Noemí Gutiérrez-Valdés, S. Häkkinen, C. Lemasson
et al.
Hairy roots derived from the infection of a plant by Rhizobium rhizogenes (previously referred to as Agrobacterium rhizogenes) bacteria, can be obtained from a wide variety of plants and allow the production of highly diverse molecules. Hairy roots are able to produce and secrete complex active glycoproteins from a large spectrum of organisms. They are also adequate to express plant natural biosynthesis pathways required to produce specialized metabolites and can benefit from the new genetic tools available to facilitate an optimized production of tailor-made molecules. This adaptability has positioned hairy root platforms as major biotechnological tools. Researchers and industries have contributed to their advancement, which represents new alternatives from classical systems to produce complex molecules. Now these expression systems are ready to be used by different industries like pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and food sectors due to the development of fully controlled large-scale bioreactors. This review aims to describe the evolution of hairy root generation and culture methods and to highlight the possibilities offered by hairy roots in terms of feasibility and perspectives.
Glycerol-based pretreatment enhanced the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency of biomass. Post-reaction addition of a dilution solvent facilitated filtration of the pretreated slurry. The dilution solvent also affected the cellulose structure of the pretreated samples and the behavior/structure of lignin derivatives, which influenced the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency of cellulose. When H2O was employed as the dilution solvent, the cellulose conversion of pretreated pine (with redeposited lignin derivatives) reached 76.9 % in enzymatic hydrolysis, surpassing values obtained with ethanol-diluting (29.7 %) and acetone-diluting (42.3 %) pretreated pines (without redeposited lignin derivatives). The study revealed that 1) lignin deposited during aqueous dilution acts as a steric hindrance agent, effectively preventing cellulose microfibril re-aggregation. The resultant cellulose exhibited lower crystallinity (72.2 % vs 81.7–87.9 %) and smaller crystallite size (2.48 nm vs 2.76–3.10 nm) compared to organic solvent (ethanol or acetone)-diluted pretreated pine. 2) Among the lignin derivatives derived from this system, those exhibiting higher aliphatic hydroxyl content, lower phenolic hydroxyl content, and higher molecular weight showed no inhibitory effect on the enzymatic hydrolysis of α-cellulose, with conversion hovering over 52.4–54.1 % upon the addition of lignin derivatives obtained from both ethanol/acetone-diluted H2O-washed processes to α-cellulose.
Abstract Chloroplast genomes, pivotal for understanding plant evolution, remain unexplored in Rutaceae, a family with key perennial crops like citrus. Leveraging next-generation sequencing data from 509 Rutaceae accessions across 15 species, we conducted a de novo assembly of 343 chloroplast genomes, unveiling a chloroplast variation map highlighting the heterogeneous evolution rates across genome regions. Notably, differences in chloroplast genome size primarily originate from large single-copy and small single-copy regions. Structural variants predominantly occurred in the single-copy region, with two insertions located at the single-copy and inverted repeat region boundary. Phylogenetic analysis, principal component analysis, and population genetic statistics confirmed the cohesive clustering of different Citrus species, reflecting evolutionary dynamics in Citrus diversification. Furthermore, a close chloroplast genetic affinity was revealed among Atalantia (previously regarded as primitive citrus), Clausena, and Murraya. Zanthoxylum formed a distinct group with heightened genetic diversity. Through expanding our analysis to include 34 published chloroplast genomes, we explored chloroplast gene selection, revealing divergent evolutionary trends in photosynthetic pathways. While Photosystem I and Photosystem II exhibited robust negative selection, indicating stability, the Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) dehydrogenase pathway demonstrated rapid evolution, which was indicative of environmental adaptation. Finally, we discussed the effects of gene length and GC content on chloroplast gene evolution. In conclusion, our study reveals the genetic characterization of chloroplast genomes during Rutaceae diversification, providing insights into the evolutionary history of this family.
