Hasil untuk "History of Poland"

Giacomo Mastroddi, Jan Poland, Mats Larsson et al.

We study damping of inter-area oscillations in transmission grids using voltage-source-converter-based high-voltage direct-current (VSC-HVDC) links. Conventional power oscillation damping controllers rely on system models that are difficult to obtain in practice. Data-driven Predictive Control (DPC) addresses this limitation by replacing explicit models with data. We apply AutoRegressive with eXogenous inputs (ARX)-based predictive control and its Transient Predictive Control (TPC) variant, and compare them with Data-enabled Predictive Control (DeePC) and two standard model-based controllers. The methods are evaluated in simulation on a system exhibiting both inter-area and local oscillation modes. ARX-based predictive control and DeePC both achieve effective damping, while the ARX-based methods require less online computation. Using warm-started, pre-factorized operator-splitting solvers, ARX/TPC control actions are computed in less than 1ms. These results demonstrate that DPC is a viable approach for power-system oscillation damping for the given test case.

Nadia Cooper, Carina Norregaard, Romain Meriot et al.

The 21 cm signal contains a wealth of information about the formation of the first stars and the reionization of the intergalactic medium during the Cosmic Dawn (CD) and Epoch of Reionization (EoR). The timing of these important milestones has only roughly been constrained through indirect measurements, such as from the cosmic microwave background (CMB) optical depth, and Lyman-$α$ forest. Therefore, inferring the neutral fraction over cosmic time is a goal of upcoming 21 cm experiments, such as the Square Kilometer Array (SKA). We contrast two approaches to infer astrophysical parameters and ionization history from 21 cm 2D power spectra (2DPS). We develop an emulator of the 21 cm 2DPS, trained on 21cmFAST simulations, taking into account the expected instrumental noise from the SKA and sample variance. We then perform simulation based inference (SBI) using neural posterior estimation (NPE). We compare training on datasets of noisy 2DPS obtained from 21cmFAST simulations and an emulator, to infer astrophysical parameters of interest. Using an emulator of the ionization history, which has been trained on simulations from the same astrophysical parameters, we then obtain posterior distributions of the ionization history over the redshift range z $\sim$ 5-12. We demonstrate that both methods are capable of accurately recovering the ionization history and astrophysical parameters. However, coverage tests indicate that adding emulated samples does not improve predictions. This work suggests that due to the stochastic nature of the 2DPS, using an emulator of this summary statistic may result in poorer inference.

Francesco Vissani

The concept of antimatter is extremely important, but not always discussed as it deserves, balancing ideas and formalism. In this note, we gather some insights to present it effectively, following certain steps taken in the history of knowledge; although rarely remembered, they can serve to enrich standard teaching materials. In addition to the well-known contributions of Dirac, which we place in their original context, the contributions of Pauli and especially Majorana stand out, the latter being the first to reach the modern formalism of canonical quantization. The importance of the point of view of wave mechanics emerges, which still shows its limitations, requiring some adjustments to constitute an acceptable interpretation.

Paweł Ząbczyński

Maciej Woźny

The article discusses the problem of the variability of coats of arms of knightly families from Upper Silesia, using the example of two families, the Kiczkas and the Czaczkes. It was shown that the image of the Kietlicz coat of arms known from armorials, used by the descendants of the Kiczka family, was not identical with the medieval Kiczka coat of arms and was not used until the end of the 15th century. Meanwhile, the littleknown Czaczke coat of arms underwent changes in the individual lines of this family throughout the 15th century, only to stabilize in the 16th century.

Koun Shirai

Glass has long been considered a nonequilibrium material. The primary reason is its history-dependent properties: the obtained properties are not uniquely determined by two state variables alone, namely, temperature and volume, but are affected by the process parameters, such as cooling rates. However, closer observations show that this history dependence is common in solid; in crystal growth, the properties of an obtained crystal are affected by the preparation conditions through defect structures and metallurgical structures. The problem with the previous reasoning of history dependence lies in the lack of appropriate specification of state variables. Without knowledge of the latter, describing thermodynamic states is impossible. The guiding principle to find state variables is provided by the first law of thermodynamics. The state variables of solids have been searched by requiring that the internal energy $U$ is a state function. Detailed information about the abovementioned microstructures is needed to describe the state function $U$. This can be accomplished by specifying the time-averaged positions R_{j} of all atoms comprising the solids. Therefore, R_{j} is a state variable for solids. Defect states, being metastable states, represent equilibrium states within a finite time (relaxation time). However, eternal equilibrium is nonexistent: the perfect crystal is thermodynamically unstable. Equilibrium states can only be considered at the local level. Glass is thus in equilibrium as long as its structure does not change. The relaxation time is controlled by the energy barriers by which a structure is sustained, and this time restriction is intimately related to the definition of state variables. The most important property of state variables is their invariance to time averaging. The time-averaged quantity R_{j} meets this invariance property.

