Hasil untuk "Women. Feminism"

Tanvi Dinkar, Aiqi Jiang, Gavin Abercrombie et al.

Social media has exacerbated the promotion of Western beauty norms, leading to negative self-image, particularly in women and girls, and causing harm such as body dysmorphia. Increasingly content on the internet has been artificially generated, leading to concerns that these norms are being exaggerated. The aim of this work is to study how generative AI models may encode 'beauty' and erase 'ugliness', and discuss the implications of this for society. To investigate these aims, we create two image generation pipelines: a text-to-image model and a text-to-language model-to image model. We develop a structured beauty taxonomy which we use to prompt three language models (LMs) and two text-to-image models to cumulatively generate 5984 images using our two pipelines. We then recruit women and non-binary social media users to evaluate 1200 of the images through a Likert-scale within-subjects study. Participants show high agreement in their ratings. Our results show that 86.5% of generated images depicted people with lighter skin tones, 22% contained explicit content despite Safe for Work (SFW) training, and 74% were rated as being in a younger age demographic. In particular, the images of non-binary individuals were rated as both younger and more hypersexualised, indicating troubling intersectional effects. Notably, prompts encoded with 'negative' or 'ugly' beauty traits (such as "a wide nose") consistently produced higher Not SFW (NSFW) ratings regardless of gender. This work sheds light on the pervasive demographic biases related to beauty standards present in generative AI models -- biases that are actively perpetuated by model developers, such as via negative prompting. We conclude by discussing the implications of this on society, which include pollution of the data streams and active erasure of features that do not fall inside the stereotype of what is considered beautiful by developers.

Hamze G. Dahir, Hodo Abdikarim, Hibo Abdirashid et al.

BackgroundMaternal mortality remains a critical concern in low-income countries, where low utilization of institutional delivery services is a contributing factor. This study investigates the influence of individual and community-level factors on institutional delivery among women in Somaliland, a region with a high maternal mortality rate.MethodsThis cross-sectional study used data from the 2020 Somaliland Demographic and Health Survey (SDHS), a nationally representative survey of 3804 women aged 15–49. We employed descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests to examine bivariate associations and multi-level binary logistic regression to assess the impact of individual and community-level factors on the place of delivery.ResultsOnly 30.8% of deliveries occurred in health institutions. Bivariate analyses showed significant associations between institutional delivery and maternal age, education (χ² = 328.534, p < 0.001), husband's education (χ² = 362.669, p < 0.001), wealth (χ² = 787.937, p < 0.001), region (χ² = 50.760, p < 0.001), and parity (χ² = 65.227, p < 0.001). Multilevel analysis revealed that 50% of the variance in place of delivery was attributable to community level factors (Model I). Higher maternal education was significantly associated with increased odds of institutional delivery (AOR = 8.87, p < 0.05), while nomadic residence (AOR = 0.28, p < 0.05), residing in Sanaag region (AOR = 0.36, p < 0.05), high parity (five or more children) (AOR = 0.52, p < 0.05), not intending to use contraceptives (AOR = 0.62, p < 0.05), and wanting the pregnancy later (AOR = 0.79, p < 0.05) were significantly associated with decreased odds of institutional delivery. Women in the highest wealth quintile were significantly more likely to deliver in a health facility (AOR = 18.71, p < 0.05).ConclusionThe study highlights the complex interplay of individual and community-level factors influencing the utilization of institutional delivery in Somaliland. Interventions to promote health facility deliveries must address socioeconomic disparities, improve women's education, ensure accessibility of healthcare for nomadic communities, reduce regional variations, promote family planning and reproductive health services, and take into consideration the impact of parity on health seeking behaviors.

Christopher J. Fischer, Jennifer Delgado, Sarah LeGresley et al.

We assessed changes in calculus proficiency and calculus self-efficacy in a second semester course of introductory physics focused on electricity and magnetism. While all students demonstrated an increase in calculus proficiency, including a possible improvement in calculus transfer to physics, women displayed larger gains than men. Conversely, men showed larger gains in calculus self-efficacy. When combined, these data suggest that student identity modulates the correlation between a student's calculus abilities and their perception or self-evaluation of those abilities. These data highlight a potential contributing factor to gender-related differences in physics self-efficacy as well as the complexity of addressing those differences.

