Hasil untuk "Petroleum refining. Petroleum products"

YU CHENGLIN, MA LIMIN, YU YANGYANG et al.

In view of the difficulties in the geological engineering dessert of coal-rock gas development in Jiaxian block of Ordos Basin, such as unclear fine evaluation, difficult fine control of drilling trajectory of long horizontal section horizontal well, small space for liquid control, efficiency improvement and cost reduction in large-scale fracturing transformation, and inaccurate control of efficient and economical drainage, the development concept of geological engineering integration is adhered to. Through the application practice of development pilot test, the key technology of integrated and efficient development of coal-rock gas with dessert evaluation, optimal and fast drilling, fracturing transformation and efficient drainage is formed. Based on the integrated dessert evaluation technology, a three-factor and 12-item evaluation index system of geological engineering economy in the development dessert area is established. Based on the mud logging data while drilling, the identification standard of black gold target is established to support the development of selected areas and the deployment and implementation of horizontal wells. By optimizing the wellbore structure, optimizing the high-efficiency speed-up tools, and adopting the integrated guidance technology of seismic geology and engineering, the optimal and fast drilling of large well cluster horizontal wells in factory is realized, and the drilling rate of coal rock is guaranteed to be more than 98 %. The integrated fracturing technology system of geological engineering with ‘high displacement + moderate scale + complex fracture network + multi-scale support’ as the core is formed, and the ultra-low pre-liquid controlled hydraulic fracturing technology and few cluster long fracture fracturing technology are explored, which further improves the pertinence and economy of coal rock gas fracturing transformation. A full-cycle integrated drainage technology system of ‘initial oil control pressure self-flowing, medium-term auxiliary bubble drainage + gas lift, and later artificial lifting’ has been formed to improve the drainage and gas recovery efficiency of coal-rock gas wells. Practice shows that the integrated and efficient development technology of coal, rock and gas has realized the deep integration of geological engineering, formed the closed-loop optimization of the whole development cycle, reduced the development cost and realized the scale benefit development of coal, rock and gas while ensuring the drilling effect and production effect of single well.

ZHAO Long, CHE Xiaohua, ZHAO Teng et al.

To verify the feasibility of applying the azimuthal acoustic reflection imaging logging technology in the positioning of adjacent wells, and to address the issue that existing technologies mainly focus on the fixed distance between the target well and the measurement well without systematically studying the PP echo characteristics at different distances, in order to meet the requirements of anti-collision in shallow sea well clusters and rescue detection and positioning in accident wells, the three-dimensional finite difference method is used to numerically study the echo wave field of the target well beside the well when a monopole acoustic source radiates acoustic waves and a cylindrical array receives the acoustic waves. By changing the radial distance between the two (1, 2, 3, 5, 10 m), the relative amplitudes of different mode echoes and their relationship with the azimuth of the target well are analyzed. At the same time, the three-dimensional spatial scanning imaging processing is used to forward model the waveform data and obtain the horizontal plane target well imaging diagram perpendicular to the well axis. The research results show that: ①Regardless of the radial distance between the target well and the measurement well, the PP echo characteristics recorded by the receiver array are relatively obvious, and the rate of decrease in the relative amplitude of the PP echo gradually slows down with the increase in the radial distance (for example, the echo amplitude is 146.37% of the sliding longitudinal wave amplitude at a radial distance of 1 m, 7.32% at 5 m, and 3.53% at 10 m). ②The receiver unit closest to the azimuth of the target well records the earliest arrival time and the strongest amplitude of the echo, and the azimuth angle corresponding to the maximum echo amplitude is consistent with the azimuth of the target well (90°). As the radial distance increases, the arrival time of the echo gradually becomes later and the maximum amplitude gradually decreases. ③Based on the PP echo horizontal plane scanning imaging, the azimuth (90°) and radial position of the target well can be accurately determined (the imaging position is 2.15 m at a radial distance of 2 m, 5.20 m at 5 m, and 10.10 m at 10 m), and the single shot point acquisition and horizontal plane scanning imaging mode can achieve synchronous measurement and processing and real-time detection. ④When the radial distance is relatively close, the characteristics of different mode echoes (PP, PS, SP, SS echoes) of the target well are obvious, and when the distance is relatively far, the amplitude of the PP echo is relatively large, while the amplitudes of the converted waves (PS, SP echoes) and SS echoes are relatively small. The conclusion is that the azimuthal acoustic reflection imaging logging technology is feasible for application in the positioning of adjacent wells. The PP echo based on the monopole acoustic source radiating acoustic waves and the cylindrical array receiving the acoustic waves can effectively locate the adjacent target well, and the horizontal plane scanning imaging can accurately determine the azimuth and radial position of the target well and achieve real-time detection.

