Hasil untuk "Chemical industries"

Teerapat Suteerapongpun, Poonnut Thaeviriyakul, Watanyoo Phairote et al.

This study investigated the effects of blending weight ratio of 5% and 10% ethanol (B7E5 and B7E10) with standard B7-diesel on the performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of a light-duty common-rail diesel engine. The engine was tested on a dynamometer across various speeds (1600–2000 rpm) and loads (84 and 112 Nm) to analyze in-cylinder pressure, thermal efficiencies, and exhaust emissions. Results indicated significant emission benefits, especially at high loads. The B7E10 blend reduced smoke intensity by approximately 75% and carbon dioxide emissions by 34% compared to the baseline B7. The performance analysis revealed a critical trade-off associated with the ethanol blends: while the inherent oxygen content in ethanol significantly improved the indicated thermal efficiency (ITE) through enhanced combustion, its lower viscosity simultaneously led to increased frictional losses. Consequently, these competing effects resulted in only a modest improvement in brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and comparable brake-specific energy consumption (BSEC) compared to the baseline B7. The primary objective is to identify the benefits and trade-offs associated with ethanol blending in biodiesel-based diesel fuels that are compatible with existing diesel vehicles.

Isabele Paola de Oliveira Amaral, Mariany Felex de Oliveira, Marco Antonio Previdelli Orrico Junior et al.

This study evaluated the effects of lasalocid sodium (LASA) and essential oils on the fermentation and nutritional quality of total mixed ration (TMR) silages. A 4 × 2 factorial design tested four additives—a control (distilled water), LASA (375 mg/kg DM), limonene essential oil (LEO), and a blend of cinnamaldehyde and carvacrol (EOB), both at 400 mg/kg DM—during summer and autumn. The TMRs were formulated to meet the nutritional requirements of lactating cows producing 20 kg of milk per day. After 110 days of ensiling, silages were analyzed for fermentation losses, pH, short-chain fatty acids, ammoniacal nitrogen (NH₃-N), aerobic stability (AS), and chemical composition. The additives significantly improved dry matter recovery (DMR), especially LASA and EOB in autumn. EOB showed the lowest effluent losses and highest AS, with higher acetic acid and lower NH₃-N contents. LEO and EOB increased lactic acid, while LASA reduced ethanol and butyric acid levels in summer. Crude protein increased with LEO in autumn, and LASA and LEO improved total digestible nutrients (TDNs) in summer. EOB-treated silages had higher fiber fractions in autumn, without compromising feed value. Therefore, LASA, LEO, and particularly EOB enhanced silage fermentation and nutrient preservation, with EOB showing the most consistent results across seasons.

Shaymaa A. Mohamed, Asmaa M. Elsherbini, Heba R. Alrefaey et al.

Gum Arabic (GA), or acacia gum, refers to the dried exudate produced by certain Acacia trees. GA is composed mainly of a mixture of polysaccharides and glycoproteins, with proportions that can slightly differ from one species to another. It is commonly utilized in the food and pharmaceutical industries as a stabilizer or an emulsifier owing to its biocompatibility, hydrophilicity, and antibacterial properties. In addition, GA can be manipulated as it possesses many functional groups that can be used in grafting, cross-linking, or chemical modifications to add a new feature to the developed material. In this review, we highlight recent GA-based formulations, including nanoparticles, hydrogels, nanofibers, membranes, or scaffolds, and their possible applications in tissue regeneration, cancer therapy, wound healing, biosensing, bioimaging, food packaging, and antimicrobial and antifouling membranes.

Syed Shaheer Hassan, Jinyan Zhao, Sana Tahir et al.

This study enhanced germanium (Ge) enrichment in the liquid fermentation of the edible fungus <i>Lyophyllum decastes</i> in order to boost its biological activity, particularly its antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties. Through the use of single-factor and Plackett–Burman designs, the experiments revealed critical parameters affecting Ge enrichment, including Ge oxide concentration, potato powder concentration, and peptone levels. The optimization of the Box–Behnken response surface methodology resulted in a Ge concentration of 3.61 mg/L, significantly enhancing the biomass, protein, polysaccharide, and flavonoid content in the mycelium. In contrast to traditional fermentation, Ge-rich fermentation enhanced the mycelial biomass by 30.97% and elevated the organic Ge content 50.19-fold. An analysis of the antioxidants revealed that the Ge-enriched mycelial water extract exhibited heightened activity, augmenting TNF-α production in RAW264.7 cells by 73.29% at a concentration of 200 μg/g. These findings indicate that the Ge-enriched fermentation of <i>L. decastes</i> holds promise for functional applications in health-supportive products due to its robust antioxidant and immune-enhancing capabilities.