Yayun Wang, Jiang Chang

This article employs semi-structured interviews with 42 Chinese women to examine discursive strategies adopted in their participation in the online protest against patronymy, and investigate possible approaches to a feminist political agenda within contemporary Chinese contexts. Three main strategies are discovered and discussed to shed light on the unequal gender power structure that is manifest in the discursive resistant activism: linking patronymy to women’s loss of rights in private and public spheres; defining patronymy as a symptom of effort-reward imbalance rather than a mere gender issue; and framing activism against patronymy as a gender war between women and men. This paper aims to identify the value of these strategies and probe the potential social and political implications of digital Chinese feminism by politicizing what was once seemingly only a personal issue. It also explores the potential advantages and setbacks of these online discourses.

Sheekar Banerjee, Md. Kamrul Hasan Monir

Undoubtedly breast cancer identifies itself as one of the most widespread and terrifying cancers across the globe. Millions of women are getting affected each year from it. Breast cancer remains the major one for being the reason of largest number of demise of women. In the recent time of research, Medical Image Computing and Processing has been playing a significant role for detecting and classifying breast cancers from ultrasound images and mammograms, along with the celestial touch of deep neural networks. In this research, we focused mostly on our rigorous implementations and iterative result analysis of different cutting-edge modified versions of EfficientNet architectures namely EfficientNet-V1 (b0-b7) and EfficientNet-V2 (b0-b3) with ultrasound image, named as CEIMVEN. We utilized transfer learning approach here for using the pre-trained models of EfficientNet versions. We activated the hyper-parameter tuning procedures, added fully connected layers, discarded the unprecedented outliers and recorded the accuracy results from our custom modified EfficientNet architectures. Our deep learning model training approach was related to both identifying the cancer affected areas with region of interest (ROI) techniques and multiple classifications (benign, malignant and normal). The approximate testing accuracies we got from the modified versions of EfficientNet-V1 (b0- 99.15%, b1- 98.58%, b2- 98.43%, b3- 98.01%, b4- 98.86%, b5- 97.72%, b6- 97.72%, b7- 98.72%) and EfficientNet-V2 (b0- 99.29%, b1- 99.01%, b2- 98.72%, b3- 99.43%) are showing very bright future and strong potentials of deep learning approach for the successful detection and classification of breast cancers from the ultrasound images at a very early stage. The code for this research is available here: https://github.com/ac005sheekar/CEIMVEN-Breast.

Ralph Brinks

In this work we propose a stochastic differential equation (SDE) for modelling health related quality of life (HRQoL) over a lifespan. HRQoL is assumed to be bounded between 0 and 1, equivalent to death and perfect health, respectively. Drift and diffusion parameters of the SDE are chosen to mimic decreasing HRQoL over life and ensuring epidemiological meaningfulness. The Euler-Maruyama method is used to simulate trajectories of individuals in a population of n = 1000 people. Age of death of an individual is simulated as a stopping time with Weibull distribution conditioning the current value of HRQoL as time-varying covariate. The life expectancy and health adjusted life years are compared to the corresponding values for German women.

Diego GentilePassaro, Fuhito Kojima, Bobak Pakzad-Hurson

Equal pay laws increasingly require that workers doing "similar" work are paid equal wages within firm. We study such "equal pay for similar work" (EPSW) policies theoretically and test our model's predictions empirically using evidence from a 2009 Chilean EPSW. When EPSW only binds across protected class (e.g., no woman can be paid less than any similar man, and vice versa), firms segregate their workforce by gender. When there are more men than women in a labor market, EPSW increases the gender wage gap. By contrast, EPSW that is not based on protected class can decrease the gender wage gap.

Sebastian T. Braun, Jan Stuhler

With 70 million dead, World War II remains the most devastating conflict in history. Among the survivors, millions were displaced, returned maimed from the battlefield, or endured years of captivity. We examine the effects of such war exposures on labor market careers, showing that they often become apparent only at certain life stages. While war injuries reduced employment in old age, former prisoners of war prolonged their time in the workforce before retiring. Many displaced workers, especially women, never returned to employment. These responses align with standard life-cycle theory and thus likely hold relevance for other conflicts.