SUI Xin, LI Yuxi, LÜ Ming et al.

Surfactants are extensively used in chemical flooding due to their excellent ability to reduce oil-water interfacial tension， alter rock surface wettability， and promote oil-water emulsification. It was previously believed that the middle phase microemulsion could only occur at high surfactant concentrations. Therefore， the evaluation of surfactants for chemical flooding mostly depends on interfacial tension measurement. The role of microemulsion phase behavior technology in the screening and development of surfactants for tertiary oil recovery is neglected. Thanks to the technological advancement in surfactant development in the past two decades， ideal middle phase microemulsions have been achieved by crude oil systems with low acid values at low surfactant concentrations. As a result， it is imperative to use microemulsion phase behavior technology to guide the development of new surfactants and the performance optimization of the composite system. This paper started with the concept and classification of microemulsions and systematically introduced four emulsification types of microemulsions， namely Winsor Ⅰ， Ⅱ， Ⅲ， and Ⅳ. The formation mechanism of the four types of microemulsions was described from the aspects of oil-water interfacial tension， surfactant molecular structure， and micellar morphology. The mechanism involved instantaneous negative interfacial tension theory， duplex film theory， R ratio theory， and geometric arrangement theory. The microemulsion phase behavior technology was introduced in detail in terms of phase pattern identification， composition calculation of oil， water， and surfactant in the microemulsion phase， and laboratory operation. In terms of processing results of phase behavior experiments， it was introduced in detail how to calculate the solubilization index of the oil and water phases in the microemulsion through their respective volume changes and how to calculate the interfacial tension between the microemulsion phase and oil and water through the solubilization index， so as to determine the optimal salinity of the composite system. This paper hopes to attract people’s attention to the microemulsion phase behavior technology and promote its application in the research and development of surfactants for high-efficiency tertiary oil recovery， the study of oil displacement mechanism， and the optimization of composite system formulation， thus improving the technical level of compound flooding in China.

Ma Bing, Xu Chuangchao, Chen Qiang et al.

Staged multi-cluster subdivided volume fracturing technology is adopted in horizontal shale oil wells of the Qingcheng Oilfield, but the multi-cluster fracture initiation efficiency remains unclear.In order to evaluate the multi-cluster fracture initiation effectiveness and fracture propagation law, the first pilot test on pump in optical fiber measuring and testing technology in horizontal well in petroleum industry was carried out.This technology has unique advantages such as flexible process, convenient and efficient operation and low cost.The test results show that the staged multi-cluster subdivided volume fracturing technology of horizontal well can achieve 100% multi-cluster complete fracture initiation through perforation restriction + particle temporary blocking mode, but there are significant differences in the amount of sand and liquid inflow in each cluster, and the propagation of fractures in each cluster is uneven.This study preliminarily answers the effectiveness of multi-cluster fracture initiation that has beset the industry for many years, verifies the feasibility of pump in optical fiber monitoring technology in horizontal well casing, enriches the evaluation and testing methods for horizontal well volume fracturing, and provides an important basis for the fracturing technology and parameter optimization of shale oil horizontal wells in the Ordos Basin.

