The article is devoted to the traditional theme – self-determination of philosophy. The author reveals the specifics of philosophy in comparison with other areas of spiritual culture – religion, art and science. The single basis for comparison is their ability to overcome human suffering. The named areas differ in that very ability, each of them helps to overcome suffering in its own special way. For science, the main means of solving life’s problems is knowledge, for religion – faith, for art – imagination, and for philosophy – understanding. Understanding in this article is considered as a movement towards clear knowledge, towards meaning, and at the same time as the result of such a movement as the achieved meaning. Knowledge clothed in certain, culturally given forms, seems understandable to us. We draw the basic models of understanding from our natural languages. Forms of judgments, cultural universals, and basic theories also give us forms of understanding. Among many forms of understanding, an important role is played by those forms and models that crystallize in the main philosophical categories, such as ‘essence’, ‘whole’, ‘general’, ‘cause’, ‘purpose’, etc. The peculiarity of philosophical thinking is that understanding in it does not act as a means for further application, but as a direct action, practice. The achieved understanding in itself eliminates suffering and resolves life’s difficulties. In this sense, philosophy as a whole is not a theory, but a practical exercise aimed at making human life happier. According to the author, the described four ways of overcoming suffering are ‘ideal types’ (M. Weber). On the one hand, science, religion, art and philosophy in their historical practices can be characterized by this or that degree of syncretism. On the other hand, there are cases when the ‘official rubric’ of a particular sphere of culture and its content do not coincide: for example, philosophy is practiced under the name ‘religion’, scientific research is carried out under the name ‘philosophy’, and art is created under the name ‘science’.
Popular opinion in the UK sees science and religion in conflict. Closer inspection reveals that the default position is “soft,” and levels of hostility weaken as the discourse shifts away from the familiar categories of “science” and “religion.” The reason for this is that the terms themselves are vague and capacious. Building on the work of Peter Harrison, Ludwig Wittgenstein’s late philosophy of language, and a UK research study of the understanding of science and religion conducted in 2019-2022, this article outlines a fresh approach to disaggregating the terms (“science,” “religion”) that are too often unduly essentialized in debate. It then disambiguates the key terms and concludes by setting out a number of different contact points between the de-essentialized terms “science” and “religion,” that clarify what precisely it is that people are disagreeing about when they disagree, and which could thereby serve as a future agenda for fertile discourse.
Introduction. The article continues a series of publications on R-linguistics and is dedicated to the ternary hypothesis and the problem of modeling the world associated with it. The essence of the ternary hypothesis is based on the assumption that any natural language does not use verbs with arity (valency) above three. This hypothesis creates an epistemological problem, the essence of which lies in the mismatch between the constraints of the dimensionality of thinking and the dimensionality of some phenomena and processes of the surrounding world. The indicated problem is directly related to language, since language reflects human thinking and the structure of the world model.Methodology and sources. The results obtained in the previous parts of the series are used as research tools. To develop the necessary mathematical representations for verbs with high valence, the categorization axioms formulated earlier in the series are used.Results and discussion. It has been shown that cases of multiple indirect objects are related to data dependencies in the sentence. Methods of categorization have been developed for ternary relations and relations with higher arity. It has been demonstrated that even in this case, all conditional categorizations and conditional verbs can be reduced to a single categorization.Conclusion. The ternary hypothesis and the ternary problem are formulated. Based on the study of data dependencies, it is shown that the ternary hypothesis is most likely true for all natural languages. Based on the study of methods of categorizing relations with arity higher than three, it is demonstrated that in this case linguistic spaces show stability regardless of the location of categories in the sentence, which makes it possible to describe highdimensional interactions using subordinate clauses. Thus, the appearance of subordinate clauses in all languages of the world is associated with the need to describe highdimensional interactions in the world model human.
Neste artigo, pretende-se desenvolver uma concepção sobre as cores como parte de uma visão cética do mundo. Para isso, investiga-se como alguns dos principais céticos, ao longo da história da filosofia, conceberam as cores, seja em relação a outras qualidades sensíveis, seja em relação ao objeto físico. Depois, à luz do debate entre Barry Stroud e John McDowell, descreve-se aquela que parece ser a concepção comum das cores, sustentando-se que o cético não apenas aceita que os objetos são coloridos, mas que ele pode saber qual é a sua cor, por meio da percepção.
Este artículo es una revisión de uno de los estudios más relevantes sobre los hombres que ejercen violencia machista realizados desde la psicología social y la teoría del apego, a la luz de la filosofía política y la sociología feminista del conocimiento. Propone, por lo tanto, una apuesta por el enfoque interdisciplinar en el estudio de la conducta humana. Desde este enclave, el trabajo se centra en el análisis de las relaciones sistémicas entre el estado vigente de la estructura patriarcal de poder, la socialización de género de los hombres y la violencia machista contra las mujeres.