Plant tissue culture (PTC) is the cultivation of any part of a plant in nutritionally defined media under an aseptic and controlled environment, regardless of season and weather. The application of PTC leads to the mass propagation of varietal, high-quality seedlings of ornamental plants, medicinal plants, plantation crops, fruit trees, and forest trees. PTC technology, on the other hand, is more expensive in developing nations, such as Ethiopia, than traditional propagation methods such as seeds, cuttings, grafting, and so on. As a result, it is critical to take steps to cut production costs and explore alternate choices for present PTC obstacles (budget restrictions, procedural and operational matters, and unfortunate interactions and partnerships). In order to lower the unit cost of crop production, cost-effective procedures and the optimal utilization of equipment are required. This can be accomplished by increasing the efficiency of processes and optimizing resource allocation. Gelling agents, macro and micronutrients, equipment, carbon sources, and the utilization of bioreactors, which can minimize space, energy, and labor needs, can all be replaced to lower production costs. Therefore, these alternative options are recommended as a workaround to the problems and are briefly described in this document.
Abstract Background Mechanical strength is a crucial agronomic trait in rice (Oryza sativa), and brittle mutants are thought suitable materials to investigate the mechanism of cell wall formation. So far, almost all brittle mutants are recessive, and most of them are defected in multiple morphologies and/or grain yield, limiting their application in hybrid breeding and in rice straw recycling. Results We identified a semi-dominant brittle mutant Brittle culm19 (Bc19) isolated from the japonica variety Nipponbare through chemical mutagenesis. The mutant showed the same apparent morphologies and grain yield to the wild type plant except for its weak mechanical strength. Its development of secondary cell wall in sclerenchyma cells was affected, along with reduced contents of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and sugars in culms and leaves. Positional cloning suggested that the Bc19 gene was allelic to OsCESA4, encoding one of the cellulose synthase A (CESA) catalytic subunits. In this mutant, a C-to-T substitution occurred in the coding sequence of BC19, causing the P507S missense mutation in its encoded product, which was located in the second cytoplasmic region of the OsCESA4 protein. Furthermore, introducing mutant gene Bc19 into the wild-type plant resulted in brittle plants, confirming that the P507S point mutation in OsCESA4 protein was responsible for the semi-dominant brittle phenotype of Bc19 mutant. Reverse correlation was revealed between cellulose contents and expression levels of mutant gene Bc19 among the homozygous mutant, the hybrid F1 plant, and the Bc19 overexpression transgenic plants, implying that gene Bc19 might affect cellulose synthesis in a dosage-dependent manner. Conclusions Bc19, a semi-dominant brittle mutant allele of gene OsCESA4, was identified using map-based cloning approach. The mutated protein of Bc19 possessing the P507S missense mutation behaved in a dosage-dependent semi-dominant manner. Unique brittle effect on phenotype and semi-dominant genetic quality of gene Bc19 indicated its potential application in grain-straw dual-purpose hybrid rice breeding.
Pradeep Ruperao, Nepolean Thirunavukkarasu, Prasad Gandham
et al.
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) is a staple food crops in the arid and rainfed production ecologies. Sorghum plays a critical role in resilient farming and is projected as a smart crop to overcome the food and nutritional insecurity in the developing world. The development and characterisation of the sorghum pan-genome will provide insight into genome diversity and functionality, supporting sorghum improvement. We built a sorghum pan-genome using reference genomes as well as 354 genetically diverse sorghum accessions belonging to different races. We explored the structural and functional characteristics of the pan-genome and explain its utility in supporting genetic gain. The newly-developed pan-genome has a total of 35,719 genes, a core genome of 16,821 genes and an average of 32,795 genes in each cultivar. The variable genes are enriched with environment responsive genes and classify the sorghum accessions according to their race. We show that 53% of genes display presence-absence variation, and some of these variable genes are predicted to be functionally associated with drought adaptation traits. Using more than two million SNPs from the pan-genome, association analysis identified 398 SNPs significantly associated with important agronomic traits, of which, 92 were in genes. Drought gene expression analysis identified 1,788 genes that are functionally linked to different conditions, of which 79 were absent from the reference genome assembly. This study provides comprehensive genomic diversity resources in sorghum which can be used in genome assisted crop improvement.