Nabanita Pradhan, Saurabh Datta Gupta

Abstract Amplitude variation with offset (AVO) analysis is an important tool for identifying natural gas-bearing reservoirs. The changes in seismic amplitudes based on the variation of density and velocity of the rock matrix are captured through the AVO analysis. The current work was performed in the Ghotaru region of the Jaisalmer Sub-basin area, where limited and discrete hydrocarbon discoveries were observed from the Lower Goru Formation during the earlier various exploration campaigns. The discrete nature of the reservoir lithofacies developed challenging scenarios for the successful exploratory campaign. The campaign encountered more difficulties because of limited advanced datasets, which affected the study to capture the extension of hydrocarbon-bearing reservoir lithofacies and its characterization towards a successful exploration campaign. This study shows the way to overcome these challenges using an existing conventional dataset. The study shows the possibility of AVO analysis using a post-stack seismic dataset. A unique conversion method from post-stack to pre-stack seismic is introduced in this study based on the uses of the integrated velocity model. An integrated, robust velocity model was developed with consideration of anisotropy factors. Introducing a machine learning-based algorithm in the petrophysical study, including the conventional approach, provides a robust validation of this work. Intercept (A) and gradient (B) are the basic outcome of AVO analysis. The well-based study and AVO analysis based on intercept (A) and gradient (B) complement each other for finding hydrocarbon-bearing reservoir rock. Cross-plots and AVO analysis show the reservoir's lithofacies extension and fluids. The study reveals the potential of natural gas retained in the Lower Goru Formation, which is composed of patchy sandstone. Two AVO classes (Class I and Class III) of gas-bearing sandstone have been identified in this study. This study presents a unique method for identifying natural gas reservoirs with limited old conventional data.

HUANG Fei

At present, taking a single well as an evaluation unit is a common and accurate method to estimate SEC reserves of shale gas. With the further development of the gas fields, the single well production fluctuates greatly, which can not better reflect the development performance of the gas reservoir. In order to further improve the accuracy of the estimation, Pingqiao South Block of Nanchuan Gas Field is divided into four zones, namely Zone Ⅰ, Zone Ⅱ, Zone Ⅲ and Zone Ⅳ, by the study of regional production rules and combining with geological characteristics based on the single well estimation. The yield normalization method is used to establish the typical curve of each zone, and then the theoretical yield model of this block is established by the dual medium model, so as to meet the harmonic decline. Finally, the evaluation models of different zones are established. Zone Ⅰ directly enters into the harmonic decline with an initial decline rate of 56.5 %; Zone Ⅱ enters into the harmonic decline after 23 months of stable production with an initial decline rate of 52.2 %; Zone Ⅲ enters into the harmonic decline after 13 months of stable production with an initial decline rate of 60.7 %; Zone Ⅳ directly entered into the harmonic decline with an initial decline rate of 59.5 %. The final estimation results are compared with those of foreign countries, and the error is within 6 %, which shows that the estimation of the SEC reserves for each unit of shale gas in Pingqiao South Block in the middle and later period of development has certain adaptability.

Shi Huaizhong, Fu Xinkang, Chen Zhenliang et al.

As the exploration and development of oil and gas gradually advance to the deep layer, the formation temperature and pressure keep increasing. The efficiency of PDC bit breaking deep hard rock under high temperature and high pressure is reduced, and the number of relevant experimental study is less. In view of this, taking granite as the rock breaking object, with the help of the true triaxial drilling simulation test equipment, this article carries out rock breaking test of PDC bit under high temperature and high pressure, and studies the effect of rock temperature, confining pressure, rotary speed of PDC bit, and diameter and back rake angle of cutter on the rock breaking efficiency of the bit. The study results show that as the confining pressure increases, the unit rock breaking energy consumption of PDC bit increases; at different bit speeds, as the heat treatment temperature rises, the WOB, torque and unit rock breaking energy consumption are significantly reduced, especially, when the heat treatment temperature reaches 300 ℃, the unit rock breaking energy consumption is reduced by more than 30% of that at normal temperature, so the rock breaking efficiency is high; as the back rake angle of cutter increases, the WOB and unit rock breaking energy consumption all increase, but when the back rake angle is 15°, the unit rock breaking energy consumption of the PDC bit is relatively low, and the rock breaking efficiency is high; as the cutter diameter increases, both the WOB and torque of the PDC bit increase, and the rock breaking efficiency decreases. The study results provide theoretical support and experimental basis for the optimum structural design of PDC bit used in high temperature and high-pressure deep formations.

