Hasil untuk "History (General) and history of Europe"

Rodolfo Leyes, Comité Editorial Historia Regional

Textos: Informe del delegado de la F.O.R.A. y pedido de solidaridad a la F.O.M.

Jovana Ostojić

У овом раду биће приказана генеза идеје југословенства на примјеру књижевне продукције у часопису Босанска вила, током периода његовог излажења, од 1885. до 1914. Заснивајући своја теоријска полазишта на идејама о часопису као посебном књижевном облику и дијалошкој природи текстова, испитиваћемо начин на који се могу довести у везу различити спољни феномени и књижевне идеје, који стварају и посредују потенцијалне политичке и поетичке обрасце. Дијахронијски поглед на улогу Босанске виле у културном и политичком животу доводи до преиспитивања релевантности књижевноисторијских оцјена и с тим у вези ће се контекстуализација материјала из студија у овом раду проматрати у њиховом односу према тадашњој референтној стварности, указујући на могуће политичке импликације уредничке политике: од пансловенства, преко српства, па до југословенства.

E. Wasilewska, Agnieszka Sobierajska-Rek, S. Małgorzewicz et al.

Background: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common, progressive, irreversible muscular dystrophy. Pulmonary function is crucial for duration of life in this disease. Currently, the European Respiratory Society is focused on digital health, seeking innovations that will be realistic for digital respiratory medicine to support professionals and patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate whether it is possible to monitor pulmonary function at home using an individual electronic spirometry system in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Materials and methods: In this observational, prospective study, conducted from March 2021 to June 2021, twenty boys with DMD (aged 8–16) were enrolled. The patients were recruited from the Rare Disease Centre, University Clinical Centre, of Gdańsk, Poland. Medical history and anthropometric data were collected, and spirometry (Jaeger, Germany) was performed in all patients at the start of the study. Each patient received an electronic individual spirometer (AioCare) and was asked to perform spirometry on their own every day, morning and evening, at home for a period of 4 weeks. The number of measurements, correctness of performing measurements, forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow (PEF) were evaluated. Results: Finally, 14 out of 20 boys enrolled in the study with a mean age of 12.5 years (7 non-ambulatory) applied and received a home spirometer (AioCare). A total of 283 measurements were performed by all patients at home for 4 weeks. Half of the patients were able to perform measurements correctly. There were no significant differences between mean values of FVC, FE1, PEF between home and hospital spirometry (p > 0.05) expect PEF pv% (p < 0.00046). Patients with higher FEV1 (p = 0.0387) and lower BMI (p = 0.0494) were more likely to take home spirometer measurements. The mean general satisfaction rating of home-spirometry was 4.33/5 (SD 0.78), the mean intelligibility rating was 4.83/5 (SD 0.58). Reasons for irregular measurements were: forgetting (43%), lack of motivation (29%), difficulty (14%), lack of time (14%). Conclusion: Home electronic monitoring of pulmonary function in patients with DMD is possible to implement in daily routines at home. This protocol should be introduced as early as possible in patients 7–8 years old with good, preserved lung function. Patients accept this form of medical care but require more education about the benefits of e-monitoring. There is a need to implement a system to remind patients of the use of electronic medical devices at home, e.g., via SMS (short message service).

Laura FOTIA

Policies and practices based on hate speech and the “enemy” construction do not represent new phenomena, as they have spanned centuries and continents. Yet, recently, the public and scientific debate on new forms of “hate speech” have intensified along with the rapid transformation and multiplication of public spaces for discussion. Starting from their respective research fields and from different disciplinary perspectives, experts on the subject propose alternative but complementary approaches to analysing hate speech, identifying possible ways to counter the phenomenon and its consequences.

Diana Alejandra Méndez Rojas

El artículo expone los resultados de una investigación centrada en el estudio de las trayectorias de los guatemaltecos que, apoyados por el Programa de Becas de la Fundación Rockefeller, cursaron capacitaciones avanzadas o estudios de posgrado en ciencias agrícolas en México, entre 1949 y 1976. Desde el mirador de la historia del intercambio académico, en clave transnacional, se propone que la agricultura fungió como un puente que, a través de los itinerarios de los becarios, unió dos procesos: la profesionalización de la enseñanza agrícola en México y la profesionalización de la investigación agrícola en Guatemala. Se argumenta, además, que ambos procesos formaron parte del despliegue de la revolución verde en América Latina. Esta indagación se fundamentó en la consulta de fuentes primarias, hemerografía y entrevistas.

Augusto César Acioly Paz Silva

O presente artigo tem como preocupação, discutir os caminhos que a maçonaria pernambucana trilhou no período após a instalação do Estado Novo, quando permaneceu com suas atividades e patrimônios interditados pelo Estado. Ao longo do texto, discutiremos como o ideário antimaçônico foi difundido em vários espaços da burocracia do Estado Novo pernambucano, muitos deles, formados dentro de uma sociabilidade, política e intelectual de matriz conservadora-católica. Procurando realizar uma leitura de fontes relacionadas a este processo de construção de uma lógica da suspeição, observaremos como ela foi importante no processo interdição de reorganização das ações maçônicas pernambucanas no período de 1937-1945.