This study was aimed to determine and compared the chemical composition and some of the main minerals of ten economically important fish species from the Shatt Al-Arab River; Leuciscus vorax. Cyprinus carpio. Hypophthalmichthys molitrix. Ctenopharyngodon idella and Mesopotamichthys sharpeyi. And Iraqi coastal water to the NorthernWast Arabian gulf; Acanthopagrus arabicus. Otoliths ruber. Mugil cephlus. Tenualosa ilisha and Pampus argenteus. Moisture ranged from 65.65±1.81 % to 77.94±0.799 %. Protein from 15.81±0.893 to 19.44±0.418 %. Fat from 0.974±0.049 to 6.461±0.489 %. Ash from 0.886±0.03 % to 2.127±0.279 percent and caloric value was ranged from 116.173±2.7645 to 215.26±11.3828 kcal/100g. Main minerals; calcium. Potassium. Phosphorus and Iron ranged from 15.98 to 93.49. 53.34 to 839.92. 249.36 to 686.61and 0.52 to 11.92 mg ∕100g of the fish muscle. Respectively. M. cephlus was the highest in contents of calcium and potassium. While C. carpio was highest in phosphorous and Iron. Mineral elements as the following sequence K > P > Ca > Fe. Muscle tissues. The results showed that fishes from Shatt Al-Arab and Iraqi marine waters provide a strong supply of protein. Lipid and metals. These results can be used as useful references for consumers in order to choose fish based on their quality and nutritional contents.
An attempt was done to develop a micropropagation protocol for oak using embryo culture. Oak is considered a hard-to-root woody plant by conventional propagation methods, that’s why using tissue culture techniques is a very suitable alternative method. For oak embryo culture, WPM was used and found to be better than MS medium for embryo germination which gave 66.13%. As well as adding of GA3 to the medium improved the germination rate of embryos (43.25% and 82.25 %). At initiation stage, WPM was used and found to be the best medium by giving the highest number of shoots/ explant which was 1.80, the highest number of leaves (15.17 leaves/ explant) and the longest shoots (1.42 cm) followed by MS medium then GD which gave the lowest parameters which gave 0.98 shoots/ explant, 7.20 leaves/ explant and 1.06 cm shoot length. At shoot multiplication stage, BA was better than Kinetin for multiplication of oak explants. The addition of BA at 3 mg.l-l gave the highest number of shoot and leaves which were 3.33 and 26.11 respectively. The longest shoots were achieved when 4.5 mg.l-l of BA was used. Furthermore, kinetin at 3 and 4.5 mg-l gave the lowest parameters which were 1 cm in length and 1.54 leaves/ explant. For rooting stage, NAA was better than IAA in giving better parameters and rooting percentage. The highest number of roots and rooting percentage were achieved when 1 mg.l-l was added by giving 6 roots/ explant and 100% rooting percentage. While the longest roots were achieved when 0.5 mg.l-l of NAA was used (3.67 cm) followed by 1.5 mg.l-l IAA which gave 3.55 roots/ explant with rooting percentage 90%. The produced plantlets were successfully acclimatized and transferred to the open-air conditions with a rate reached 85%.
Eight sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) genotypes were crossed in a half diallel mating fashion. The analysis of variance for combining ability revealed that the mean sum of squares are due to the general combining ability were highly significant for all the traits. The t2 test specified the fulfillment of assumptions required under diallel analysis for all the traits studied except the number of effective branches per plant, capsule length (cm) and harvest index (%). The component D measures the additive effects of genes. It was significant for all the traits except seed yield per plant and harvest index. The components H1 and H2 were significant for all the traits except days to maturity revealing the importance of fixable and non-fixable component. Greater values of H1 than H2 and the ratio of H2/4H1 (< 0.25) confirmed the unbalanced distribution of gene at the loci in the parents’ implying dominance for all the traits. It was also confirmed by greater than one value of KD/KR components for all the traits which suggested the higher frequency of dominant genes than recessive genes in the parents. The component F was significant for days to flowering, days to maturity, capsule length, oil content and leaf area per plant. The graphical analysis showed the regression line intercepted Wr axis below the origin indicating over dominance for plant height, the number of seed per capsule, oil content and leaf area per plant. The regression line intercepted the positive side of Wr axis for days to maturity which implies the presence of partial dominance.
