Hui Zhen XIE

H. Ishihara, J. Zolkiewski

Elizabeth Ika Hesti Nindya

Japanese has specific vocabulary. Unlike Indonesian language that has more general vocabulary. When translated into Indonesian, there are several Japanese word that have the same or synonymous meaning. There are some words that can be selected to show a situation in Japanese. Amaru and nokoru is this type of word in Japanese. Amaru and nokoru have a same meaning if it translated in Indonesian. Which is ‘sisa’. So in this study will be discussed more about the characteristics of these verbs.

Jaejin YU

B. Sovacool, Torben Tambo