Hasil untuk "Social pathology. Social and public welfare. Criminology"

Brigitte Bruijns

Selecting the optimal sampling method is an essential component of the DNA analysis process. Errors or omissions in targeting and gathering relevant samples can significantly reduce the likelihood of obtaining a valuable DNA profile, affecting the profile’s quality and evidential value and ultimately hindering its ability to support the justice system. While DNA typing techniques have become significantly more sensitive in recent years, there is an ongoing need for further advancements in the recovery of DNA from crime scenes. It is essential to improve the accuracy and reliability of forensic investigations, particularly in cases where only tiny amounts of DNA are present, such as touch DNA samples or degraded forensic evidence. Parameters, including swab material, type of substrate, and swabbing protocol, that influence the efficiency of a swab are discussed in this review. This is followed by a literature review of studies that have compared swab types and/or other sampling conditions. While swabs are the most-used collection tools at a crime scene, alternatives are available. These alternatives are reviewed, including their advantages and disadvantages. A critical discussion and conclusions make clear that, unfortunately, neither swabs nor their alternatives are highly effective in recovering DNA from a substrate.

Ulhas Gondhali, Antonia Merzon, Thanaphon Nunphong et al.

Abstract The oil derived from the spiny-tailed lizards (STLs) is illegally sold as an alternative medicinal aphrodisiac that is claimed to cure male sexual dysfunction in addition to other bodily ailments. The high demand generated from this illegal trade is rapidly depleting the species from its natural habitat. The goal of this research is to uncover the process of cyber-enabled illegal trade in STLs. To achieve this goal, this research uses data from a total of 127 videos and 4608 comments associated with these videos and the crime script analysis technique to outline and detail the steps taken to poach, prepare, and sell oil derived from spiny-tailed lizards (STL) and other protected wild animals on YouTube. The results indicate that sellers, operating primarily from Pakistan, employ a variety of techniques to attract buyers, such as preparing the oil by dissecting alive STL while being captured in the video to show the authenticity of the product. In addition to YouTube, sellers use other social media platforms, including WhatsApp, Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter/X, to communicate with potential buyers and to advertise their products. These products are shipped around the world using international courier services, such as DHL and TCS, with primary markets in South Asia and the Middle East. The sellers accept money transactions from Western Union, MoneyGram, and PayPal. They also seem to operate without any major restrictions from local authorities or host social media platforms. Based on these findings, this research proposed various recommendations for policy and practice.

Maria Jamile José

O presente artigo se destina a esmiuçar a evolução legislativa no campo dos crimes contra a segurança do Estado no Brasil, com enfoque específico na mudança de paradigma observado entre a Lei 7.170/1983 – orientada pela doutrina de segurança nacional, de inspiração autoritária, e promulgada sob a égide do regime militar no país – e a recente Lei 14.197/2021 – sancionada com o objetivo de adequar o tratamento de tais delitos aos princípios norteadores da Constituição Federal de 1988 e do Estado Democrático de Direito. O trabalho procura analisar, ainda, se o espírito do novel texto legislativo vem se mantendo hígido na práxis forense, um ano após sua promulgação.

Deni Prasetio, Amirotun Sholikhah, Sulkhan Chakim

Teras Pustaka merupakan salah satu komunitas Taman Bacaan Masyarakat yang berupaya un- tuk memberdayakan remaja melalui gerakan literasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk member- ikan gambaran yang jelas tentang proses Pemberdayaan Remaja melalui TBM (Taman Baca Masyarakat) Teras Pustaka di Desa Sidamulya Kecamatan Kemranjen Kabupaten Banyumas. Subyek penelitian yaitu pengurus dan remaja yang menjadi anggota Teras Pustaka. Penelitian ini berjenis penelitian lapangan (field research) menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif serta menggunakan teknik pengumpulan data observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Anali- sis data yang digunakan yaitu Reduksi Data, Penyajian Data, dan Kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa proses pemberdayaan remaja di Teras Pustaka belum sesuai spenuhnya dengan teori tahapan pemberdayaan dikarenakan terdapat dua tahapan yang belum terlaksana yaitu tahapan evaluasi dan terminasi. Dikarenakan, pada tahapan evaluasi Teras Pustaka tidak melakukan evaluasi melainkan hanya review kegiatan, pada tahapan terminasi tidak ada pemu- tusan hubungan antara pengurus dan anggota Teras Pustaka. Sedangkan model pemberdayaan yang dilakukan Teras Pustaka adalah Pengembangan masyarakat lokal (locality development) dan aksi sosial (social action).

