Hasil untuk "Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes"

Haris Uddin Qureshi, Ibrahim Abbas, Syed Muzzamil Hussain Shah et al.

The rising population, changing climate patterns and land use changes have emerged to be a serious consequence for the freshwater resources across the globe. Apart from water quantity, the water quality also holds a significant importance for the human health and the overall ecosystem. Due to the high population growth, massive migrations, and greater anthropogenic activities, the urban centers of the developing and underdeveloped countries are highly susceptible to water quality deterioration and waterborne diseases. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the water quality of domestic water supply in the three (03) major and highly populated districts of Karachi city of Pakistan including District Central, South, and East, receiving water from Keenjhar Lake via COD treatment plant. The physical test results showed higher turbidity levels (6.33 NTU) in Dhoraji (District East), 5.9 NTU in Boat Basin (District South), and 7.58 NTU in COD influent. Chemically, all samples showed satisfactory results as per the WHO guidelines. However, the biological water quality analysis showed significant presence of bacterial content (E-Coli and Total Coliform) in all collected samples. Conclusively, the treatment efficiency of COD treatment plant was found to be satisfactory and the contamination was mainly found due to the sewage and fecal mixing, presence of mud and silt in conduits, and leakage of sewage from the waste water pipes into the domestic water supply. The presence of harmful biological contaminants found in water is alarming, as it may consequentially lead to Diarrhea, vomiting, Typhoid, Cholera, and Jaundice. Thus, the research outcomes clearly unearthed the existing water quality of the mega city and would significantly serve to formulate well-integrated and holistic source water protection practices and to take effective measures for sustainable water quality management.

Mohammad Hadi Fattahi, Mohammadhadi mohammadi, Amin Rostami Ravari

<p>The shear instability causes the exchange of mass and momentum between the inner and upper layers of the vegetation. The experiments of this research were carried out in a straight rectangular channel with a length of 14 meters, a width of 90 cm and a depth of 60 cm under a constant flow rate of 31.7 liters per second. A three-dimensional sandy well with a submerged rigid plant flow slope with a height of 12 cm and a diameter of 10 cm with a constant surface density of 0.004 on a decelerating 10.75 degree and an accelerating flow slope of 7.96 degrees was constructed with a sand bed and shaped elements. The substrate is irregularly distributed.<br /> The findings of the research showed that the maximum flow speed occurred at y/h=0.52 for the decelerating flow and at y/h=0.47 for the accelerating flow. Therefore, it seems that the validity depth of the logarithmic law was a function of the measurement position of the velocity profile and the non-uniform distribution of submerged solid plant elements on the three-dimensional shape of the sandy well bed. Examining the speed reduction law has indicated that the Kells rise function in the decelerating and accelerating flow sections in the test conditions have values ​​of &Pi;=-2.8 and &Pi;=-5. In any case, sections of decelerating and accelerating currents in a three-dimensional sand pit in the presence of submerged rigid plant elements can act as an obstacle in the flow and cause the water to bend and rotate around them.</p>

Samir Shamma, Mohamed Ali Hussein, Mahmoud Dawood et al.

Abstract Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are a pressing global issue, particularly in developing countries like Egypt. These pervasive pesticides pose an environmental and public health concern in Egypt due to their historical use and frequent identification in soils, water bodies, and food products. These present a potential long-term risk to human health and ecosystems. We collected water and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) samples in four Egyptian governorates: Alexandria, Port Said, Ismailia, and Faiyum. Our analysis, through using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, spans 17 OCPs in depth. Our study revealed that certain OCPs, such as Heptachlor, Aldrin, Pentachloronitrobenzene, Heptachlor epoxide, and β-Endosulfan, are consistently found in higher concentrations among the 17 pesticides tested. Seasonal spikes were identified, particularly in Ismailia, Faiyum, and Alexandria, marking them as environmental risk hotspots. Certain OCPs demonstrated distinctive seasonal variations, such as 4,4′-DDE in Faiyum. Heptachlor, β-HCH, Endrin, and α-Endosulfan exhibited significant changes solely in Ismailia, while α-HCH, Heptachlor epoxide, and γ-HCH showed unique seasonal patterns only in Alexandria. The risk quotient (RQ) analysis highlighted that Aldrin, Heptachlor, 4,4′-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, and 2,4′-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane pose a high environmental risk in all governorates, while 4,4′- Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane showed high risk only in Port Said (RQ > 1). Several OCPs posed an ecological risk with an RQ > 1. In addition, our results emphasized that there is negligible non-carcinogenic risk associated with dermal water exposure or the consumption of Nile tilapia. There is, however, a minor risk of cancer associated with consuming Nile tilapia or dermal exposure. Therefore, we recommend advocating for strict regulations, implementing monitoring programs, initiating public health initiatives, adopting effective alternatives, developing new remediation approaches, conducting long-term and association studies, and examining the consequences of climate change on the persistence of OCPs in the environment.

