This article investigates the process of mine clearance in Lithuania between 1944 and 1946, conducted through the Soviet paramilitary organization OSOAVIACHIM. Based on documents preserved in the Lithuanian Central State Archives and the Lithuanian Special Archives, the study reconstructs the extent of explosive contamination and the implementation of the Soviet demining policy in the Lithuanian SSR. For the first time, a systematic reconstruction is provided of how mine clearance operations were organized and executed, the challenges encountered, and their underlying causes, including insufficient training of specialists, shortages of equipment, limited engagement by local authorities, a high number of accidents and civilian casualties, and the efforts of the Lithuanian SSR authorities to align with Moscow’s expectations. The specific conditions of the Lithuanian SSR, including an uncollectivized countryside, limited industrialization, weak peripheral administrative structures, and widespread public distrust of occupation institutions, complicated the application of standardized Soviet practices. Although official reports declared Lithuania ‘cleared of mines’ by the end of 1945, a significant number of explosives remained. The study contributes to the historiography by elucidating the interaction of wartime legacies, militarization, and security dilemmas in postwar Lithuanian society, and by highlighting security challenges that continue to hold contemporary relevance.
This paper examines how variations in the height and health of Mexicans during the second half of the twentieth century reflect the evolution of economic inequality, as its effects have repercussions on the health and nutritional conditions of the population. The average height of Mexican adults had a modest increase with respect to the possibilities of human plasticity. These anthropometric variations were the result of the incorporation of advances in science and technology leading to improved standards of living among the population. Body changes were impacted by dietary habits, urbanization, and government policies supporting food production and distribution.
Objective/context: This article analyzes testimonies of religious and military men, produced between 1770 and 1812, which give an account of Chumash, Juaneño and Yuma indigenous men of Alta California who were in the habit of dressing as women and joining them in the tasks corresponding to the feminine roles in these societies. The documents analyzed include two military diaries on the exploration expeditions and three chronicles of Franciscans who, starting in 1769, were in charge of founding missions in this area. Methodology: Through a gender perspective analysis, we examine the terms and categories used in the sources to describe and give meaning to the sexual roles and practices of the Coyas/Joyas, Cuút or Uluqi. Originality: The few works dedicated to the analysis of California Indians “in the habit of women” have focused on the missionary discourse or on the denunciation of the supposed “extermination” of dissident sexual practices. This paper argues that while the testimonies unanimously condemned these practices, they differed in the categories used to name and classify them and, thus, in the meaning attributed to them, which resulted in different legal and theological implications. Conclusions: The existence of men who dressed as women persisted, according to the sources analyzed, until the beginning of the 19th century in the region from the Gila and Colorado rivers to the Santa Barbara canal in northwestern New Spain. The categories of sodomy, amaricados or hermaphrodites, and male-female were understood under the single-sex model. And, although by the end of the eighteenth century, the principles of modern legal medicine were beginning to change, the meaning given to the Coyas/Joyas was linked to the justification of the advances or difficulties of colonization rather than to the scientific debates of the time
History (General) and history of Europe, History (General)
Kasara A. Little, MS, Joshua R. Smith, PhD, Jose R. Medina-Inojosa, MD
et al.
Objective: To determine whether the number of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) sessions attended and selected clinical characteristics were predictive of patients who exhibited improvement in peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) after CR. Patients and Methods: Using the Rochester Epidemiology Project records-linkage system, we identified all consecutive patients aged 18 years or older from Olmsted County, Minnesota, who underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing before and after CR from 1999 to 2017. Regression models were created to assess the clinical predictors of VO2peak improvement (>0% baseline) after CR. Results: The analysis included 671 patients, of which 524 (78%) patients exhibited VO2peak improvement after CR. The significant univariate predictors of VO2peak improvement included younger age (odds ratio [OR], 0.98; 95% CI, 0.96-0.99), lower pre-CR VO2peak (OR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.94-0.99), and no history of peripheral artery disease (OR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.31-0.81) (all, P<.005). The significant independent predictors of VO2peak improvement from the multivariable analysis included the number of CR sessions (OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.02-1.05), younger age (OR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.94-0.98), lower pre-CR VO2peak (OR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.89-0.95), and no history of peripheral artery disease (OR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.28-0.78) (all, P<.005). Conclusion: These findings highlight the importance of patient participation in CR sessions and individual clinical characteristics in influencing VO2peak improvement after CR in patients with cardiovascular disease.
Sequences of the complete mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene were used to identify Trichiurus species and examine their population genetic structure and demographic history along the coast of China. Three Trichiurus species were found. Trichiurus japonicus lives in colder waters along the continental shelves in the China Seas, while Trichiurus nanhaiensis lives warmer waters along continental slopes in the South China Sea, and Trichiurus brevis lives in shallow and warmer waters in the South China Sea. The migrations of these species were mainly associated with feeding and spawning preferences. Two major wintering and spawning grounds in the East China Sea and South China Sea were found. All species showed a lack of population genetic structure resulting from their oceanodromous life cycle (the degree of population substructure index NST = 0.000–0.149), but the results of approximate Bayesian computational approaches suggested population declines or stabilization and differentiation. The results of the TMRCA (time to the most recent common ancestor) showed that during glaciations, the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea were completely exposed, and the South China Sea acted as a refugium. Thus, the populations of these three species experienced differentiation during glaciations. This study also examined the limitations of Bayesian skyline plot analysis.
