There are significant differences between governments in the context of the objectives of incentive policies. However, they are generally focused on macroeconomic purposes such as eliminating regional inequalities and increasing investment level, employment, industrialisation and therefore raising economic growth. In Turkey, The New Investment Incentive System, which has been implemented since 2012, essentially aimed to mitigate interregional inequalities. This study investigates the impact of investment incentives on provincial per capita growth of 81 provinces for the years 2004-2017. Our data are also available for capital types and sectoral levels. The dynamic panel data estimates show that while the impact of the number of incentive certificates on provincial growth is significantly positive, there is no effect of fixed investment and employment on provincial growth. Moreover, given the significantly positive estimated coefficients on all three measures of investment incentives for the energy and manufacturing sectors, we conclude that incentives raise provincial growth for these two sectors. However, investment incentives in services, mining and agriculture sectors have no impact on regional growth. Results of the analysis of investment incentives by investor type imply that while investment incentives provided to domestic firms have no effect on growth, incentives for firms owned by foreigners have positive effects. Our study thus makes important contributions to the literature by considering both province-level incentive measures and five main sectors, namely energy, manufacturing, services, mining and agriculture in the sectoral analysis.
The importance of human capital for economic growth is now widely recognised and has been studied extensively. However, the influence of human capital on economic growth of Kazakhstan has not yet been studied fully enough. In particular, to the best of the knowledge, there are no studies that use various approximations of human capital and utilise both direct and indirect approaches. Using educational and health indicators, this paper tests empirically how human capital influences economic growth of Kazakh regions over the period 1994-2019 both as a production function and through total factor productivity (TFP). The analysis revealed that human capital is insignificant as a production factor but has significant indirect effect on the TFP growth rate. The latter is realised through the ability to imitate and introduce new technologies from outside rather than through the domestic innovation. The scientific novelty of this research is as follows. Firstly, it uses both educational and health approximations of human capital. Secondly, it studies how human capital influences economic growth of the Kazakh regions both directly as a production factor and indirectly through TFP. Thirdly, it checks for the presence of spatial dependence in data across Kazakhstan regions. Fourthly, it constructs average years of schooling data across the regions of the country. The results of the study are important for designing policies to increase economic growth of the country and its regions. As a further development of this work, it seems interesting to use other approximations of human capital.
In 2007, the Republic of Ecuador introduced a new scholarship program for financing Ecuadorian students intending to study abroad. This program still exists and stipulates a compulsory return to the students’ home country after completing their studies abroad. Statistical data shows a return rate of about 90%, which is somewhat surprising at first glance. This paper aims to introduce the Ecuadorian scholarship program as a case study in the literature of financing systems of students’ mobility in higher education, while attempting to give a first analysis of its mechanism design.
El balance presupuestario del gobierno mexicano es el indicador principal para evaluar la política fiscal y su impacto macroeconómico. El objetivo de este artículo es confrontar las series del balance fiscal de las fuentes primarias y secundarias y discernir cuál puede ser la más adecuada en la investigación histórico-económica de la etapa del desarrollo con inflación, 1934-1956, en México. Nuestra hipótesis señala que la fuente primaria en términos brutos que utiliza la metodología ingreso-egreso-balance no es la adecuada para evaluar la política gubernamental debido a que incluye rubros que distorsionan el balance fiscal y su impacto macro. La fuente primaria a utilizar es la que aplica la metodología del cálculo del balance fiscal vía su financiamiento. Las fuentes secundarias que usan la primera opción reproducen la deficiencia anotada, lo cual implica problemas de interpretación histórica. Al respecto, realizamos un análisis metodológico de la historiografía sobre el comportamiento de las finanzas públicas.
Latin America. Spanish America, Regional economics. Space in economics
The article is devoted to the research of social perspectives of science and digital economy development in Ukraine. The main tasks set and resolved in the article were: to study the social advantages of the digital economy and science development, analysis of the negative effects of these processes and directions of their minimization, the proposal of social perspectives for the development of science and digital economics. During the research such methods of synthesis and analysis, comparison and systematization have been used.
The article founds that the main social benefits of science and the digital economy development are related to the system of education, medicine and welfare of people. Negative aspects of these processes are technological unemployment, temporary uneven income of the population, changes in the regional structure of the factors of production placement, a significant gap between technology development of developed countries and developing countries. It is possible to minimize these negative consequences through the system of personnel retraining and small and medium-sized businesses development.
The statistical indicators of the science development in Ukraine have been analyzed and the lagging behind the specific expenses for carrying out scientific researches in comparison with EU countries has been established.
The main social perspectives for the science and the digital economy development are the introduction of an effective policy in the labor market focused on the latest technologies and innovations; mobility of workers; creation of clusters of knowledge intensive industries and universities; the use of social networks to form the country's brand and the development of common social values in society; introduction of the main directions of the European concept of digital science in Ukraine for increasing integration into the European scientific space; active participation in the Horizon 2020 program for joint Ukrainian-European projects.
Prospects for further research in this area will reveal the influence of science on the development of the social economy in Ukraine and destruction factors.
Transport is an important tool to support interregional cross-border cooperation. Moreover, transport is a traditional
area of cooperation between neighbouring regions. In this study, we analyse the
features and configuration of today’s
transport links between Russian and Polish border regions and examine a range
of transport projects aimed at a more diversified and intensive cooperation. We
believe that priority should be given to the
projects that are beneficial to all the parties.