A. Poulain, R. Besselink, A. Fernandez-Martinez et al.

Abstract The undesired precipitation of minerals from solution poses challenges in various industrial and domestic applications, including water treatment, desalination, dishwashers and boilers. To mitigate this, threshold inhibitors - small quantities of water-soluble additives—are commonly employed to inhibit the precipitation of inorganic phases. However, concerns about the persistence of traditional additives like phosph(on)ates) in natural environments and stricter regulations warrant the development of more sustainable alternatives. We present a high-throughput approach using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer and automated data analysis to assess the scale inhibiting potential of numerous candidates and their combinations. The robustness and versatility of this method were validated by measuring the kinetics of alkaline-earth metal carbonates precipitating from simulated hard waters and seawaters across an extended range of experimental parameters. This approach allows for straightforward evaluation and quantification of each antiscaling additive’s effectiveness and operational range, enabling direct comparison of different additives and blends of additives. Moreover, it facilitates the study of scaling processes in both bulk solutions and at liquid/solid interfaces. By providing a rapid and reliable means of screening potential additives and formulations, our versatile toolbox will expedite the identification of effective scale inhibitors, thereby contributing to the advancement of sustainable practices in various industries reliant on water treatment and mineral precipitation control.

Roohan Rakhshaee, Nasim Ertegha

Abstract It was shown for the first time that the efficiency of dye adsorption by nanoparticles (NPs) in a cheap and safe nanobiocomposite was increased several times (713%) due to the synchronization of the controlled synthesis of nanobiocomposite (α-Fe2O3NPs/lemon peel (LP)/Fe3O4NPs) in the final stages of its nanoparticles growth with the removal process of Brilliance Green, compared to that of the separate synthesis from the removal process. It was only performed during the simultaneous adsorption and photodegradation (SAP) because of the stabilization of its NPs by the small substances obtained from dye photodegradation, unlike alone adsorption (AA) with agglomeration of its NPs. It turned out that only in the case of simultaneous nanobiocomposite synthesis with dye removal process during SAP, the percentage of dye adsorption by nanoparticles of nanobiocomposite is higher than that of organic substances of its LP. A competitive process was happened between NPs and the organic substances of LP in nanobiocomposite including hydrolyzable tannin, cellulose and effective alcohols, in the absence of performance of pectin at pH = 6.0 and, with participation of only pectin at pH = 4.0, for adsorption with and without photodegradation of the dye which was studied by reaching the quantitative values and the mass balances.