Du Yang, Lei Wei, Li Li et al.

The shale gas fields in Southern Sichuan are developed in an integration mode of testing, production and transmission,which has realized the development goals of cost reduction, emission reduction, fast production commissioning and early returns.However, a lot of empirical practices serve as reference of decision-making during implementation of integration practices. There is a lack of general guidance. In order to study the post-frac soaking, the flowback system and the drainage measures, the experiments of overpressured NMR imbibition, permeability stress sensitivity and gas-liquid two phase percolation are conducted, the flow regime and the distribution of pressure profile are simulated, and the discharge and production effect of more than 30 wells in Southern Sichuan shale gas field has been evaluated. The results show that the entry of fracturing fluids into reservoir through imbibition is beneficial to increasing the complexity of shale cracks, and the optimal shut-in time of Southern Sichuan shale gas field is 4～10 days. Meanwhile, a six-staged flowback system is formed, and a post-frac drainage guide chart is established. It is determined that tubing and manual lifting should be implemented when the flow regime changes and the tube should be installed at the well deviation of 70° ～ 85°. Besides, the drainage strategy is also proposed. In general, the research results are of great significance for guiding post-frac production control and drainage technology.

Wan Chunyan, Jia Xiangfeng, Wang Dingya et al.

The gate valve and actuator structure of subsea Christmas tree is different from the onshore valve structure, the gate and valve seat seal and actuator structure are more complex, and the reliability requirements are higher. Therefore, based on the localization development process of BOMCO's subsea gate valve and actuator with pressure rating of 69 MPa and performance requirement of PR2F, this article elaborates their overall structure, working principle, main technical parameters, components, processing and manufacturing, and test status. The designed actuator can realize the opening and closing of the valve by hydraulically pushing the gate; the sealing surface between the gate and the valve seat was sprayed with cobalt carbide or tungsten carbide to improve the sealing wear resistance and sealing reliability; the developed subsea gate valve and actuators passed the factory acceptance test, external pressure test and PR2F performance test; and relevant analysis was conducted from 3 aspects such as technology upgrading, supporting environment and expected market to put forward localized development proposals. The conclusions provide technical reference for localized development and engineering application of gate valve and actuator used in subsea Christmas tree.

Muhammad Akram Qureshi, Shahid Ghazi, Muhammad Riaz et al.

Abstract Seismic as well as structural techniques were exploited to elucidate the subsurface structure of the Zamzama area that directly led to petroleum system. Zamzama gas field is located in the Kirthar Foredeep, southern Indus Basin, Pakistan. The current research is based on data scrutinized systematically through eight seismic lines (796-JH-01, 02, 03, 07, 10, GHPK-98A-32, 34 and 40) and three wells (Zamzama-02, 03 and 05) drilled in the Zamzama field. Seismic interpretation reveals that Tertiary and Cretaceous sequence is deformed by transpressive tectonics, and a reverse fault is located from 400 to 3400 ms deep on the vertical seismic section. The hanging wall moves up along the fault plane under the action of eastward directed stress as a result an extensive North–South oriented and eastward verging thrusted anticline is formed. Stratigraphically, area encompasses well-developed Mesozoic–Cenozoic sequence. The Late Cretaceous Pab Formation is well-known primary hydrocarbon reservoir capped by the shale of the Paleocene Ranikot Formation that acts as a regional seal rock. The Jurassic and Cretaceous shales of the Sember and Goru formations are substantiated as main source rocks. The execution and portrayal of seismic and subsurface geological data provide the clues that area contains appropriate petroleum play potential. Present study suggests a worthwhile regional geo-seismic model that might be significant for future exploration in the Kirther Foredeep and adjacent areas.