Helen Wyler, Anja Maisch, Thomas Berger et al.

Abstract Background According to a landmark decision by the Swiss Federal Supreme Court, people with a substance use disorder (SUD) are now eligible for disability benefits if their disorder impairs their ability to work. Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is one of the most common SUDs in Switzerland and is associated with high societal and economic costs. This study aimed to gain an in-depth understanding of the views of professional stakeholder groups regarding AUD and their opinions on the new legal precedent. Methods Swiss social insurance lawyers, insurance medical experts, and addiction-specialist therapists (N = 79) answered an online questionnaire. Due to violations of the assumption of normality, non-parametric tests are reported in most cases. Results Therapists held significantly higher regard for patients with AUD than both lawyers and insurance medical experts. All three groups strongly supported a disease view of AUD but agreed significantly less that it was a disease like cancer, suggesting that AUDs might be seen as at least partially self-inflicted. Overall, moralist views of AUD received considerably less support than the disease view, with lawyers agreeing with moralist views more than therapists. All groups were well-informed and largely supportive about the new legal precedent. When asked about stipulating participation in medical treatment to mitigate damages associated with a claim, attending therapy was supported the most amongst the groups (80% of participants felt this was somewhat or fully appropriate), followed by a reduction in drinking quantity (58%), and abstinence (18%). In all three groups, we identified associations between certain views and opinions on AUD and support for the new legal precedent. Conclusions Whilst there were differences between the stakeholder groups in their regard for and views of AUD, all three adopted a clear harm-reduction approach with respect to measures to mitigate damages associated with the insurance disability claim. A possible connection of this stance with the Swiss national drug policy in recent years is discussed together with limitations of the study and practical implications of the findings.

María del Pilar Blanco-Echeverry

Pensar la igualdad de género en las universidades colombianas es el inicio de un camino que parece irreversible si desean estar a la vanguardia mundial en lo que a educación superior se refiere.  Una de las rutas elegidas por países que tienen una ventaja logística y temporal en la materia es la implementación de políticas de género universitarias, que tienen por objeto contrarrestar la desigualdad entre hombres y mujeres en las Instituciones de Educación Superior; con lo que, entre otros asuntos, buscan demostrar su compromiso social con la promoción de la igualdad de género en países donde ésta figura como principio o meta articulada al desarrollo sostenible.  El primer propósito de este artículo de reflexión es hacer un breve recorrido sobre la igualdad de género en el contexto occidental reciente. Como resultado se encontró que la igualdad de género en el mundo universitario es una cuestión que responde a las exigencias de movimientos sociales de mujeres, las políticas para la igualdad de cada país y una serie de declaraciones internacionales que buscan estimular la participación de la universidad en este tema con miras al desarrollo.  Finalmente y articulado a lo anterior, el segundo propósito de este documento es proponer las políticas de género universitarias como apuestas de transformación estructural que puedan hacer frente a las violencias, la discriminación, la desigualdad, etc., que existen en las comunidades universitarias colombianas.