Science, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution
This essay looks at the French Wars of Religion, specifically the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre and the relationship that it has to religious conflict. Looking at the religious elements of violence within this massacre attempts to show that both Protestant and Catholic leaders, followers, and significant figure of the time, like the King and Catharine de Medici, used religious upheaval as a way to condone the violence that ensued during the late 1560s and early 1570s. Using both primary and secondary sources, this essay looks at ‘Religious nationalism’ and its role in the blood shed of the Massacre. The tensions between the two sects of religion were growing, St. Bartholomew’s Day is an example of when this tension became too much. Looking closely at the people involved and the events that took place, violence and religion are clearly intertwined.
Myriam Ruiz-Rodríguez, Yuri Sánchez-Martínez, Fabio Camilo Suárez-Cadena
et al.
Introduction: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common medical complication during pregnancy and is associated with adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes.
Objectives: To determine the prevalence of UTI in socially vulnerable pregnant women in Bucaramanga, Colombia, and to characterize these cases. Also, to identify the factors associated with the development of this complication and the antibiotic resistance profile of the microorganisms causing the infection.
Materials and methods: Secondary analysis of the data obtained in a main study conducted on 838 pregnant women treated by the public healthcare network of Bucaramanga. The prevalence of UTI was estimated considering the number of pregnant women with a urine culture report (n=648). A descriptive analysis of the sample characteristics and a bivariate analysis were performed to evaluate the differences in the diagnosis of UTI. Finally, factors associated with UTI were estimated using a binomial logistic regression model.
Results: The prevalence of UTI during pregnancy was 14.51% (n=94). For each year that maternal age increased, a 6% reduction in the prevalence of UTI (PR: 0.94 95% CI: 0.90-0.98, p<0.001) was observed. Moreover, an association was found between having a history of UTI and developing this complication during pregnancy (PR: 3.6 95% CI: 1.81-7.08, p= 0.005). The most common pathogens isolated were E. Coli (75.53%) and Klebsiella spp (17.02%).
Conclusion: About 15% of the participants had UTI, so it is necessary to implement health education strategies aimed at socially vulnerable pregnant women, mainly the youngest and those with a history of UTI, to reduce its occurrence and possible consequences for maternal-fetal health. Furthermore, the data reported herein may help develop public policies to improve prevention and care of UTI in this population.
The present research featured the content, specific features, and potential of military diaries as a historical source in the anthropology of the Great Patriotic War. The study was based on the views of the leading Soviet and modern specialists in the field of source studies and historical methodology. The author defined three approaches to the place of diaries in the classification of historical sources: 1) diaries as ego-documents, 2) military diaries as memoirs, 3) diaries as a separate group of personal documents. The research objective was to determine the potential of military diaries as a source for anthropological studies of the Great Patriotic War. The method of content analysis revealed the most important aspects for the dairy writers in extreme military environment. The biographical method based on the diary analysis made it possible to describe the image of homo militaris during the Great Patriotic War. Military diaries demonstrated a great potential for studies of war routine, healthcare, psychology, and enemy perception through the eyes of an ordinary military participant, the psychology of warring man, the perception of an enemy during World War I.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, Psychology
Головною дослідницькою проблемою чергової книжки Максима Яременка, виданої як четвертий том щойно започаткованої Українським католицьким університетом серії «Київське християнство», є інкорпорація Київської православної митрополії до складу новоствореної уніфікованої імперської синодальної Церкви. Як і в попередній своїй монографії, дослідник суттєво коригує усталені стереотипи, які сформувались в українській історіографії під впливом т. зв. «національної парадигми». У цьому випадку йдеться про доволі міцно вкорінене твердження, що після зміни у 1686 р. Київською митрополією свого підпорядкування з Константинополя на Москву церковне життя в Україні було перебудоване за московським зразком, а всі «національні» традиції знищені. Дослідник підважує це емпірично, шляхом ретельного дослідження внутрішнього життя церкви, а також пробуючи відповісти на питання, яке, як видається, до нього ще ніхто не ставив: наскільки успішними були процеси якісного перетворення української церкви на частину синодальної?
Los golpes cívicos militares que interrumpieron los procesos democráticos durante el siglo XX en nuestro país cuentan con elementos identitarios que posibilitan un análisis en clave comparativas en el tiempo largo, no obstante también son susceptibles de marcar diferencias cuando se los analiza en territorios subnacionales determinados.
En nuestro caso presentaremos la ponencia en la cual describimos los sucesos de los aciagos días de marzo de 1976.
Descubrir los sucesos, determinar los actores políticos con trascendencia en los procesos políticos posteriores, analizar las actitudes políticas e individuales del gobierno derrocado y poner en valor ese momento de la historia en nuestro espacio provincial, es el objetivo general. Ello lo posibilita la hipótesis de que asi como hay generalidades que identifican procesos también hay peculiaridades que diferencian la concreción de esos procesos macros de los micros que se suscitan en distintos territorios.
