Abstract This chapter examines the evolution of PN Review, a leading Manchester-based poetry magazine, in relation to second-wave feminism in the 1970s and 1980s. Largely funded by the Arts Council of Great Britain, the magazine was initially not a welcoming place for female poets and contributors. Women’s poetry was often disparaged, and few women contributed to the magazine. From the early 1980s, however, PN Review started to include more women voices—a transition led by the founding editor Michael Schmidt, who was eager to include forgotten and neglected female poets on his list. This chapter argues that changes in public funding, and increased market opportunities for women authors and feminist ideas, forced the magazine to evolve and adapt quickly. Women were taking a more visible role in the publishing world, as the success of the feminist press Virago (created in 1973) shows. Women poets were becoming more vocal, and openly denounced their marginalisation in the poetry scene. The funding cuts decided by Margaret Thatcher’s government led to profound changes as Arts Council “clients” competed fiercely to survive in a tough landscape. Changing priorities at the Arts Council—including the need for more diversity in publishing—also had an impact on grant holders. PN Review therefore offers a good example of a literary institution that was directly pushed towards gender diversity through external pressures from the Arts Council of Great Britain and the market.
We follow the history and development of Brouwer's use of individual choice sequences up to the discovery of a method to apply them successfully in 1927. With the principles we derive from this first use we analyze in detail Brouwer's work from that time onward. Our reconstruction uses only very basic principles. It aligns exactly with Brouwer's work after 1927 and, moreover, it gives a clear explanation of the proofs of his results and the terms he uses.
Long user history is highly valuable signal for recommendation systems, but effectively incorporating it often comes with high cost in terms of data center power consumption and GPU. In this work, we chose offline embedding over end-to-end sequence length optimization methods to enable extremely long user sequence modeling as a cost-effective solution, and propose a new user embedding learning strategy, multi-slicing and summarization, that generates highly generalizable user representation of user's long-term stable interest. History length we encoded in this embedding is up to 70,000 and on average 40,000. This embedding, named as DV365, is proven highly incremental on top of advanced attentive user sequence models deployed in Instagram. Produced by a single upstream foundational model, it is launched in 15 different models across Instagram and Threads with significant impact, and has been production battle-proven for >1 year since our first launch.
In 2006 and 2016, the University of Pennsylvania denied any ties to slavery. In 2017, a group of undergraduate researchers, led by Professor Kathleen Brown, investigated this claim. Initial research, focused on 18th century faculty and trustees who owned slaves, revealed deep connections between the university's history and the institution of slavery. These findings, and discussions amongst the researchers shaped the Penn and Slavery Project's goal of redefining complicity beyond ownership. Breanna Moore's contributions in PSP's second semester expanded the project's focus to include generational wealth gaps. In 2018, VanJessica Gladney served as the PSP's Public History Fellow and spread the project outreach in the greater Philadelphia area. That year, the PSP team began to design an augmented reality app as a Digital Interruption and an attempt to display the truth about Penn's history on its campus. Unfortunately, PSP faced delays due to COVID 19. Despite setbacks, the project persisted, engaging with activists and the wider community to confront historical injustices and modern inequalities.
Temporal Knowledge Graph (TKG) forecasting aims to predict future facts based on given histories. Most recent graph-based models excel at capturing structural information within TKGs but lack semantic comprehension abilities. Nowadays, with the surge of LLMs, the LLM-based TKG prediction model has emerged. However, the existing LLM-based model exhibits three shortcomings: (1) It only focuses on the first-order history for prediction while ignoring high-order historical information, resulting in the provided information for LLMs being extremely limited. (2) LLMs struggle with optimal reasoning performance under heavy historical information loads. (3) For TKG prediction, the temporal reasoning capability of LLM alone is limited. To address the first two challenges, we propose Chain-of-History (CoH) reasoning which explores high-order histories step-by-step, achieving effective utilization of high-order historical information for LLMs on TKG prediction. To address the third issue, we design CoH as a plug-and-play module to enhance the performance of graph-based models for TKG prediction. Extensive experiments on three datasets and backbones demonstrate the effectiveness of CoH.
We propose a novel method to quantify the assembly histories of dark matter halos with the redshift evolution of the mass-weighted spatial variance of their progenitor halos, i.e. the protohalo size history. We find that the protohalo size history for each individual halo at z~0 can be described by a double power-law function. The amplitude of the fitting function strongly correlates to the central-to-total stellar mass ratios of descendant halos. The variation of the amplitude of the protohalo size history can induce a strong halo assembly bias effect for massive halos. This effect is detectable in observation using the central-to-total stellar mass ratio as a proxy of the protohalo size. The correlation to the descendant central-to-total stellar mass ratio and the halo assembly bias effect seen in the protohalo size are much stronger than that seen in the commonly adopted half-mass formation time derived from the mass accretion history. This indicates that the information loss caused by the compression of halo merger trees to mass accretion histories can be captured by the protohalo size history. Protohalo size thus provides a useful quantity to connect protoclusters across cosmic time and to link protoclusters with their descendant clusters in observations.