Patricia González-Navasa, Eduardo Martín

El acogimiento residencial intenta combinar los principios de especialización, para hacer frente a la problemática de los jóvenes acogidos, con el principio de normalización, mediante el cual se pretende que lleven una vida lo más parecida posible a la de los chicos y chicas que viven con una familia. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar los recursos que se activan desde el acogimiento residencial para trabajar con estos jóvenes acogidos. La muestra está compuesta por 226 jóvenes que vivían en acogimiento residencial. Se revisaron los Proyectos Educativos Individualizados disponibles en el Sistema de Evaluación y Registro en Acogimiento Residencial: SERAR para recoger los recursos con los que se trabajaban con los menores. Mediante un proceso de categorización de la información recogida, se extrajeron 14 categorías de recursos. Los principales resultados señalan que los recursos especializados del propio sistema de protección son los más activados, aunque también aparecen con una elevada frecuencia recursos del entorno normalizado. Las principales conclusiones señalan que, aunque el acogimiento residencial prioriza los recursos especializados, también activa con frecuencia recursos normalizados, haciéndolo, además, en función de las características de cada caso.

Nia Shinta Oktaviana, Isna Fitria Agustina

The results of the study indicate that the implementation of the CSR Program for Community Social Welfare can be said to be in accordance with the conditions in the field. The target group is one of the foundations caring for children with special needs and the foundation for fostering disabled children in Surabaya. And the supporting factors of this application are the community and the agency, while the inhibiting factor of this application is the frequent shortage of crew when implementing CSR programs. company power. The purpose of this study is to find out more about the implementation of CSR programs for the welfare of the target group. This research method uses descriptive qualitative, data collection is done by observation, interviews, documentation and literature review. The technique of determining the informants used purposive sampling. The informants in this research are Tax & CSR Division, Assistant Manager of Public Relations, Peduli Kasih Foundation for Children with Special Needs, YPAC. The analysis technique of this research is qualitative. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of the CSR Program for Community Social Welfare can be said to be in accordance with the conditions in the field. The target group is one of the foundations caring for children with special needs and the foundation for fostering disabled children in Surabaya. And the supporting factors of this application are the community and the agency, while the inhibiting factor of this application is the frequent shortage of crew when implementing CSR programs.

Tijs Laenen, Bart Meuleman

In light of the ever‐growing shift towards activation in European welfare states, the present article examines the relationship between citizens’ welfare generosity (i.e., support for social rights) and welfare conditionality (i.e., support for social obligations) with regard to the unemployed. Using data from the 2014 Belgian National Elections Study, we found that generosity and conditionality appear to be two sides of the same coin. The two factors are negatively correlated, and most of their respective attitudinal drivers are quite similar in strength, yet opposite in direction. In addition to self‐interest and conventionally recognised ideational beliefs, such as egalitarianism and individualism, beliefs about welfare deservingness – an explanatory factor that has remained understudied in the field – are particularly influential in shaping people’s welfare preferences. A stronger emphasis on criteria of deservingness such as control, attitude and reciprocity considerably lowers support for social rights and strengthens support for social duties.

Fatemeh Samiei Siboni, Marzieh Khatooni, Vajihe Atashi

Introduction: Engaging in health-promoting lifestyle practices is one of the factors influencing the reduction of the burden of disease among individuals with chronic diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the health-promoting behaviors in individuals with chronic diseases and their related factors.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, health-promoting lifestyle practices in 625 individuals with a common type of chronic diseases in Qazvin city were investigated. Convenient sampling was used from May to December 2016 at specialized chronic diseases clinics of three university hospitals. The data collection was performed using a demographic questionnaire and the Farsi version of the health promotion lifestyle profile (HPLP II) questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (independent t-test and stepwise multiple linear regression) via the SPSS version 21 software. Results: In the present study, 326 women and 299 men participated. The score of HPLP was 2.49 ± 0.37 in men and 2.47 ± 0.41 in women, with the highest score in nutrition and lowest score in physical activity. The results of the regression model showed that in women, the education of women and the spouse and satisfaction from the economic situation, whereas in men, the duration of the disease, unemployment, having chronic diseases in the digestive system and multiple sclerosis, age and education of the spouse, and satisfaction with the economic situation predicted health-promoting lifestyle practices. Conclusion: Given the low rate of health-promoting lifestyle practices, training and empowering these patients to promote lifestyle improvement of health-promotion behaviors, especially in physical activity, should be planned as part of the process of treatment and follow-up.