Xue Liang, Liu Xianbo, Liu Min et al.

Continuous wave pulser is a core component of the measurement-while-drilling (MWD) tool. In order to discuss the principle of pressure wave generation of the continuous wave pulser and the influencing laws of its parameters, a numerical simulation model of flow field of the continuous wave pulser was established based on relevant theories and methods of computational fluid dynamics (CFD), which was used to simulate the characteristics of flow field of the continuous wave pulser. The numerical simulation results showed that, in the cyclic reciprocating switching process of the rotor, the continuous wave pulser will generate flow wave (the upstream and downstream phase positions are same) and pressure wave (the upstream and downstream phase positions are opposite)|the amplitude of pressure wave is related to the pulser control parameters, which will decrease with the increase of frequency and stator-rotor clearance|the amplitude of pressure wave is related to the hydraulic parameters for drilling operation, which will increase with the fluid discharge capacity and density, and the influence of fluid viscosity on the amplitude is negligible. The study results will has theoretical guiding significance for the field application of continuous wave pulsers.

Ge Hao, Rao Yongchao, Wang Shuli et al.

The spiral flow in pipeline has the features of low energy consumption, long transport distance and strong carrying capacity. The RNG <i>k-ε</i> model is used to analyze the velocity distribution, turbulent intensity distribution, particle deposition behavior and heat transfer behavior of hydrate particles in spiral flow. The study results show that, under the twist rate of 8.8, the range of the maximum velocity value increases with the Reynolds number, and there are two maximum values of the fluid velocity in the twisting belt pipeline. Furthermore, smaller twist rate would lower the forced vortex attenuation formed at the center of the pipe, resulting in greater turbulence intensity and better hydrate particle blending effect, which is preferable for heat transfer. The volume fraction of hydrate particles in the non-twisting belt pipeline is 6~8 times larger than that in the twisting belt pipeline. The smaller the twist rate is, the less the sedimentation of the hydrate particles at pipeline bottom is. The Nusselt number of the pipeline increases with <i>Re</i>. Given the same <i>Re</i>, the Nusselt number increases with the decrease of the twist rate, and can be increased by a maximum of 4 times by reducing twist rate. The study could provide theoretical guidance for the safe transportation of hydrates.

Mehdi Mazarei, Afshin Davarpanah, Amirhossein Ebadati et al.

Abstract Due to the increasing demand for gas consumption during cold seasons, it is a sense of urgency to provide a reliable resource for gas supply during these periods. The objectives of this comprehensive research entail reservoir core analysis, reservoir fluid study, investigation and optimization of improved condensate recovery during gas storage processes in one of Iranian-depleted fractured gas condensate reservoir. We have attempted to make a balance among reservoir petrophysical and operational characteristics such as production rate, ultimate reservoir pressure after production, cumulative condensate production, number of wells and the required time periods for the reservoir depletion, to obtain an optimum condition for the gas storage process. It’s a foregone conclusion that the quality of management decision-making regarding reservoir depletion, maximum gas recovery and natural gas condensate production subsequently optimize at the minimum pressure drop. Furthermore, according to the simulation analysis, pipeline gas injection may lead to condensate recovery improvement.