R. Anjali, S. Krishnakumar, C. Thivya et al.

Goitom Gebreyohannes Berhe, Desta Berhe Sbhatu, Abraha Gebremariam

In Ethiopia, holy water is used to treat various ailments. This study examined the safety of holy water in May-Hibey, NW Tigray, Ethiopia consumed to treat gastrointestinal ailments. Sensory observation, compositional and elemental analyses of rock samples, and analyses of physicochemical properties and inorganic constituents of holy water samples were conducted. Sensory observation revealed that the water had a musty taste and rotten egg-like odor. Its consumption in drinking rituals caused instant vomiting and loose bowels. Geological studies of rock samples via X-ray diffraction revealed Si (62.456%), Fe (15.441%), and S (7.912%) as major elements. Physicochemical analyses of the holy water samples showed that temperature, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, pH, total alkalinity, total hardness, and concentrations of calcium, magnesium, iron, and sulfate were above the permissible limits of the World Health Organization and the Ethiopian Standards Agency. These imply that holy water is unsafe and may cause health complications. Patients believe instant vomiting and diarrhea after drinking rituals are parts of the treatment process. But such effects might be due to the high sulfate content and other chemical properties of the holy water. Studies for establishing the physiological effects of holy water on patients with gastrointestinal ailments are required. HIGHLIGHTS Physical observation of the holy water consumed for treatment rituals was suspected of harmful characteristics.; Study of its physicochemical characteristics and rock samples of the area showed high sulfur content with many drinking water parameters outside the permissible limits of the WHO and ESA.; This preliminary scientific study recommends that drinking rituals for extended duration are avoided.;

Somayeh Emami, Javad Parsa

So far, several researchers have conducted many studies on the effective parameters in the design of river breakwaters, which are mostly laboratory-based and are used for limited conditions. Therefore, the aim of the present studywas to optimal design of structure and to present analytical results of Zanjanrood river breakwaters (in terms of length and distance between two consecutive breakwaters) using two optimization meta-heuristic algorithms including the Gray Wolf Algorithm (GWO) and the Election Algorithm (EA). The results were compared with artificial neural network (ANN) method. The data used were randomly divided into two parts: 75% for calibration and 25% for test. The performance of the proposed methods was evaluated using the statistical indicators of coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE). The optimal length of the breakwaters according to the results of GWO and EA algorithms was 19.26 and 18.12 m, respectively. Moreover, the optimal distance between two consecutive breakwaters in the optimal state was calculated to be 52.56 m. On average, according to the results of the optimization, an increase of 28.4 and 35% in length and distance between two consecutive watersheds in Zanjanrood River should be done to be within the recommended design criteria.  In comparison with two methods of EA algorithm and artificial neural network (ANN), based on statistical indicators, the results of GWO algorithm with values ​​of R2 = 0.96, RMSE 0.022 and MAE = 0.016 has a higher efficiency.

Ziaeddin Bonyadi, Fatemeh Sadat Khatibi, Fatemeh Alipour

Abstract MG, an organic compound composed of triphenyl methane, is often widely used in various industries, especially in the food, pharmaceutical and textile industries. This study emphasizes the green synthesis of novel magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles-loaded sawdust carbon (Fe3O4/SC) and their effect on the removal of MG from the aqueous solution. To obtain the optimum conditions of MG removal using the Box–Behnken model, the independent variables such as the initial MG concentration (10–100 mg/L), pH (3–9), reaction time (10–60 min), and Fe3O4/SC nanocomposites dose (0.2–1 g/L) were experimented. According to the quadratic model, the highest removal rate (89.22%) was found at the pH of 8.62, the contact time of 59.86 min, the Fe3O4/SC ncs dose of 0.59 g /L and the MG level of 17.62 mg/L. The MG removal rate follows the pseudo-second-order model and the Langmuir model. The maximum absorption capacity for MG was 41.66 mg/g. These findings suggest that the Fe3O4/SC ncs has a significant potential for the MG adsorption from aqueous solution.

Alice Magha, Margaret Tita Awah, Gus Djibril Kouankap Nono et al.

Stanley Ikenna Ifediegwu

Abstract In the Lafia district, rising population has increased the need for groundwater resources for economic growth. Sustainable groundwater resource management demands accurate quantitative assessment, which may be accomplished using scientific theories and innovative methods. In present study, an integrated method has been employed to assess the groundwater potential zones in the Lafia district utilizing remote sensing (RS), geographic information system (GIS), and analytic hierarchy method (AHP). For this aim, eight thematic maps regulating to occurrence and transportation of groundwater (i.e., geology, rainfall, geomorphology, slope, drainage density, soil, land use/land cover and lineament density) were generated and converted into raster format utilizing ArcGIS tool. Weights were assigned to these eight thematic maps based on their importance. Moreover, the final normalized weights of these parameters were calculated adopting pairwise comparison matrix of the AHP. To create the groundwater potential zones (GWPZs) map of the research area, we employed the overlay weighted sum approach to combine the parameters. The map has been divided into four zones (good, moderate, poor and very poor), each of which represents 19.3, 12.9, 57.8, and 10% of the study area. Lastly, the GWPZs map was validated utilizing borehole data obtained from 50 wells scattered throughout the study area to examine the performance of the approach. The validation results demonstrate that the adopted procedure produces highly reliable results that can aid in long-term development and strategic use of groundwater resources in this area.