R. Conway, Staci L. Sudenga, Donald A. McClain et al.

BACKGROUND Both diabetes and liver cancer are overrepresented among African Americans, but limited information is available on the interrelationship of these two diseases among African Americans. We examined the association of diabetes with the incidence of liver cancer and whether this varied by participant self-reported race/ethnicity. METHODS Using the Southern Community Cohort Study, we conducted a cancer follow up (2002-2016) of a cohort of mostly low-income participants aged 40-79 with diabetes (n = 15,879) and without diabetes (n = 59,077) at study baseline. Cox regression was used to compute Hazard Ratios (HR) and 95% CIs for the risk of incident liver cancer. RESULTS With 790,132 person years of follow up, 320 incident cases of liver cancer were identified. In analyses controlling for age, sex, race, BMI, current and former smoking, total alcohol consumption, family history of liver cancer, any hepatitis infection, hyperlipidemia and socioeconomic factors, the association between diabetes and risk of liver cancer differed significantly (pinteraction = 0.0001) between participants identifying as Black/African American (AA) or White/European American (EA). Diabetes was associated with 5.3-fold increased cancer risk among EAs (HR 5.4, 95% CI 3.2-9.3) vs an 80% increase (HR 1.8, 95% CI 1.3-2.5) among AAs. Furthermore, controlling for diabetes greatly attenuated the higher risk of liver cancer among AAs; indeed, while the cancer risk among those without diabetes was twice as high among AAs than EAs (HR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.4-2.9), no excess in AAs was observed among those with diabetes (HR = 0.7, 95% CI = 0.4-1.1). CONCLUSION While liver cancer risk in general is greater in AAs than EAs and diabetes increases this risk in both racial/ethnic groups, diabetes appears to impact liver cancer to a much greater extent among EAs. The findings raise the possibility of racially different mechanisms and impacts of diabetes on this often fatal cancer among AAs and EAs.

Steven Hunt

This article describes the ways in which four non-specialist Latin teachers are introducing Latin to their schools1. The interviews reported here took place in four secondary schools in London and the South-East in 2019. The interviews were informal and were held with the teachers while I was consultant on behalf of the charity Classics for All while training non-specialists to introduce Latin into their schools, where no classical subjects had been offered previously. Teachers use Latin to meet Ofsted targets for the uptake of the English Baccalaureate (henceforth EBacc2) and to provide a broad and ambitious curriculum for all students. Resources and subject knowledge provide intellectual challenge and also stimulation. In conclusion I recommend greater support from the Department for Education (DfE) working with subject organisations to develop a coherent strategy for introducing classical subjects in state-maintained schools in order to support DfE and Ofsted objectives.

Alberto Romero Ferrer

Book review

Jaqueline Teodoro Comim, Alzira Salete Menegat

This article makes an analysis from the Law 12.034/2009, which reserves 30% from the political parties vacancies for female applications in plea electoral, analyzed in the institutional politic from Mato Grosso do Sul. In this study, the objective is to identify the “orange” candidates for the positions of federal deputies, state deputies and city councilor, analyzing data from Tribunal Regional Eleitoral do Estado, in the pleas from 2010 to 2018. We consider as “orange” the deputies candidate that obtained over to 0,5% from the votes, in relation to what was obtained from the last deputy elected and for the city councilor, the ones 0 to 10 votes. The results show increase of the female candidates and also the increase of the “orange” ones, showing the strategy from the parties in breaking the law.

P. Veit-Haibach, I. Buvat, K. Herrmann

Jargal B. Badagarov

The paper analyzes some of the 'Tangut' materials as contained in N. Witsen’s Noord en Oost Tartarye (1692, 1705) and represented by a brief Oirat vocabulary given as an illustration to the Tangut Letters. The Oirat words are written in Tibetan script, and the Oirat nature of the text can be clearly seen from the phonetic, morphological, and semantic properties. Therefore, it can be well considered to be the first Oirat-language monument recorded in Tibetan script. The language of the materials referred to by N. Witsen as 'Tangut' is largely Oirat and mirrors both bookish and conversational forms. This is confirmed by evidence as follows: 1) the author meticulously distinguishes between the uvular [χ] and the back [k] using the Tibetan ha and kha; 2) the final -n and short vowels of the last open syllable are retained, e.g., /nüdün/, /šüdün/, /kelen/, etc.; 3) there are such words as malaχai, γodosun, köböün in their Oirat-bookish (Clear Script, or Todo Bichiq) forms; 4) the fact that [e] is expressed through -ie- (emie, kelien, busie, etc.) testifies, in our opinion, of the Oirat nature of the sound - an upper front vowel. Still, the materials contain the words χabar ‘nose’, modun ‘tree’ that rather tend to be typical for Classical Mongolian. But it is widely known that bookish Mongolian words had been borrowed into Oirat through translations from Mongolian, thus making the compositions sound more archaic and scholastic. And many of the words - in the same forms - were introduced into Oirat dictionaries. Especially noteworthy among the peculiar means to convey Mongolic languages via Tibetan graphic elements within the data under consideration are (vowel) 'durations' expressed by the capital ’a. The paper notes that in most cases the 'durations' do not coincide with the long vowels researchers are familiar with, i.e. are not to be found in orthographies of diverse Mongolic languages and written monuments.