To understand the evolution of the Moon, we numerically modeled mantle convection and magmatism in a two-dimensional polar rectangular mantle. Magmatism occurs as an upward permeable flow of magma generated by decompression melting through the convecting matrix. The mantle is assumed to be initially enriched in heat-producing elements (HPEs) and compositionally dense ilmenite-bearing cumulates (IBC) at its base. Here, we newly show that magma generation and migration play a crucial role in the calculated volcanic and radial expansion/contraction history. Magma is generated in the deep mantle by internal heating for the first several hundred million years. A large volume of the generated magma ascends to the surface as partially molten fingers and plumes driven by melt-buoyancy to cause a volcanic activity and radial expansion of the planet with the peak at 3.5-4 Gyr ago. Eventually, however, the planet begins to radially contract when the mantle solidifies by cooling from the surface boundary. As the mantle is cooled, the activity of partially molten plumes declines but continues for billions of years after the peak because some basal materials enriched in the dense IBC components hold HPEs. The calculated volcanic and radial expansion/contraction history is consistent with the observed history of the Moon. Our simulations suggest a substantial fraction of the mantle was solid, and there was a basal layer enriched in HPEs and the IBC components at the beginning of the history of the Moon.
Printed and published by the London Union of Compositors, an organisation founded in 1834 to defend the interests of print workers, The Compositors’ Chronicle was launched in September 1840 as a monthly and existed for three years. Its main object was to protect printers from their masters’ ‘misconduct and tyranny’: ‘To these petty tyrants, the Chronicle will be gall and wormwood; and, by occasionally giving them a friendly hint, we shall endeavour to make them more considerate rulers, if not better men’ (‘Address’). This paper investigates the Chronicle as a cooperative medium seeking to support and sustain the development of a shared professional trade identity. It provides three successive highlights on different fields and modes of expression used in the Chronicle, paying attention to the connectedness of printers, within and outside the editorial structure of the journal. The Chronicle is first considered in its attempt to unite typesetters and pressmen across Britain in the fight against perceived threats to their working conditions and status. However, and beyond immediate trade interests, wider ideological networks also nourished the journal. Like many early Victorian trade societies, the London Union of Compositors was strongly influenced by the various movements ‘for the improvement of the moral and social condition of the working classes’ and in the pages of the Chronicle, utilitarian connections were apparent, in particular through the journal’s treatment of social subjects. Finally, the collaborative columns of the Chronicle were also instrumental in the creation of a distinct trade identity. At a time when many print workers remained outside the scope of British citizenship, Thompson’s journal offered them a space in which their literacy, sociability and respectability could be showcased through a virtual and actual community.
Andrew Iskauskas, Ian Vernon, Michael Goldstein
et al.
Modelling complex real-world situations such as infectious diseases, geological phenomena, and biological processes can present a dilemma: the computer model (referred to as a simulator) needs to be complex enough to capture the dynamics of the system, but each increase in complexity increases the evaluation time of such a simulation, making it difficult to obtain an informative description of parameter choices that would be consistent with observed reality. While methods for identifying acceptable matches to real-world observations exist, for example optimisation or Markov chain Monte Carlo methods, they may result in non-robust inferences or may be infeasible for computationally intensive simulators. The techniques of emulation and history matching can make such determinations feasible, efficiently identifying regions of parameter space that produce acceptable matches to data while also providing valuable information about the simulator's structure, but the mathematical considerations required to perform emulation can present a barrier for makers and users of such simulators compared to other methods. The hmer package provides an accessible framework for using history matching and emulation on simulator data, leveraging the computational efficiency of the approach while enabling users to easily match to, visualise, and robustly predict from their complex simulators.