Daniel Althoff, Helizani Couto Bazame, Jessica Garcia Nascimento

Hydrological models are valuable tools for developing streamflow predictions in unmonitored catchments to increase our understanding of hydrological processes. A recent effort has been made in the development of hybrid (conceptual/machine learning) models that can preserve some of the hydrological processes represented by conceptual models and can improve streamflow predictions. However, these studies have not explored how the data-driven component of hybrid models resolved runoff routing. In this study, explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) techniques are used to turn a ‘black-box’ model into a ‘glass box’ model. The hybrid models reduced the root-mean-square error of the simulated streamflow values by approximately 27, 50, and 24% for stations 17120000, 27380000, and 33680000, respectively, relative to the traditional method. XAI techniques helped unveil the importance of accounting for soil moisture in hydrological models. Differing from purely data-driven hydrological models, the inclusion of the production storage in the proposed hybrid model, which is responsible for estimating the water balance, reduced the short- and long-term dependencies of input variables for streamflow prediction. In addition, soil moisture controlled water percolation, which was the main predictor of streamflow. This finding is because soil moisture controls the underlying mechanisms of groundwater flow into river streams. Highlights A machine learning model is coupled to the GR4J hydrological model.; The hybrid hydrological model consists of a single soil moisture accounting storage.; The performance improvement is significant under low-flow conditions.; Explainable artificial intelligence techniques are used for the global and local interpretation of the data-driven component of the model.;

Ali Shokouhi Rad

Due to the importance of removing heavy ions from water samples, in the present study, a magnetic nanocomposite based on Fe3O4 particles coated with polyaniline was developed and evaluated as a strong adsorbent to remove lead (II) ions from water and effluent samples. In order to characterize the nanocomposite, the transmission electron microscope was used to determine the exact size of the nanoparticles and the BET technique was used to determine the effective surface of adsorbent and also the CHNS and TGA analyses were used to confirm the coating of Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles with polyaniline and the survey of the thermal stability of nanocomposite, respectively. The flame atomic absorption spectroscopy was used to determine the values of lead ions in the solution. Characteristics affecting lead ion removal including pH, adsorbent value and contact time at different temperatures were optimized. Optimal values of pH and adsorption rate and contact time for 100 ml of solution with an initial concentration of 50 ppm were obtained in the pH of 9, 3 mg adsorbent, and contact time of 60 minutes, respectively. Equilibrium data from adsorption studies showed that the Langmuir isotherm showed better results than the Freundlich isotherm. Also, the maximum lead adsorption capacity (II) on Polyaniline/Fe3O4 nanocomposite was 114.9 mg of lead per gram of adsorbent.

Dennys Cortez, Ronald Ponguillo

Muhammad Farooque Lanjwani, Muhammad Yar Khuhawar, Taj Muhammad Jahangir Khuhawar

Abstract The study examines the water quality of Shahdadkot, Qubo Saeed Khan and Sijawal Junejo talukas of Qambar Shahdadkot District, less affected by industrial contamination. A total of 38 groundwater samples were collected and analysed for 28 parameters. The results indicated that 57.89% samples were not suitable for drinking purpose with total dissolved solids above than maximum permissible limit of World Health Organization (WHO) (1000 mg/L). The pH, total phosphate, orthophosphate and nitrite were within WHO limits. The concentration of essential metals more than half samples, fluoride in 60.52% and heavy metals 0–50% were contaminated higher than permissible limits of WHO. The statistical analysis of water quality parameters was also carried out to evaluate coefficient of determination among the parameters, cluster analysis and principal component analysis. Water quality determined for irrigation based on Kelly index (KI), sodium percentage (Na%), chloride–sulphate ratio, sodium adsorption ratio, permeability index (PI), chloroalkaline indices 1 (CAI-1), residual sodium carbonate and chloride bicarbonate ratio indicated that samples (55 to 100%) could be used for irrigation purposes. The consumption of water with high concentration of salts and fluoride above the permissible limits may be a cause of a number of diseases in the area.