Ehsan Khamehchi, Mahmood Shakiba, Mohammad Shaker Ardakani

Abstract Nowadays, the significance of hydrocarbon reservoirs as the main supply of world energy is being increased more than before. Hence, a safe and continuous production process of oil and gas wells is one of the most important criteria in the oil industry. In this regard, some issues such as deposition of heavy organic materials, especially asphaltene in the tubing, and surface pipelines can cause considerable damages to the production unit. Asphaltene precipitation occurs due to change in thermodynamic conditions, such as the composition of crude oil, temperature and pressure, which can disturb the thermodynamic equilibrium and result in asphaltene deposition. These particles would result in obstruction of the tubing and surface pipelines. In this study, the distribution profile of asphaltene precipitation in a well of one of the Iranian south oil reservoirs has been developed using an integrated thermodynamic modeling. The impacts of hydrodynamic parameters on asphaltene precipitation have also been investigated, and some sensitivity analyses have been made on them in order to optimize well completion and production conditions. Optimization operation can obviate shortcomings associated with the asphaltene deposition, and as a result, it would decrease costs and subsequently lead to more benefit. If there is an optimized integrated model for tubing and surface facilities, it can not only be used for investigating the fluid flow behavior but also it can prolong the lifetime of the entire production unit. In this case study, one of the most important intelligent optimization algorithms (i.e., the particle swarm optimization algorithm) has been used to solve the problem. The results showed that cumulative oil production and thickness of asphaltene deposition under optimum conditions are 5.6 million barrels and 0.33 inches, respectively. According to the outcomes of optimization operation, tubing size and surface choke bean size are 4.25 and 47.9 inches, respectively. In addition, the oil production rate has been determined as 5972 STB/day. At these conditions, well head pressure and temperature should be considered as 1336 psi and 160 °F, respectively.

Zhang Jiankuo

Domestic scholars have carried out a lot of theoretical researches on laser technology application in petroleum engineering field. To verify the theoretical analysis and the actual effect of laser rock breaking, a laser-rock test system has been established.The laser linear scanning and fixed-point hole drilling experiment has been conducted on the siliceous sandstone. The results show that the laser rock breaking performance is influenced by factors like laser beam parameters, scanning speed, spot size and cutting debris cleaning. According to the scanning experiment and the hole drilling experiment, laser assisted gas drilling and laser perforation application in petroleum engineering are proposed. The key technologies of laser application have been analyzed in three aspects:laser source optimization, high energy laser long-distance transmission and laser application downhole adaptability. The study results could provide guidance to the application of laser technology in petroleum engineering.

E. Langer

Antonio Carlos de Campos, Daniela Toyotani Camacho

The Brazilian oil sector during the 90s, underwent a significant change in function of relaxing the state monopoly, allowing the entry of private and state companies for the development of the entire production process oil. So, there was a need to regulate this sector, with the purpose of designing an efficient and competitive. Therefore, this study was to investigate and analyze the process of regulating the oil industry in the Brazilian context, from 1997 to 2008, through its regulatory agency, the National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels (ANP). As methodological procedure addressed the economic regulation in Brazil and the role of the regulatory agency of the oil sector, using data from this regulatory agency. Observed in the initial production of oil, exploration and oil production, the ANP regulates the entry of firms in this sector through a bidding process. The phase of transport and refining presented being less competitive, with the supervision of the ANP. In the final step distribution and resale there was highly competitive, with this regulatory agency monitoring the quality of petroleum products and prices in the market.

A. EL-Gendi, A. Deratani, S.A. Ahmed et al.

This article deals with “developing novel polyamide-6/chitosan membranes for water desalting using wet phase inversion technique”, in which novel polyamide-6/chitosan membranes were prepared using an appropriate polymer concerning the national circumferences, along with the definition of different controlling parameters of the preparing processes and their effects on the characteristics of the produced membranes. Further, evaluation process of the fabricated sheets was undertaken. Preparation process was followed by assessment of the membrane structural characteristics; then the desalting performance of each prepared membrane was evaluated under different operating conditions in order to find the structure–property relationship. The results show that the membrane flux increases with the increase of operating pressure. The salt rejection and permeation flux have been enhanced this indicates that the chitosan (CS) addition to the polyamide-6 (PA-6) membrane increases the membrane hydrophilic property. Hydraulic permeability coefficient is not stable and varies considerably with the operating pressure.

Ai‐Fu Chang, Kiran Pashikanti, Y. Liu