Red supergiants are the most common final evolutionary stage of stars that have initial masses between 8 and 35 times that of the Sun. During this stage, which lasts roughly 100,000 years1, red supergiants experience substantial mass loss. However, the mechanism for this mass loss is unknown. Mass loss may affect the evolutionary path, collapse and future supernova light curve of a red supergiant, and its ultimate fate as either a neutron star or a black hole. From November 2019 to March 2020, Betelgeuse - the second-closest red supergiant to Earth (roughly 220 parsecs, or 724 light years, away) - experienced a historic dimming of its visible brightness. Usually having an apparent magnitude between 0.1 and 1.0, its visual brightness decreased to 1.614 +/- 0.008 magnitudes around 7-13 February 2020 - an event referred to as Betelgeuse's Great Dimming. Here we report high-angular-resolution observations showing that the southern hemisphere of Betelgeuse was ten times darker than usual in the visible spectrum during its Great Dimming. Observations and modelling support a scenario in which a dust clump formed recently in the vicinity of the star, owing to a local temperature decrease in a cool patch that appeared on the photosphere. The directly imaged brightness variations of Betelgeuse evolved on a timescale of weeks. Our findings suggest that a component of mass loss from red supergiants is inhomogeneous, linked to a very contrasted and rapidly changing photosphere
This essay addresses a relatively untouched topic in the field of Brian O’Nolan / Flann O’Brien studies: the Irish-language “Tales from Corkadorky” vignettes published during 1941–42 in the “Cruiskeen Lawn” column O’Nolan wrote as Myles na gCopaleen for the Irish Times. This essay builds on the brief existing critical remarks about this series of columns by exploring, in unprecedented detail, Breandán Ó Conaire’s suggestion that the “Tales from Corkadorky” are modelled on the Sgéalta Mhuintir Luinigh (Munterloney Folktales) collected by Professor Éamonn Ó Tuathail and published in 1933. After summarising existing criticism, the essay presents the wider context of folklore collection for O’Nolan’s work in Irish, the background linking him to Ó Tuathail’s Sgéalta Mhuintir Luinigh, and proceeds to conduct a comparative reading of O’Nolan’s use of dialect features and themes from this source material in the “Tales from Corkadorky”. Facilitated by its analysis of the first tale to appear, the essay traces the origin and development of the tale format as it interacts with other recurring elements in “Cruiskeen Lawn”.
Introduction. The article examines the politics of Persia, the Russian Empire, Great Britain, and the Khiva Khanate in their relations with Turkmens in the west of the Central Asian region, with special attention given to the dynamics of Russian and Persian interaction on the issue of Turkmen’s territories in the first half of the 19th c. At the time, Turkmens, lacking any central organization, were a multitude of related and opposing clans, each of which strove to preserve its traditional way of life; their actions were concerted only during the periods of Persian aggression. The present article aims at studying the Turkmens’ history of the period in the context of their struggle for independence against regional and world powers. Materials and methods. The research is based on a great variety of Iranian, Russian, and English sources, shedding light on their diplomatic activities in the region and the role of Turkmen clans. Thus, the material is examined, with a focus on the role of Turkmens in Russian and Iranian relations; this innovative approach is intended to fill in the existing gap in the research. Several methods employed in the study were as follows: criticism and analysis of written sources, analysis of phenomena and summing up of the results obtained, induction and deduction; these facilitated an understanding of the general international context in the Transcaspian subregion of Central Asia and of the Turkmens’ part in the regional geopolitics. Notably, Turkmens are not viewed purely in ethnocultural terms, but rather as an object and subject of the Great Game in the East because, undoubtedly, they took efforts to influence the course of geopolitics in the region. Conclusion. Actively resisting their traditional enemies ― Persians and Khivans ― and maneuvering between the leading powers in the struggle for their independence, the Turkmen clans became participants in the Great Game in Central Asia.
History (General), Oriental languages and literatures
This paper will propose that Beckett’s affinity for crime and mystery fiction also contributes to Murphy. The novel will be examined on the proposed hypothesis that Murphy’s death, so-called, is conspicuously left ambiguous to a certain degree, rendering it a type of mystery narrative. Approaching the mysterious death as something like a detective fiction “cold case”, the events of Murphy, and clues left by Beckett throughout the prose that follows, I will investigate whether or not Murphy does actually die toward the end of the book. Although Beckett does not present these aspects in the traditional form of “thriller” fiction, he does use them to create a modernist aesthetic which challenges traditions, identifications of being, identity, representation and space regarding both the individual and the social context of the Irish “postmortem situation” depicted in Murphy.
This article aims at exploring the role played by Freemasonry in displaying, promoting and celebrating the British Empire. It argues that Masonic lodges held centre stage in the Indian colonial public sphere. They organized processions, cornerstone laying ceremonies, and banquets on an unequalled scale, which all became an integral part of imperial display. Masonic ritual, therefore, held centre stage in the dramaturgy of colonial power in India, and also played a leading role in fostering the cult of Empire, which emerged in the last decades of the 19th century. In that respect, Freemasonry offers a stimulating venue for articulating the local and the global, the material and the cultural, formal and informal Empire. It also offers an interesting insight into imperial circulations.