Melissa Jardine

-

Jessica Hallenbeck

N/A

Graciela Susanne, Noemí Pereda, Georgina Guilera

El objetivo del estudio ha sido evaluar las múltiples experiencias de exposición indirecta a violencia (EIV) de los adolescentes infractores, analizar si callan o cuentan lo que han experimentado a lo largo de sus vidas y quiénes son sus interlocutores. La muestra consta de 101 adolescentes de entre 14 y 17 años, en cumplimiento de medidas en centros de justicia juvenil de Cataluña. La EIV fue evaluada con el Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire (JVQ; Finkelhor et al., 2005), versión autoinforme. Los resultados indican que prevalece la cultura del silencio. En el ámbito familiar se observan tasas de silencio del 75% en la violencia de padres a hijos y de los padres entre sí del 69%; y en el comunitario del 57.5% en agresiones sin arma y del 51% en asesinato de familiar o amigo. Los interlocutores más frecuentes son los amigos, a quienes les cuentan experiencias de disturbios callejeros o tiroteos (45.2%) y agresiones con armas (42%).

Sheri Bell

-

Irina E. Nikitina

The paper examines current trends towards the enhancement of criminalistic tactics and mechanisms of criminal and international law in the context of cooperation between European states in transnational crime detection and investigation. Both traditional and new forms (types) of providing legal assistance in criminal cases are elucidated. It is observed that at the present stage procedures for legal assistance in criminal investigations have become more streamlined and efficient, and request processing times have been reduced.

V. Gvozdev

The paper discusses the issue of criminal psychological influence, and highlights the importance of the problem in the context of forensic practice. Several possible strategies for tackling this problem are proposed, based on the synthesis of categories from general psychology and law. To illustrate the approach, the author analyzes an case of criminal psychological influence.

Nota Redazionale

Nota redazionale alla relazione Smuraglia del 1994 pubblicata nella sezione Storia e memoria

Douglas Durst, Nicole Ives

The Faculty of Social Work program at the University of Regina is a broker for two social work programs north of the 60th parallel reaching the northern residents of both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ancestry. In addition, for over 30 years, the University of Regina partners with the First Nations University of Canada where a specialized Bachelor of Indian Social Work is offered and now a Master of Aboriginal Social Work. This paper presents the background to the Northern Human Service/BSW program at Yukon College in Whitehorse, Yukon and the Certificate of Social Work at the Aurora College in Yellowknife, Northwest Territories.<br /><br />