Mohammad Nabi SALİM

Among the forts and ramparts which are remaining from the Seljuks period, Jalali Castle in Kashan city has a special feature. Today ,a part of its walls is visible justly. By king Jalal al din Malekshah of Seljuk's command, this fortress was built in Kashan southwest for maintain Kashan security and consequently safeguarding of comerical roads and Seljukid capital namely Isfahan. This article based on the humanities studies and reviews of the sources and also process of urban developments in Kashan, analyses that how to build Jalali Castle and its ending. The result of the research shows, this Castle that, for centuries, protected from a unsafe sideline in South of Kashan ,was known along with the moat and rampart of city and after the Kashan expansion and connection of roads of city towards the North and West, and also for the sake of human destructions ,was damaged and vanished walls and a ditche connected to the Castle.

Narasingha Prosad Sil

The nineteenth-century priest of the Kālī temple at the village of Dakṣiṇeśvar near Calcutta, Rāmakṛṣṇa Paramahaṁsa, has been famous for his frequent bhava [emotional state or mood] or ecstasy, and samādhi or syncope [temporary loss of consciousness], believed to be a fallout of his divine madness [divyonmattata]. This madness is not to be understood as mental derangement but as a respectable erratic behaviour culturally associated with the state of a mystic. The Hindu Bhakti [devotional] movement produced numerous saints who appear, from the standpoint of society, as ‘crazy’, because of their indifference to the phenomenal world. In fact, Rāmakṛṣṇa consciously and forcefully imitated the reported ecstatic (and erratic) behaviour of Śrī Caitanya. This paper offers a critique of the pious and hagiographical accretions of the master’s divine madness and explores the motivations and modalities of his frequent withdrawal from the sensate world in large gatherings or in small groups, there being no clear or attestable account of his samādhi when no onlooker was around. Rāmakṛṣṇa’s reminiscence of his lone attempted suicide in the temple sanctum, thwarted by an epiphany, has been colourfully crafted and carefully circulated by his disciple biographer Svāmī Sāradānanda, but duly debunked by the saint’s famous record-keeper and biographer Mahendranāth Gupta. This paper thus mines the vernacular texts in search of the making of a Hindu mystic.

M. Doody

Sergio Serulnikov

The article explores the relationship between global approaches and historical biography. It contends that the so-called transnational, connected or crossed history raises questions of heuristic and hermeneutic interest for biographical inquires. Whereas the biography, like microhistory in general, focuses on the link between the history of an individual and a culture, between the micro and the macro, global approaches seek to articulate various spatial scales of analysis. Their goal is to reconstruct connections and transferences among different societies by looking at discrete historical events, including personal trajectories. The second part of the essay applies these insights to the case of Ignacio Flores, a late Spanish colonial magistrate. Born in Quito to a prominent Creole family, Flores was educated in Europe and developed his political career in the Upper Peru region. It is argued that that his personal journey, which took him from the political and intellectual circles in the metropolis, to his appointment as first Intendant of Charcas, and his removal and arrest shortly afterward, can only be understood by examining the intertwinement of his European cultural identity, his adscription to the putative Spanish nation, his creole origins, and his political alignments in the local conflicts.

P. Reichart

Krishan Kumar

Zelma Catalan

Charles Dickens is a writer who has always featured in the literature textbooks for the English language secondary schools in Bulgaria. In this paper I look at the way he has been presented in them in the different periods of Bulgarian history since 1945. The investigation is motivated by the belief that his status of a world-renowned literary figure depends on the dissemination of his works in non-Anglophone countries not only through the traditional mechanisms of reception but also by his inclusion in the curriculum. My examination is placed in the context of the changing institutional protocols of the Bulgarian school and the pressures they exert on the teaching of literature. In the communist past Dickens’s texts were treated exclusively as examples of social history. During and after the transition period his value has been questioned by educational ideologies that privilege language proficiency over literary competence, as well as by the efforts to redress the gender balance in the canon of British literature. Finally, I propose a change of emphasis. A greater attention to Dickens’s relation to popular culture will allow students from non-Anglophone countries to tap into the richness and variety of his art.

Gerard Delanty