Sachini Herath, Saghar Irandoust, Bowen Chen
et al.
The paper proposes a multi-modal sensor fusion algorithm that fuses WiFi, IMU, and floorplan information to infer an accurate and dense location history in indoor environments. The algorithm uses 1) an inertial navigation algorithm to estimate a relative motion trajectory from IMU sensor data; 2) a WiFi-based localization API in industry to obtain positional constraints and geo-localize the trajectory; and 3) a convolutional neural network to refine the location history to be consistent with the floorplan. We have developed a data acquisition app to build a new dataset with WiFi, IMU, and floorplan data with ground-truth positions at 4 university buildings and 3 shopping malls. Our qualitative and quantitative evaluations demonstrate that the proposed system is able to produce twice as accurate and a few orders of magnitude denser location history than the current standard, while requiring minimal additional energy consumption. We will publicly share our code, data and models.
Research objective: This paper analyses the account of the Crimea supplied in a little-known source written by British adventurer, William Eton, who visited this peninsula in the period of an independent Crimean Khanate and used extremely interesting information taken from both his own experience and his Crimean friends.
Research materials: This paper addresses Eton’s book, titled A Survey of the Turkish Empire, published in London in 1798, which was never used by Russian scholarship, and responses to it by early nineteenth-century British intellectuals.
Research novelty and results: This paper has discovered aspects of Eton’s biography which reveal that he both received practical knowledge of various regions of the Ottoman Empire and obtained real experience in international trading to influence his reflections and opinions. It has uncovered the possible sources of the text in question, which supplied varied information on the government of the Crimean Khanate, its relations to the Ottoman Empire, social structures and statuses of different population groups, warfare and population, towns and settlements, economy and taxation, failed reforms by the last khan Shagin Girei, depopulation throughout the last years of the khanate, and its joining to Russia. Eton’s aim behind the detailing of Crimea into international trade was an intention to normalize the relations between the Great Britain and Russia. This research has placed Eton’s ideas into the context of British policy, English-Russian connections, and the British writers’ perceptions of the place held by the Ottoman Empire and the Crimean Khanate in world history. It has been demonstrated that, similarly to Eton, many British recognised the historical conditionality of Russia’s expansion into the northern Black Sea area. This research has shown the similarity of Eton’s views with the perception of the French writers who were traditional rivals of the British.
Auxiliary sciences of history, History of Civilization
The problem of how to interpret quantum mechanics has persisted for a century. The disconnect between the wavefunction state vector and what is observed in experimental apparati has had no shortage of explanations. But all explanations so far fall short of a compelling and complete interpretation. In this letter, I present a novel interpretation called dynamic histories. I show mathematically how quantum mechanics can be reinterpreted as deterministically evolving dynamical world lines in a 5D universe. Quantum probabilities can be then be reinterpreted as stemming from ignorance of the state of our own world line. Meanwhile, the lack of observed superposition in experimental apparati is explained in that we only live on a single history with a definite set of properties. Hence, superposition is not an actual state of a particle but a model of ignorance as in classical probability theory. This explains nonlocal effects without superluminal communication. I also discuss how this relates to 5D Kaluza-Klein theory.
In April 1912, Prime Minister Herbert Henry Asquith introduced the third Home Rule (Government of Ireland) Bill to Westminster. In so doing, he ignited a crisis in both Ireland and Britain which consumed political discourse right up to the eve of the First World War and beyond. By September of 1912, the Ulster question took centre stage as the dominant issue holding back the constitutionally predetermined progress of the Government of Ireland Bill.This article considers two important developments pertaining to Ulster within the broader Home Rule crisis. The first is the definition and rationalisation of a two-state solution to the so-called ‘Irish question’ which in 1914 resulted for the first time in the drafting of proposals for an Irish border, initially as a strictly temporary measure. The second theme here is to examine how, from November 1913 onwards, Nationalist politicians gradually and grudgingly came to accept, on a strictly temporary basis, the exclusion of a portion of the province of Ulster from the jurisdiction of a Home Rule parliament. This culminated in the summer of 1916 with a convention of nationalist delegates from the six Ulster counties earmarked for exclusion. At this conference, the leading Nationalist MP in Ulster, Joseph Devlin, prevailed upon his followers to vote themselves temporarily out of a Home Rule Ireland so as to ensure the immediate enactment of Home Rule for the rest of the island. Although the deal upon which this pact was predicated failed, it marked the moment where Ulster nationalists consented to the principle of partition. The partition of Ireland became a reality in 1921 and has remained the bedrock of the two-state solution to the Irish question ever since.