A.D. Chertova, A. Yu. Potanin, P. Feng et al.

This study focuses on fabrication of a Mo30Si60B10 coating with elevated silicon content, which enhances working properties of Mo-alloy based on the Т2 phase (t-Mo5SiB2). The Mo30Si60B10 coating has a columnar structure. The alloy is characterized by hardness of 17 GPa; Young's modulus of 304 GPa, and elastic recovery of 29 %. Deposition of the coating increased hardness by 40 %; the Young's modulus, by 18 %; and elastic recovery, by 25 %. Oxidation tests at 1200 °C demonstrated that the specific mass loss of the alloy with Mo30Si60B10 coating was 1.5-fold lower than that of the uncoated alloy. An 18 μm thick oxide layer based on a-SiВO and containing MoO2 particles was formed on the alloy surface. The coating contributes to a ∼14-fold reduction of oxide layer thick. The increase in oxidation resistance of alloy after coating deposition is related to sealing of substrate defects and formation of an a-SiВO layer with elevated silicon content.

A. Zuber, V. Gauthier-Brunet, S. Dubois

Cr2AlC-20 wt% (Sn; Cu; Co; Fe; Ag) powder mixtures were hot isostatically pressed at 1000 °C for 4 h under 150 MPa to investigate the possible alloying behaviour of the metals with the MAX phase. The as-synthesized bulk materials were further oxidized at 1000 and 1200 °C for 10 h under dry air flux to study the effect of the alloying on the oxidation performance of the MAX phase. The metallic elements did not dissolve into the MAX phase grains: they mainly acted as oxidizing agents on the MAX phase grains, draining the aluminum from it to form intermetallic phases. The oxidation tests resulted in the formation of an alumina scale for most of the samples. The oxidation kinetic study shows no improvement of the oxidation behaviour of the Cr2AlC-metal composites as compared to pure bulk Cr2AlC. Sn spheres embedded in an alumina layer and empty alumina shells are respectively observed on the surface of the oxidized Cr2AlC–Sn and Cr2AlC–Ag composites.

V. Correia, T. Stephenson, S. Judd

Sanjib Kumar Karmee

Waste valorization is an important strategy to reduce environmental pollution and dependency on petroleum-based fuels. In this regard, utilization of food waste as a versatile and low-cost resource is important. Several advanced catalytic methods for the valorization of food waste have been widely investigated for the production of liquid biofuels. Along this line, chemical catalysts have been explored for the synthesis of liquid biofuels. Chemo-catalysis is mainly metal based, which requires harsh process conditions. Alternatively, biocatalysts are currently being investigated as a result of several advantages such as mild reaction conditions, recyclability, selectivity and biodegradability. In this work, recent biocatalytic technologies for the preparation of liquid biofuels through food waste valorization are discussed thoroughly. Lipases are employed for the synthesis of biodiesel and the upgradation of bio-oil, whereas methane mono-oxygenases could be explored for the production of methanol via the oxidation of methane generated from food wastes. Industrial production of ethanol from food waste using bioconversion technologies is a success story. To date, there has been no specific report on the use of food waste for propanol preparation using enzymes. The ABE process (Acetone–Butanol–Ethanol) (using suitable microorganisms) is used for butanol preparation, where the vacuum stripping system is integrated to remove butanol from the broth and circumvent inhibition. The synthesis of hydrocarbon fuels from fatty acids and triglycerides can be carried out using enzymes, such as carboxylic acid reductase and fatty acid photodecarboxylase (an algal photoenzyme). Both carboxylic acid reductase and fatty acid photodecarboxylase have not yet been applied in the direct valorization of food wastes. Furthermore, limitations of the reported methods, societal and economic aspects and a fresh perspective on the subject, along with important examples, are described.

Javid Karamianpour, Hossein Arfaeinia, Dariush Ranjbar Vakilabadi et al.

In this research, a total of 51 road dust samples were collected from three districts (Asaluyeh, Bushehr, and Goshoui) in the south of Iran from April to June 2022 and analyzed for the concentration of 7 phthalic acid esters (PAEs) compounds. Asaluyeh was considered as an industrial area (near gas and petrochemical industries), Bushehr as an urban area, and Goshoui as a rural area (far from pollution sources). The PAEs concentration of the street dust samples was determined using a mass detection gas chromatography (GC/MS). The mean ± SD levels of ƩPAEs in samples from industrial, urban, and rural sources were 56.9 ± 11.5, 18.3 ± 9.64, and 5.68 ± 1.85 μg/g, respectively. The mean concentration levels of ƩPAEs was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in samples from the industrial area than urban and rural areas. The mean levels of di(2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in industrial, urban, and rural areas were 20.3 ± 8.76, 4.59 ± 1.71, and 2.35 ± 0.98 μg/g, respectively. The results of the PCA analysis indicate that the likely major sources of PAEs in the road dust in the studied areas are the application of various plasticizers in industry, solvents, chemical fertilizers, waste disposal, wastewater (e.g., agricultural, domestic, and industrial), and the use of plastic films and plastic-based irrigation pipes in greenhouses. As well as, it was found that the non-cancer risk of exposure to dust-bound PAEs was higher for children than for adults. These values were <1 for both age groups (children and adults) and the exposure of inhabitants to PAEs in road dust did not pose a notable non-cancer risk. The cancer risk from exposure to DEHP in road dust was below the standard range of 10−6 in all three areas. Further studies that consider different routes of exposure to these contaminants are needed for an accurate risk assessment. Moreover, since higher PAEs level was found in industrial area, decision-makers should adopt strict strategies to control the discharging of pollution from industries to the environment and human societies.