As of the beginning of 2018, Russian —
Polish cross-border cooperation was sustained by road, railway, and, to a degree,
marine transport links. There is a vast variety of projects aimed to create new transport links between the border regions. These projects differ in timelines, scopes, and
the range of resources required. In our
opinion, the most promising project in a
short-term perspective is the establishment of a waterway connection between
Russian and Polish ports. The project includes the seaport terminal in Pionersky
in the Kaliningrad region. Another promising project is the launch of a cross-border passenger railway connection using a
European gauge.
Ricardo Candéa Sá Barreto, Eli Izidro dos Santos, Ícaro Célio Santos de Carvalho
O objetivo central deste estudo foi analisar a distribuição espacial da pobreza nos bairros de Salvador utilizando como base a metodologia multidimensional, ou seja, considerou-se em sua estrutura outras variáveis que igualmente privam os cidadãos, além da renda, para calcular o Índice de Pobreza (IP). Neste sentido, os bairros de Salvador foram organizados em rankings de pobreza, que mediante comparação com o IDH demonstram consistentes para o estudo espacializado da pobreza na capital baiana, além de evidenciar uma redução de 59,91% entre 2000 e 2010. Também, foram encontrados concentração de baixa e alta pobreza em diversas áreas do município, principalmente na zona norte. Utilizou, ainda, um modelo econométrico espacial que evidenciou os determinantes da condição de pobreza para os anos de 2000 e 2010, cuja influência foi negativa para renda média e longevidade, já a mortalidade infantil, o analfabetismo e a desigualdade de renda, apresentaram influência positiva. Desta forma, evidenciou-se a importância da utilização do conceito multidimensional de pobreza, tanto para uma correta mensuração da mesma, como para a elaboração de instrumentos adequados para o seu combate.
This article considers Western Europe as a principal centre that has been attracting migrants over recent decades, primarily, in the aftermath of the Arab Spring. The Baltic region states are chosen for demonstration. Although they have different proportions of Muslim immigrants, Muslim diasporas are the most numerous and rapidly growing ones in the Baltics. Undoubtedly, Muslim communities across the region enjoy certain similarities. The differences they have are explained, among other factors, by national policies towards migrant integration. This article aims to identify the features of Muslim migration to the Baltic States in the aftermath of the Arab Spring. The authors analyse the timeline of Muslim immigration to the Baltic region. It is stressed that, despite current difficulties, Germany and Finland are more successful in integrating immigrants than, for instance, Sweden and Denmark. Just like other Western European countries, the Baltic States have not developed a conceptual framework for their migration and integration policies towards Muslim immigrants. The authors describe possible Muslim integration scenarios — the Singaporean and Palestinian ones, simulation, and confrontation. Given their apparent conscientious refusal to adapt and integrate migrants, the Baltic States are most likely to face the Palestinian scenario.
The phenomenon of labor strike for higher compensation during the 1996-2000 period is very important to be analyzed. The problem is why did they do it? This analysis is aimed to present how will the managers of companies reduce this strike actions.
Economic growth, development, planning, Regional economics. Space in economics
This plain paperwork was intended to describe the experience of Argentina which had held its economic reform during 1991-1994. In April 1991 Argentina embarked on a far-reaching program of economic reform designed to bring inflation down to acceptable basis.
Economic growth, development, planning, Regional economics. Space in economics
Jarosław Bielak, Andrzej Burda, Mieczysław Kowerski
et al.
The goal of the paper is searching for the optimal forecasting model estimating the amount of cash withdrawn daily by the customers of one of the Polish banks by means of statistical and machine learning methods. The methodology of model creation and assessment criteria are significantly different for the models considered in the paper — i.e., for ARMAX and MLP. However, the comparison of forecasts generated by both models seems to be useful. Variables and attributes reflecting the calendar effects, used in both models, in case of obtained errors of forecasts less than 20%, showed a significant, non-linear influence of this type of predictors on the amount of the daily cash withdrawals at the bank, and hence on the amount of the daily declared cash limit.
O presente estudo busca contribuir com a discussão sobre a participação da iniciativa privada na provisão dos serviços de água e esgotamento sanitário no Brasil, a partir da análise comparativa do desempenho de dois grupos de prestadores: Empresas Privadas (EPs) e Sociedades de Economia Mista comAdministração Pública (SEMAPs). Para tanto, utilizar-se-á a técnica de programação matemática não paramétrica, denominada Análise de Envoltória de Dados (Data Envelopment Analysis - DEA), para identificar as operadoras e o grupo com as melhores práticas operacionais, sugerindo um plano de medidas para a otimização do desempenho das unidades ineficientes.
Este trabajo analiza la movilidad social en Tucuman durante el periodo 1869-1895, utilizando una metodología que permite comparar niveles de vida de individuos en dos etapas diferentes del ciclo de vida. Los resultados sugieren la presencia de movilidad pero de una magnitud considerablemente menor a la que retratan las visiones impresionistas de estadistas y viajeros de la época y a la sugerida por la historiografía para el caso del Litoral. Creemos que a pesar del gran crecimiento económico experimentado por la provincia a fines del siglo XIX, la mayor presencia de rasgos tradicionales en relación con los modernos, en el espacio provincial, podría haber moderado los beneficios de este proceso. Tanto la singular distribución de las variables educativas como las particularidades de la migración recibida por la provincia constituyen algunos elementos de este rezago.
Latin America. Spanish America, Regional economics. Space in economics