Amirhosein Ghasemabadi, Muhammad Kamran Janjua, Mohammad Salameh et al.

One key challenge to video restoration is to model the transition dynamics of video frames governed by motion. In this work, we propose TURTLE to learn the truncated causal history model for efficient and high-performing video restoration. Unlike traditional methods that process a range of contextual frames in parallel, TURTLE enhances efficiency by storing and summarizing a truncated history of the input frame latent representation into an evolving historical state. This is achieved through a sophisticated similarity-based retrieval mechanism that implicitly accounts for inter-frame motion and alignment. The causal design in TURTLE enables recurrence in inference through state-memorized historical features while allowing parallel training by sampling truncated video clips. We report new state-of-the-art results on a multitude of video restoration benchmark tasks, including video desnowing, nighttime video deraining, video raindrops and rain streak removal, video super-resolution, real-world and synthetic video deblurring, and blind video denoising while reducing the computational cost compared to existing best contextual methods on all these tasks.

Tomasz Mróz

The paper provides a brief outline of the biography and works of Stanisław Lisiecki (1872–1960), a little-known Polish classics scholar, who is remembered only, if at all, as a translator of Plato’s Republic. In his early fifties, having given up his career as a Catholic priest, he started working in the field of classics and managed to publish several minor works on Plato in Polish and Latin. His decision to abandon the clergy was not welcomed by many members of the Polish academia and most of his translations of Plato and Aristotle remained unpublished. His renderings of Plato could not compete with the highly accessible translations made by W. Witwicki, which were becoming increasingly popular at that time. Furthermore, Lisiecki’s translations of Aristotle, despite the pioneering nature of his undertaking, met with strong criticism at various university seminars.

Marta Maria Ciucani, Jazmín Ramos-Madrigal, Germán Hernández-Alonso et al.

Summary: The Sicilian wolf remained isolated in Sicily from the end of the Pleistocene until its extermination in the 1930s–1960s. Given its long-term isolation on the island and distinctive morphology, the genetic origin of the Sicilian wolf remains debated. We sequenced four nuclear genomes and five mitogenomes from the seven existing museum specimens to investigate the Sicilian wolf ancestry, relationships with extant and extinct wolves and dogs, and diversity. Our results show that the Sicilian wolf is most closely related to the Italian wolf but carries ancestry from a lineage related to European Eneolithic and Bronze Age dogs. The average nucleotide diversity of the Sicilian wolf was half of the Italian wolf, with 37–50% of its genome contained in runs of homozygosity. Overall, we show that, by the time it went extinct, the Sicilian wolf had high inbreeding and low-genetic diversity, consistent with a population in an insular environment.

Guoping Rong, Yifan Zhang, Lanxin Yang et al.

Modern code review is a critical and indispensable practice in a pull-request development paradigm that prevails in Open Source Software (OSS) development. Finding a suitable reviewer in projects with massive participants thus becomes an increasingly challenging task. Many reviewer recommendation approaches (recommenders) have been developed to support this task which apply a similar strategy, i.e. modeling the review history first then followed by predicting/recommending a reviewer based on the model. Apparently, the better the model reflects the reality in review history, the higher recommender's performance we may expect. However, one typical scenario in a pull-request development paradigm, i.e. one Pull-Request (PR) (such as a revision or addition submitted by a contributor) may have multiple reviewers and they may impact each other through publicly posted comments, has not been modeled well in existing recommenders. We adopted the hypergraph technique to model this high-order relationship (i.e. one PR with multiple reviewers herein) and developed a new recommender, namely HGRec, which is evaluated by 12 OSS projects with more than 87K PRs, 680K comments in terms of accuracy and recommendation distribution. The results indicate that HGRec outperforms the state-of-the-art recommenders on recommendation accuracy. Besides, among the top three accurate recommenders, HGRec is more likely to recommend a diversity of reviewers, which can help to relieve the core reviewers' workload congestion issue. Moreover, since HGRec is based on hypergraph, which is a natural and interpretable representation to model review history, it is easy to accommodate more types of entities and realistic relationships in modern code review scenarios. As the first attempt, this study reveals the potentials of hypergraph on advancing the pragmatic solutions for code reviewer recommendation.