Sunil Prasad Lohani, Shuai Wang, Wenche H. Bergland et al.

A combination of septic tank (ST) and up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) as treatment for domestic wastewater was modeled with the anaerobic digestion model 1 (ADM1). The model was used to visualize the influence of temperature and organic load. The UASB process alone and the combined ST-UASB were simulated with temperature compensation kinetics for low temperature conditions 10, 15 and 20 °C. The combination of ST and UASB reactor allowed high and predictable overall COD removal even at low temperatures and high organic loads. This model underestimates COD accumulation and COD removal, while overestimating biogas production by up to 15%. However, the UASB model applied is quite reasonable in predicting the behavior of such a process in estimating biogas production and COD removal of domestic wastewater pretreated by a ST. The modeling approach presented can become a useful tool to evaluate and design low cost ST-UASB systems for fluctuating climatic environment such as Nepal. Keywords: ADM1, Domestic wastewater, UASB, Biogas, Low temperature

Jian Zhu, Xi Yang, Feifei Fan et al.

Abstract The high concentration Fe3+ in sample had interference on the determination of iron species by spectrophotometric method in which 1,10-phenanthroline was used to as a chromogenic agent. The F− could mask absolutely the effect of Fe3+ when F−/Fe3+ molar concentration ratio was 13.3. The temperature or light did not affect the masking action of F−. Low temperature and dark conditions favored the stability of chromophoric complex. This method is suitable for the measure of iron species where the concentration of Fe3+ is far more than that of Fe2+ in samples.

Bo Yang, Yue Xiang Li, Jiao Song

The treatment of simulated wastewater containing Cationic Red X-GRL (X-GRL) or Disperse Red 3B (DR-3B) dye was carried out by indirect anodic oxidation, using Ti/SnO2 electrodes as the anode. The influences of pH value, voltage, electrolysis time and sodium chloride dosage on the degradation performance were studied by single factor experiment. Furthermore the nitrogen states and UV-Vis spectra in dyes degradation were analyzed. The results showed that under the optimum condition (pH = 3, voltage = 20 V, NaCl = 2.5 g/L), the decolorization and chemical oxygen demand removal of X-GRL were 98% and 67%, respectively; and those of DR-3B were 51% and 61%, respectively. The azo double bond conjugated system in X-GRL is much more easily destroyed than the anthraquinone conjugated system in DR-3B; the aryl ring structures of them can be partially degraded.

Mohammadreza Khani, Seyed Mostafa Khezri, Vida Gholamiparvar Masooleh

It was the objective of the present study to conduct a kinetic modeling of a Moving-bed Sequential Continuous-inflow Reactor (MSCR) and to develop its best prediction model. For this purpose, a MSCR consisting of an aerobic-anoxic pilot 50 l in volume and an anaerobic pilot of 20 l were prepared. The MSCR was fed a variety of organic loads and operated at different hydraulic retention times (HRT) using synthetic wastewater at input COD concentrations of 300 to 1000 mg/L with HRTs of 2 to 5 h. Based on the results and the best system operation conditions, the highest COD removal (98.6%) was obtained at COD=500 mg/L. The three well-known first order, second order, and Stover-Kincannon models were utilized for the kinetic modeling of the reactor. Based on the kinetic analysis of organic removal, the Stover-Kincannon model was chosen for the kinetic modeling of the moving bed biofilm. Given its advantageous properties in the statisfactory prediction of organic removal at different organic loads, this model is recommended for the design and operation of MSCR systems.

Gowtham Mohan, Uday Kumar N. T., Manoj Kumar P. et al.