Ulrika Ahrsjö, René Karadakic, Joachim Kahr Rasmussen

Using harmonized administrative data from Scandinavia, we find that intergenerational rank associations in income have increased uniformly across Sweden, Denmark, and Norway for cohorts born between 1951 and 1979. By gender, father-son mobility remains stable, while correlations for mothers and daughters rise. Similar patterns appear in US survey data, albeit with different timing. We show that the decline in income mobility reflects female income more accurately capturing underlying productivity, rather than stronger intergenerational transmission of human capital or changes in assortative mating. Finally, we show parent-child correlations increase mainly when women gain access to jobs that match their productivity.

Antoinette E. DeNapoli

This article represents a departure from existing scholarship on women’s political activism in Indian Hinduism. Women’s gender activism in Hindu nationalism encompasses a range of approaches, from hard-line to emancipatory, and is motivated by different concerns, from religious xenophobia to religious power. Thus, female religious leaders (gurus) advocating Hindutva Hinduism exercise more than one style of leadership in the public sphere. Based on ethnographic research conducted at the Kumbh Mela, the article illuminates another style of activism, which is termed ‘grassroots religious feminist-leaning activism.’ Analysing the teachings and practices of two female gurus, it argues that one guru believes in a separate but equal approach (men and women have different skills and rights), and the other follows the approach that both genders should have the same rights and abilities to make choices because of their common humanity. Both gurus are unlocking opportunities for women’s greater freedom within the male-dominated religious hierarchies of the Hindu ascetic orders akhāṛās) at the Kumbh Mela. This article argues that, through performance of the ‘rhetoric of saintliness,’ the gurus heighten or reverse sex-role stereotypes embedded in mainstream representations of ‘good’ gurus in order to mobilise gender reform in patriarchal akhāṛā culture.

Aylin Caliskan, Pimparkar Parth Ajay, Tessa Charlesworth et al.

The statistical regularities in language corpora encode well-known social biases into word embeddings. Here, we focus on gender to provide a comprehensive analysis of group-based biases in widely-used static English word embeddings trained on internet corpora (GloVe 2014, fastText 2017). Using the Single-Category Word Embedding Association Test, we demonstrate the widespread prevalence of gender biases that also show differences in: (1) frequencies of words associated with men versus women; (b) part-of-speech tags in gender-associated words; (c) semantic categories in gender-associated words; and (d) valence, arousal, and dominance in gender-associated words. First, in terms of word frequency: we find that, of the 1,000 most frequent words in the vocabulary, 77% are more associated with men than women, providing direct evidence of a masculine default in the everyday language of the English-speaking world. Second, turning to parts-of-speech: the top male-associated words are typically verbs (e.g., fight, overpower) while the top female-associated words are typically adjectives and adverbs (e.g., giving, emotionally). Gender biases in embeddings also permeate parts-of-speech. Third, for semantic categories: bottom-up, cluster analyses of the top 1,000 words associated with each gender. The top male-associated concepts include roles and domains of big tech, engineering, religion, sports, and violence; in contrast, the top female-associated concepts are less focused on roles, including, instead, female-specific slurs and sexual content, as well as appearance and kitchen terms. Fourth, using human ratings of word valence, arousal, and dominance from a ~20,000 word lexicon, we find that male-associated words are higher on arousal and dominance, while female-associated words are higher on valence.

Sônia Fátima Schwendler, Else R. P. Vieira

Resumo O artigo focaliza a diversidade de gênero e busca preencher uma marcante lacuna no tratamento dessa temática no campo, no Brasil, por meio de oficinas desenvolvidas com adolescentes em escolas de assentamentos de Reforma Agrária no Paraná (2015-2017). A pesquisa constatou, no campo, uma apropriação diferenciada e não linear da projeção da temática da diversidade de gênero pela mídia televisiva no contexto da legalização do casamento homossexual no Brasil (2013), bem como marcantes tensões geracionais decorrentes da aceitação, por parte de jovens, de relações homoafetivas e da homoparentalidade. A pesquisa concluiu que o conhecimento sistemático disponibilizado pela educação formal dirimiu retrocessos ocasionais entre os(as) jovens, propiciou a revisão do preconceito, reduziu a homofobia e promoveu atitudes de respeito a distintas formas de organização familiar e vivência da sexualidade.