Peter Bubenik

Garside et al. use event history methods to analyze topological data. We provide additional background on persistent homology to contrast the hazard estimators used by Garside et al. with traditional approaches in topological data analysis. In particular, the former is a local method, which has advantages and disadvantages, while homology is a global. We also provide more background on persistence landscapes and show how a more complete use of this statistic improves its performance.

Wiesław Puś

Janusz Meder, Aleksandra Towpik, Jan Walewski

Ninety years ago, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie Radium Institute in Warsaw was officially opened. The ceremony was marked by Skłodowska’s honourable presence as the author of the idea, the co-founder and patron of the Institute. The opening of the first modern institution which combined research and clinical activity was a breakthrough moment in the history of Polish oncology. This article presents an outline of the history of the Institute from the moment of the creation of the idea, through the hardships undertaken by the distinguished personalities involved in the organisatio­nal work during the first years of the existence of the centre, the busy period during its medical and academic heyday interrupted by the outbreak of the Second World War and then the period of restoration from the destruction that had previously ensued. The paper also presents the period when new oncological specialisations were created, which started at the Institute at Wawelska street and the invaluable role the Institute staff played in the creation of the structures of modern oncological care in Poland. The intellectual resources were created by a generation of the Institute staff on the foundation of the innovative concept laid down by Maria Skłodowska-Curie. She always emphasised the necessity of the continual connection between clinical work and research and the role of interdisciplinary work as the basis for progress in combating oncological diseases. These efforts consist of a unique and special value, which is also a commitment to and challenge for the future.

Maya Rizki Sari, M. Haikal Kautsar

<div><p class="Els-history-head">Besides the same red and white flag, Indonesia and Poland share a similar historical setting which includes revolutions, wars of independence, and the promotion of national unity. Indonesia has succeeded in reforming and demonstrating show the true democracy in the international community. While Poland was succeeding in making changes by turning into a constitutional state after being freed from communism. On the other hand, Poland was the only European economy to escape from the 2008 recession. Since the fall of the communist regime, based on the existing historical struggles and capacity of the Polish state which knew how to leave the communist state and its successes in the economic field, the Researchers is interested in the search for the comparison between the management defense strategies in Indonesia and that of Poland. The purpose of this study is to see a comparison of strategic management in defense planning for Indonesia and Poland. The method used is qualitative. Regarding the trend in the development of the strategic environment or the estimation of the lack of possibilities for traditional military tangible threats mentioned explicitly in the Defense White Paper of the Republic of Indonesia and the Polish State Defense White Paper. The results of the study showed that the use of defense diplomacy instruments became dominant. In addition to developing defense policies and defense planning in the form of strengthening Indonesia's defense structure and posture comprehensive. Indonesia needs to strengthen defense capabilities in the Southeast Asian countries by strengthening the basis of posture and defense structures associated with the vision of the world's maritime axis. Thus, a sustainable Essential Minimum Force (MEF) is achieved</p></div>

Iwona Czarnecka

When Poland regained independence it was crucial to unite school systems of all polish lands under one governance, as well as to prepare projects of school acts, that would apply to all country. Most important was to unify system, its organization, language of lectures etc. in the whole country. In accordance with Ustawa o ustroju szkolnictwa dated 11th March 1932 school system was to be based on seven-year 3rd degree public school. It was assumed, that schools would prepare talented children and adolescents to promotion from one type of school to the other, as well as to promotion from lower degree schools to higher degree schools. „Wiadomości Historyczno-Dydaktyczne” were one of the journals published between 1933 and 1939 by Polish Historical Society for history teaching. Editor-in-chief was Kazimierz Tyszkowski, who after 1937 functioned together with Antoni Knot. Articles concerning teaching of history in secondary school, especially concerning introduction of new programs, were published in „Wiadomości Historyczno-Dydaktyczne”. Taking into account the need to organize school system after more than 100-years dependence from invaders governance, should not be surprising, that it was developed fast, and not always proposed and implemented solutions were supported by the public, teachers and experts, what can be noticed when analyzing content of particular articles.