BackgroundPatients with advanced cancer often experience poor health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL) due to cancer and treatment-related side-effects. With India’s palliative care landscape in its infancy, there is a concern that advanced cancer patients, especially individuals who are from disadvantaged populations experience poor HRQoL outcomes. We aim to assess HRQoL of advanced cancer patients in terms of general well-being (physical, functional, emotional, and social/family well-being), pain experiences, psychological state, and spiritual well-being, and determine the relationship between belonging to a disadvantaged group and HRQoL outcomes. We hypothesize that patients from disadvantaged or minority backgrounds, identified in this paper as financially distressed, female, lower years of education, lower social/family support, minority religions, and Non-General Castes, would be associated with worse HRQoL outcomes compared to those who are not from a disadvantaged group.MethodsWe administered a cross-sectional survey to 210 advanced cancer patients in a regional cancer center in India. The questionnaire included standardized instruments for general well-being (FACT-G), pain experiences (BPI), psychological state (HADS), spiritual well-being (FACT-SP); socio-economic and demographic characteristics.ResultsParticipants reported significantly lower general well-being (mean ± SD) (FACT-G = 62.4 ± 10.0) and spiritual well-being (FACT-SP = 32.7 ± 5.5) compared to a reference population of cancer patients in the U.S. Patients reported mild to moderate pain severity (3.2 ± 1.8) and interference (4.0 ± 1.6), normal anxiety (5.6 ± 3.1) and borderline depressive symptoms (9.7 ± 3.3). Higher financial difficulty scores predicted most of the HRQoL domains (p ≤ 0.01), and being from a minority religion predicted lower physical well-being (p ≤ 0.05) and higher pain severity (p ≤ 0.05). Married women reported lower social/family well-being (p ≤ 0.05). Pain severity and interference were significant predictors of most HRQoL domains.ConclusionsAdvanced cancer patients, especially those with lower financial well-being and belonging to minority religions, reported low physical, functional, emotional, social/family, and spiritual well-being, and borderline depressive symptoms. Future studies should be directed at developing effective interventions supporting vulnerable groups such as those with financial distress, and those belonging to minority religions.
Este artigo analisa a concepção educacional de Martha Nussbaum no contexto da Teoria das Capacidades e de uma crise na educação. Para isso, é apresentada a sua teoria de desenvolvimento humano baseada nas capacidades. Em seguida se identifica as características dessa crise educacional que se manifesta, principalmente, numa ameaça à democracia e aos seus valores. A partir disso, o artigo analisa como e por que as disciplinas de humanidades propiciam o desenvolvimento de habilidades e valores condizentes com essas capacidades humanas e com a prática da cidadania numa democracia pluralista. As três habilidades são a ética-pedagógica socrática, a concepção de cidadania numa perspectiva global e a imaginação narrativa. Cada uma delas é analisada criticamente neste artigo em sua importância para a sustentação da democracia e seus valores éticos e políticos.
Prof. Haack answers a series of questions on pragmatism, beginning with the origins of this tradition in the work of Peirce and James, its evolution in the work of Dewey and Mead, and its influence beyond the United States in, for example, the Italian pragmatists and the radical British pragmatist F. C. S. Schiller. Classical pragmatism, she observes, is a rich and varied tradition from which there is still much to be learned—as the many ways her own work in logic, epistemology, metaphysics, philosophy of science, and philosophy of law has been informed by the old pragmatists testify. Of late, however, this tradition has been misunderstood, impoverished, and vulgarized by self-styled neo-pragmatists; here, Haack turns her attention specifically to the conception of pragmatism as essentially a political philosophy, and the near-vacuous equation of pragmatism with “problem-solving.”
La investigación tuvo como objetivo establecer si el uso del blog en el curso de Física General influye en el rendimiento académico de los alumnos del primer ciclo de la Facultad de Ingeniería Industrial y Sistemas en una universidad privada de Lima. Se seleccionó a 31 alumnos a quienes se les enseñó Física General haciendo uso del blog Física sin fronteras (http://www.fisica-1dued.blogspot.com/) y otro grupo de 31 alumnos sin el uso del blog, con el método tradicional. Para medir el aprendizaje de ambos grupos de se utilizó dos instrumentos de medición, con características similares considerando las dimensiones de aprehensión, flexibilidad, mecanismos de soporte, destreza y organización del curso con y sin el uso del blog. Los resultados más importantes se dan en el nivel de aprehensión, destreza del alumno y organización. Se concluye que el uso adecuado del blog en la asignatura de Física General influye en el buen rendimiento académico.
IntroductionThis paper explores definitions of death from the perspectives of several world and indigenous religions, with practical application for health care providers in relation to end of life decisions and organ and tissue donation after death. It provides background material on several traditions and explains how different religions derive their conclusions for end of life decisions from the ethical guidelines they proffer.MethodsResearch took several forms beginning with a review of books and articles written by ethicists and observers of Bön, Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Indigenous Traditions, Islam, Judaism, Shinto and Taoism. It then examined sources to which these authors referred in footnotes and bibliographies. In addition, material was gathered through searches of data bases in religious studies, general humanities, social sciences and medicine along with web-based key word searches for current policies in various traditions.ResultsReligious traditions provide their adherents with explanations for the meaning and purpose of life and include ethical analysis for the situations in which their followers find themselves. This paper aims to increase cultural competency in practitioners by demonstrating the reasoning process religions use to determine what they believe to be the correct decision in the face of death.ConclusionPatterns emerge in the comparative study of religious perspectives on death. Western traditions show their rootedness in Judaism in their understanding of the human individual as a finite, singular creation. Although the many branches of Western religions do not agree on precisely how to determine death, they are all able to locate a moment of death in the body. In Eastern traditions personhood is not defined in physical terms. From prescribing the location of death, to resisting medical intervention and definitions of death, Eastern religions, in their many forms, incorporate the beliefs and practices that preceded them. Adding to the complexity for these traditions is the idea that death is a process that continues after the body has met most empirical criteria for determining death. For Hinduism and Buddhism, the cessation of heart, brain and lung function is the beginning of the process of dying—not the end.