Anna Guitart, Ana Fernández del Río, África Periáñez et al.

Every day, 800 women and 6,700 newborns die from complications related to pregnancy or childbirth. A well-trained midwife can prevent most of these maternal and newborn deaths. Data science models together with logs generated by users of online learning applications for midwives can help to improve their learning competencies. The goal is to use these rich behavioral data to push digital learning towards personalized content and to provide an adaptive learning journey. In this work, we evaluate various forecasting methods to determine the interest of future users on the different kind of contents available in the app, broken down by profession and region.

Tamara Ivančević

A more profound study of prepositions within the framework of cognitive linguistics has highlighted the importance of the category of space in structuring both concrete and abstract meanings. Simultaneous, inconsistent, but grammatically correct use of three prepositions in the constructions: “violence TOWARDS women,” “violence OVER women” (not used in the English language, but very common in the Serbian) and “violence AGAINST women” imposed the need for a detailed analysis of these three prepositions in the mentioned constructions and the similarities and differences of mental representations that may exist among speakers of the Serbian language, depending on which preposition is used. A key feature of cognitive linguistics – recognizing the influence of human beings and their environment on the formation and development of meaning – required an interdisciplinary approach, and therefore contextualization and explanation with the help of feminist theory, bearing in mind that the phenomenon of violence against women is primarily recognized, described and explained by feminist activism and theory. The interaction of language and environment can create or indicate cracks in certain concepts, which are especially prominent when there is a choice between several linguistic expressions that more closely denote and describe these concepts. Considering that the patriarchal structure of society creates a specific type of violence – violence that takes sex difference as an imperative, this paper seeks to show and explain the conceptual cracks related to violence and women and have arisen in the interaction of language and that patriarchal structure of society.

Miriam Adelman

Yasemin Kara, Moni Kumari, Jolanta Marzec et al.

Let $Γ\subset \textrm{PSL}_2({\mathbb R})$ be a Fuchsian group of the first kind having a fundamental domain with a finite hyperbolic area, and let $\widetildeΓ$ be its cover in $\textrm{SL}_2({\mathbb R})$. Consider the space of twice continuously differentiable, square-integrable functions on the hyperbolic upper half-plane, which transform in a suitable way with respect to a multiplier system of weight $k\in{\mathbb R}$ under the action of $\widetildeΓ$. The space of such functions admits the action of the hyperbolic Laplacian $Δ_k$ of weight $k$. Following an approach of Jorgenson, von Pippich and Smajlović (where $k=0$), we use the spectral expansion associated to $Δ_k$ to construct a wave distribution and then identify the conditions on its test functions under which it represents automorphic kernels and further gives rise to Poincaré-type series. An advantage of this method is that the resulting series may be naturally meromorphically continued to the whole complex plane. Additionally, we derive sup-norm bounds for the eigenfunctions in the discrete spectrum of $Δ_k$.

Martti Koskenniemi

Mónica D’Uva

Carlos Masotta

Íris Nery do Carmo

Resumo Este artigo parte do contexto dos movimentos sociais contemporâneos e tem como objeto empírico uma rede informal de ativistas jovens auto-referenciada como rolê feminista, cujas relações são norteadas por ideário associado à autonomia, ao faça você mesma e à horizontalidade. Tendo em vista as formas recentes de politização do gênero e da sexualidade, o artigo busca explorar os sentidos nativos atribuídos à autonomia. Assim, olhando para os discursos e práticas ativistas, discuto a sua materialização na prática da okupação e seus desdobramentos – como o escracho – no espaço público. Para tal, dialogo criticamente com a noção de “prefiguração”, apontando, à luz dos dados etnográficos, potencialidades e lacunas. Por fim, chamo atenção para a rentabilidade analítica de rolê frente aos limites da categoria movimento social no período pós-anos 2000.