Gerard Lligadas, J. C. Ronda, M. Galià et al.

M. Milne, Dennis M. Patten

Natalia S. Brizuela, Marina Arnez-Arancibia, Liliana Semorile et al.

<i>Lactiplantibacillus plantarum</i> strain UNQLp 11 is a lactic acid bacterium with the potential to carry out malolactic fermentation (MLF) in red wines. Recently, the complete genome of UNQLp 11 was sequenced and this strain possesses four loci of the enzyme β-glucosidase. In order to demonstrate that these glucosidase enzymes could be functional under harsh wine conditions, we evaluated the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (p-NPG) in synthetic wine with different ethanol contents (0%, 12%, and 14% <i>v/v</i>) and at different pH values (3.2, 3.5, and 3.8). Then, the hydrolysis of precursor n-octyl β-D-glucopyranoside was analyzed in sterile Pinot Noir wine (containing 14.5% <i>v/v</i> of ethanol, at different pH values) by headspace sorptive extraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HSSE-GC/MS). The hydrolysis of p-NPG showed that β-glucosidase activity is very susceptible to low pH but induced in the presence of high ethanol content. Furthermore, UNQLp 11 was able to release the glycosilated precursor n-octyl, during MLF to a greater extent than a commercial enzyme. In conclusion, UNQLp 11 could improve the aromatic profile of the wine by the release of volatile precursors during MLF.

Andreas Samudro, Vonny Susanti

The purpose of the study is to develop a brand loyalty model with perspectives from rational and emotional aspects. The research investigates the relevant antecedents of the brand loyalty model with the respondents from various industries in the chemical emulsion market. The research is a quantitative approach with SEM-PLS employed to run the data, whereas the data is conducted and collected from the field survey. The study demonstrates the robustness of the model with direct relationships between the constructs in the model. Moreover, it confirms that rational brand quality influences brand loyalty stronger than emotional brand associations; further perceived value has the weakest influence on satisfaction. Authors encourage replicated research with a broader range of product categories to validate the results. The ideal model should be able to be implemented with generalization. The research has an insight into the two-sided role of rational and emotional elements during the decision process and their role in satisfaction and brand loyalty; moreover, the proposed model also adds perceived value. With the investigation of the direct and indirect effects among the constructs of the model, this model is considered new in industrial branding; therefore, the paper fulfills the research gap and contributes novelty.

R. Ellis, M. Cochrane, M. Dale et al.

T. A. Nijhuis, M. Makkee, J. Moulijn et al.

A. Schäfer, N. Andritsos, A. Karabelas et al.

Laura Sevillano, M. Sanchez-Ballesta, F. Romojaro et al.

F. Abbasi, H. Mirzadeh, A. Katbab

J. Woodley

Claudia Gonzalez Viejo, Sigfredo Fuentes

Beer quality is a difficult concept to describe and assess by physicochemical and sensory analysis due to the complexity of beer appreciation and acceptability by consumers, which can be dynamic and related to changes in climate affecting raw materials, consumer preference, and rising quality requirements. Artificial intelligence (AI) may offer unique capabilities based on the integration of sensor technology, robotics, and data analysis using machine learning (ML) to identify specific quality traits and process modifications to produce quality beers. This research presented the integration and implementation of AI technology based on low-cost sensor networks in the form of an electronic nose (e-nose), robotics, and ML. Results of ML showed high accuracy (97%) in the identification of fermentation type (Model 1) based on e-nose data; prediction of consumer acceptability from near-infrared (Model 2; R = 0.90) and e-nose data (Model 3; R = 0.95), and physicochemical and colorimetry of beers from e-nose data. The use of the RoboBEER coupled with the e-nose and AI could be used by brewers to assess the fermentation process, quality of beers, detection of faults, traceability, and authentication purposes in an affordable, user-friendly, and accurate manner.