This update to 2007's second edition adds information regarding nutrition of Florida citrus trees affected by huanglongbing (HLB), also known as citrus greening. Much of the guidance provided in this document on nutrients, application methods, leaf and soil sampling, and irrigation scheduling is also effective for trees affected by HLB. However, research conducted since the previous edition was published has established changes in many production practices, including nutrient rates, irrigation scheduling, soil pH management, and use of Citrus Under Protective Screen (CUPS). Changes to the second edition will appear at the beginning of chapters 2, 6, 8, 9, and 11. <a href="http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/topic_series_nutrition_of_florida_citrus_trees">See also this topic page</a> for links to individual chapters in HTML and PDF formats. This 115-page book was edited by Kelly T. Morgan and Davie M. Kadyampakeni, and published by the UF/IFAS Department of Soil and Water Sciences.
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In this study, changes in activity and isozyme patterns of peroxidase (POD) and chitinase in kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) pollen were investigated under different storage conditions. Although residual activity was detected in heat-treated pollen, changes in POD activity were observed due to difference in storage conditions as revealed by preliminary studies in which pollen germination varied with different storage conditions. POD activity of kiwifruit pollen increased as proportions of viable pollen increased, indicating a positive correlation (R2=0.993) between pollen viability and POD activity. There was a detectable difference in the relative activity of POD enzyme between heat-treated and viable pollen. Decoloration of Congo Red was observed in germination medium which fresh pollen was cultured. The activity of individual chitinase isozymes present in kiwifruit pollen differed depending on storage conditions, which had a direct impact on pollen vigor. Although direct evidence showing that chitinase isozymes are implicated in pollen vigor is still uncertain, distinction of isozymes may facilitate more precise identification of viable pollen which possesses germination potential from non-viable pollen. Taken together, these results suggest that monitoring the activity of POD and chitinase can be an attractive alternative to evaluate pollen vigor in kiwifruit.
Hemarthria R. Br. is an important genus of perennial forage grasses that is widely used in subtropical and tropical regions. Hemarthria grasses have made remarkable contributions to the development of animal husbandry and agro-ecosystem maintenance; however, there is currently a lack of comprehensive genomic data available for these species. In this study, we used Illumina high-throughput deep sequencing to characterize of two agriculturally important Hemarthria materials, H. compressa ‘Yaan’ and H. altissima ‘1110.’ Sequencing runs that used each of four normalized RNA samples from the leaves or roots of the two materials yielded more than 24 million high-quality reads. After de novo assembly, 137,142 and 77,150 unigenes were obtained for ‘Yaan’ and ‘1110’, respectively. In addition, a total of 86,731 ‘Yaan’ and 48,645 ‘1110’ unigenes were successfully annotated. After consolidating the unigenes for both materials, 42,646 high-quality SNPs were identified in 10,880 unigenes and 10,888 SSRs were identified in 8,330 unigenes. To validate the identified markers, high quality PCR primers were designed for both SNPs and SSRs. We randomly tested 16 of the SNP primers and 54 of the SSR primers and found that the majority of these primers successfully amplified the desired PCR product. In addition, high cross-species transferability (61.11%-87.04%) of SSR markers was achieved for four other Poaceae species. The amount of RNA sequencing data that was generated for these two Hemarthria species greatly increases the amount of genomic information available for Hemarthria and the SSR and SNP markers identified in this study will facilitate further advancements in genetic and molecular studies of the Hemarthria genus.
Lesley A. Judd, Brian E. Jackson, William C. Fonteno
The study, characterization, observation, and quantification of plant root growth and root systems (Rhizometrics) has been and remains an important area of research in all disciplines of plant science. In the horticultural industry, a large portion of the crops grown annually are grown in pot culture. Root growth is a critical component in overall plant performance during production in containers, and therefore it is important to understand the factors that influence and/or possible enhance it. Quantifying root growth has varied over the last several decades with each method of quantification changing in its reliability of measurement and variation among the results. Methods such as root drawings, pin boards, rhizotrons, and minirhizotrons initiated the aptitude to measure roots with field crops, and have been expanded to container-grown plants. However, many of the published research methods are monotonous and time-consuming. More recently, computer programs have increased in use as technology advances and measuring characteristics of root growth becomes easier. These programs are instrumental in analyzing various root growth characteristics, from root diameter and length of individual roots to branching angle and topological depth of the root architecture. This review delves into the expanding technologies involved with expertly measuring root growth of plants in containers, and the advantages and disadvantages that remain.