Para lograr nuestro objetivo recurriremos a repositorios públicos y privados para revisar las fuentes primarias. Ese trabajo de vaciado documental lo reforzaremos con entrevistas semi estructuradas y abiertas a algunos de los actores que vivenciaron ese proceso y que luego cumplieron algún rol en la estructura política catamarqueña. Nuestra ponencia también aspira a enriquecer la escasa historiografía publicada para nuestra provincia en el momento en cuestión.
Palabras clave: Catamarca; Golpe Militar; 1976; Actores
Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology, History (General) and history of Europe
In Ibadi sources, the advent of the Fatimids has fuelled a memory of the Fall, the aspects of which we will examine. This vision is completed by the apologetical narrative of resistance against the “tyrants”. But how could the Ibadi orthodoxy compete with the heroic saga of Abū Yazīd, the schismatic figurehead of rebellion? First, by presenting him as a “Kharijite” leader who had spread the “fitna” over the whole country, and secondly by putting forward another revolt. The forgotten episode of Bāghāya (969) was seen as a legitimate and righteous uprisal, decided by the community and lead by its ulama. But this attempt to produce a counter-memory also sheds light on another reality: the coexistence between the Ismaili authority and the Ibadi-Wahbi community, represented by its religious elite.
[The “gift of free will” in the Third Inaugural Oratio: Similarities and Differences with Jean Bodin]. This paper intends to emphasize the position of Vico between knowledge and liberty with reference to modern concept of respublica literaria. We are still far from Voltaire’s Traité, but the political influences of the theory of religious tolerance had found full expression already at the end of the XVIth century, expecially by Jean Bodin, whose Colloquium Heptaplomeres (1593) is analyzed by the author and compared with Vico’s Oratio III.
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities, Philosophy (General)
O objetivo deste trabalho é discutir, sob a ótica da diplomacia brasileira, aspectos das relações internacionais nas Antilhas, enfatizando a sua condição de fronteiras estratégicas no âmbito da política anticomunista norte-americana entre 1947 e 1953, período conhecido como a primeira Guerra Fria. Os Estados antilhanos – Cuba, Haiti e República Dominicana – a despeito das suas dessemelhanças, constituíram fronteiras estratégicas confiáveis no âmbito da política externa norte-americana de combate acirrado ao comunismo. A discussão abarca temas de natureza jurídica e política, econômica e financeira, social e cultural.
RESUMEN
El objetivo de este trabajo es tratar, bajo la óptica de la diplomacia brasileña, aspectos de las relaciones internacionales en las Antilhas, enfatizando su condición de fronteras estratégicas en el ámbito de la política anticomunista norteamericana, entre 1947 y 1953, período conocido como la primera Guerra fría. Los Estados antillanos – Cuba, Haití y República Dominicana – más allá de sus diferencias, constituyeron fronteras estratégicas confiables en el ámbito de la política externa norteamericana de combate aguerrido al comunismo. La discusión abarca temas de naturaliza jurídica y política, económica y financeira, social y cultural.
ABSTRACT
This work aims at discussing, from the point of view of Brazilian Diplomacy, some aspects of international relations in the Antilles with emphasis on their role as strategic frontiers in the frame of American anticommunist policy in the period known as the first Cold War (1947-1953). Despite their dissimilarities, the Antillean States – Cuba, Haiti and Dominican Republic – made up reliable strategic frontiers in the frame of American foreign policy of exacerbated fight against communism. This discussion includes topics of juridical, political, economic, financial, social and cultural order.
Latin America. Spanish America, Social sciences (General)
Este artigo procura explicitar a trajetória política do Pe. José Bento Leite Ferreira de Mello. Após atuar em várias legislaturas como deputado, foi escolhido senador em 1834 pela Regência. José Bento foi, por mais de 20 anos, um dos mais importantes representantes políticos do sul de Minas. Sua ação foi ampla. Padre, vereador, jornalista, criador de Partido Liberal em várias vilas do sul de Minas, criador da Sociedade Defensora da Independência e Liberdade Nacional, deputado e, finalmente, senador. Tornou-se o mais expressivo articulador político dos interesses da elite sul-mineira na Corte, ao mesmo tempo em que a engajava nos desafios da luta pela constituição do Estado Nacional brasileiro na versão desejada pelos liberais moderados.<br>This article intent to show the politic trajectory of Pe. José Bento Leite Ferreira de Mello. After acting in various legislatures as deputy, he was chosen senator in 1834 by the Regency. José Bento was, for over 20 years, one of the most important politic representative of the south of Minas. His action was wide. Priest, counselor, journalist, creator of Liberal Party in different villages of the south of Minas, creator of the Protector Society of Independency and National Freedom, deputy and, finally, senator. He became the most expressive politic articulator of the south-miner elite in the Corte, at the same time that he was engaging it in the challenges of the fight for the constitution of the Brazilian National State in the version desired by the moderated liberals.