Balloni Augusto

L’evolversi della criminalità comune e organizzata comporta un maggior grado di vulnerabilità per tutte quelle realtà pubbliche e private che producono ricchezza di tipo economico, culturale o di altro tipo. Di conseguenza la sicurezza diventa centrale e fondamentale e si presenta come un problema complesso, a volte di difficile interpretazione e soluzione, a causa della molteplicità dei fattori in gioco, delle esigenze di budget e della necessità di adeguarsi continuamente alle diverse richieste che sono in rapporto anche al manifestarsi di nuove forme di criminalità e di altri eventi dannosi.E’ necessario sottolineare come, in tema di sicurezza, sia indispensabile che l’esperienza pratica giunga ad una chiara comprensione della realtà. Quando si affronta il problema della sicurezza occorre tentare di tradurre diverse opinioni (per esempio quelle dei fisici, dei criminologi, degli economisti, degli imprenditori, ecc.) in un linguaggio scientifico.E’ evidente che la sicurezza, inserita nella dinamica degli eventi sociali, dipende da molti fattori, tanto che in Italia il concetto di sicurezza si è sviluppato, ad esempio, in diverse direttive: la locuzione pubblica sicurezza; la sicurezza sociale; la sicurezza intesa come security. Risulta quindi impellente attuare strategie di difesa e di prevenzione che si colleghino ad elevati standard di sicurezza ed a scelte oculate per quanto riguardo l’aspetto economico e l’attenzione a minacce reali. In una tale prospettiva emerge il concetto di rischio che diventa di fondamentale importanza nel collegamento all’attività di prevenzione del crimine e alla difesa dei beni e delle persone da eventi dannosi di natura volontaria. Perciò sicurezza, dinamica del rischio, strategie di tutela dei beni e delle persone sono in stretta connessione così che nella loro analisi non si può prescindere dallo sviluppo delle tecnologie e delle scienze umane e sociali, tenendo conto della globalizzazione e del mutamento sociale.L’évolution de la criminalité commune et organisée a pour effet d’augmenter le niveau de vulnérabilité des organismes publics et privés qui produisent des richesses de type économique, culturel ou de tout autre type. La sécurité devient en conséquence indispensable et fondamentale, bien qu’elle se présente comme un problème complexe, qu’il est parfois difficile de comprendre et de résoudre, en raison de la multiplicité des facteurs qui entrent en ligne de compte, des exigences en matière de budget et de la nécessité de s’adapter continuellement à de nouveaux impératifs, qui naissent notamment de l’apparition de nouvelles formes de criminalité.Il est évident, par conséquent, que, en matière de sécurité et de prévention du crime, le comportement criminel peut refléter des motifs et des objectifs, mais n’est pas uniquement déterminé par ceux-ci, dans la mesure où il est déterminé par une série de facteurs : par les conditions contingentes, par les connaissances, par les habitudes et par les attitudes sociales, en plus que par les motivations de l’individu.Il est nécessaire de souligner que, en matière de sécurité, il est indispensable que l’expérience pratique mène à une compréhension claire de la réalité. Quand on aborde le problème de la sécurité, il faut tenter de traduire différentes opinions (par exemple celles des physiciens, des criminologues, des économistes, des entrepreneurs, etc.) en un langage scientifique.Il est clair que la sécurité, introduite dans la dynamique des événements sociaux, dépend de nombreux facteurs, en conséquence de quoi, il faut la considérer comme une expression polysémantique. En effet, en Italie, le concept de sécurité s’est développé dans différentes directions : la locution pubblica sicurezza ; la sécurité sociale ; sicurezza (ce type de sécurité est celui qui est englobé dans l’expression anglo-saxonne security et dans l’expression française sécurité).Par conséquent, on souligne qu’il est nécessaire que les institutions de formation soient en mesure de favoriser la constitution du groupe de recherche-action.The evolution of both common and organised crime leads to greater vulnerability among all parties, both public or private, involved in generating wealth; in addition, natural disasters or disasters brought about by human action are rendering the earth increasingly vulnerable in a number of countries throughout the world. Consequently, security becomes fundamental and is closely connected with the concept of risk: it is essential to have a clear picture of the state of the art of the scientific development of security and criminology, since security, within the dynamics of social events, is conditioned by many factors, and is thus considered a polysemantic term. Therefore, the issues pertaining to security may be summed up using the formula S = f (P,E), where S is for security, P for people, in the sense of groups of persons, right up to state organisations, and E for environment, in the widest sense of the term (town, region, country) and whereby security is dependent on P as it relates to E. It follows that the set-up of courses related to security must have a polycentric nature.

Blanche Pretorius, Susan Terblanche, Lullu Tshiwula

Youths constitute a significant and growing sector of the population living in South Africa. Dickson-Tetteh and Ladha (2000:2) state that there are currently about 18 million people under the age of 20 years, who constitute 44% of the total population. McWhirter, McWhirter, McWhirter and McWhirter (2004:4) suggest that the well-being and stability of society depend on our ability to prepare well-adjusted and responsible young people to step forward to take up their roles as the older generation passes. In contemporary society the youth face a host of challenges that can impact either positively or negatively on their ability to negotiate the transition from childhood to adulthood. During adolescence youths complete crucial life-tasks and as such are especially vulnerable to the effects of violence as both perpetrators and victims.