Jonathan J. Davies, Robert A. Crain, Andrew Pontzen

We examine the influence of dark matter halo assembly on the evolution of a simulated $\sim L^\star$ galaxy. Starting from a zoom-in simulation of a star-forming galaxy evolved with the EAGLE galaxy formation model, we use the genetic modification technique to create a pair of complementary assembly histories: one in which the halo assembles later than in the unmodified case, and one in which it assembles earlier. Delayed assembly leads to the galaxy exhibiting a greater present-day star formation rate than its unmodified counterpart, whilst in the accelerated case the galaxy quenches at $z\simeq 1$, and becomes spheroidal. We simulate each assembly history nine times, adopting different seeds for the random number generator used by EAGLE's stochastic subgrid implementations of star formation and feedback. The systematic changes driven by differences in assembly history are significantly stronger than the random scatter induced by this stochasticity. The sensitivity of $\sim L^\star$ galaxy evolution to dark matter halo assembly follows from the close coupling of the growth histories of the central black hole (BH) and the halo, such that earlier assembly fosters the formation of a more massive BH, and more efficient expulsion of circumgalactic gas. In response to this expulsion, the circumgalactic medium reconfigures at a lower density, extending its cooling time and thus inhibiting the replenishment of the interstellar medium. Our results indicate that halo assembly history significantly influences the evolution of $\sim L^\star$ central galaxies, and that the expulsion of circumgalactic gas is a crucial step in quenching them.

Jodey M. Peyton, Angeliki F. Martinou, Angeliki F. Martinou et al.

Invasive alien species (IAS) are known to be a major threat to biodiversity and ecosystem function and there is increasing evidence of their impacts on human health and economies globally. We undertook horizon scanning using expert-elicitation to predict arrivals of IAS that could have adverse human health or economic impacts on the island of Cyprus. Three hundred and twenty five IAS comprising 89 plants, 37 freshwater animals, 61 terrestrial invertebrates, 93 terrestrial vertebrates, and 45 marine species, were assessed during a two-day workshop involving 39 participants to derive two ranked lists: (1) IAS with potential human health impacts (20 species ranked within two bands: 1–10 species or 11–20 species); and, (2) IAS with potential economic impacts (50 species ranked in three bands of 1–10, 11–20, and 21–50). Five species of mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Aedes flavopictus, Aedes japonicus, and Culex quinquefasciatus) were considered a potential threat to both human health and economies. It was evident that the IAS identified through this process could potentially arrive through many pathways (25 and 23 pathways were noted for the top 20 IAS on the human health and economic impact lists respectively). The Convention on Biological Diversity Level II (subcategory) pathways Contaminant on plants, pet/aquarium/terrarium species (including live food for such species), hitchhikers in or on aeroplanes, hitchhikers in or on ship/boats, and vehicles were the main pathways that arose across both lists. We discuss the potential of horizon scanning lists to inform biosecurity policies and communication around IAS, highlighting the importance of increasing understanding amongst all stakeholders, including the public, to reduce the risks associated with predicted IAS arrivals.

Marcelo Losada, Roberto Laura, Olimpia Lombardi

In this article we reconstruct the Frauchiger and Renner argument, taking into account that the assertions of the argument are made at different times. To do this, we use a formalism of quantum histories, namely the Theory of Consistent Histories. We show that the supposedly contradictory conclusion of the argument requires computing probabilities in a family of histories that does not satisfy the consistency condition, i.e., an invalid family of histories for the theory.

Karolina PALUSZEK, Agnieszka BIELSKA-BRODZIAK

The paper aims to analyse and compare the interpretative function of legislative history in the judicial activity of the European Court of Justice and Polish courts.  The authors have analysed judgments of the respective courts, focusing on the role of legislative history in their argumentation. In the Polish and European doctrine, the usefulness of travaux preparatoires has been underestimated. Nevertheless, legislative history may provide arguments important in judicial reasoning both in uni- and multilingual legal systems. However, its importance and functions in Polish and European cases examined herein are different. The research conducted enables a better understanding of the interpretative value of legislative history in legal interpretation and can result in more frequent use of this tool in the judicial activity of national and European courts.

Przemysław Waingertner