Hasil untuk "Oils, fats, and waxes"

WANG Jianwei, PENG Lyu, WANG Zequn, YAN Shumei, PAN Lu, LIN Lixin, WANG Rui, XU Chen, LIU Shu, HUANG Xiaojuan

The lower member of the Pinghu Formation (hereinafter referred to as the lower Pinghu member) in the well block W of the Xihu Sag is an important oil and gas-bearing system. An accurate characterization of its sedimentary evolution patterns and reservoir distribution is critical for guiding future exploration and development. Based on core, drilling, and geophysical data, this study analyzed the sedimentary microfacies, evolution processes, and dominant controlling factors of the lower Pinghu member. The results showed that the lower Pinghu member (sand groups P12~P9) could be divided into third-order sequences, mainly comprising deltaic and tidal flat deposits influenced by tidal processes. The P12 sand group, deposited during a lowstand system tract with relatively low sea level, was primarily composed of deltaic deposits, issueed by tidal deposits. During deposition of the P11 and P10 sand groups in the transgressive system tract, sediment supply weakened and delta development was curtailed. Thus, tidal flat environments became dominant in the study area. The P9 sand group, deposited during the highstand system tract, experienced increased sediment supply, tidal flat deposition reduction, and delta progradation towards the basin. Analysis of the sedimentary evolution process clarified that sediment supply, sea level fluctuations, and the paleogeomorphology controlled the microfacies migration and evolution in the well block W. Firstly, paleogeomorphology directly controlled the depositional accommodation and determined the spatial distribution of sedimentation. Secondly, abundant sediment supply and relatively lower sea level promoted deltaic development, leading to the formation of distributary channel and mouth bar sand bodies. On the contrary, the reduction of sediment supply and rising relative sea level restricted deltaic propagation while enhancing tidal power, resulting in the development of tidal flats, tidal channels, and tidal sand bars. In the study area, the relative intensity of deltaic and tidal processes was controlled by changes in relative sea level and sediment supply. During deposition of the P12 and P9 sand groups, sufficient sediment supply and relatively low sea levels favored delta development. On the contrary, during marine transgression stage corresponding to the P11-P10 sand groups, the sediment supply weakened and the relative sea levels rose. Under such conditions, deltaic deposits were vulnerable to damage, which favored the development of tidal sediments. However, the development of deltaic and tidal flat deposits in response to changes in relative sea level and sediment supply was also controlled by paleogeomorphology. During deposition of the P12 sand group, the presence of a nose-shaped paleo-uplift in the central part of the study area limited eastward progradation of the western delta. This resulted in differences in sedimentary facies types between the east and west sides of the nose-shaped paleo-uplift during deposition of the P12 sand group. The western fault trough zone was dominated by deltaic deposits, while the eastern fault step zone was dominated by tidal deposits. During deposition of the P11-P9 sand groups, the influence of the nose-shaped paleo-uplift weakened, and the sedimentary facies types in the study area were relatively uniform (P11-P10 was mainly dominated by tidal flat deposits; P9 was mainly dominated by deltaic deposits). This study offers insights into the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of favorable reservoirs in the study area and adjacent zones. In the western fault trough zone of the P12 sand group and in the P9 sand group, deltaic sand bodies such as channels, mouth bars, and sheet sands are the favorable sand body types, and their exploration and development should be primarily guided by the deltaic depositional model. In eastern fault step zone of the P12 sand group and in the P11-P10 sand groups, the dominant sand bodies are tidal sand bars or tidal channels extending seaward and parallel to the shoreline, and their exploration and development should follow the tidal depositional model.

Zhaoqian LUO, Xingping TIAN, Huanhuan WANG et al.

Objective Notable erosion damages occur in skid-mounted choke manifolds during the choking process of high-pressure sour natural gas, thus necessitating effective detection methods. Methods Taking the wellhead skid-mounted choke manifold L004-X1 in the Shuangyushi Lower Permian Gas Reservoir of Northwest Sichuan Gas Mine as the study object, a numerical model was developed using Fluent software to simulate the flow field and erosion process under high-pressure conditions (103 MPa) at the wellhead. The comprehensive analysis focused on the pressure field and velocity field within the choke skid under on-site operating conditions. Factors influencing the erosion of choke valve body, including mass flow rate, inlet velocity, diameter of solid impurity particles in natural gas, and pressure drop before and after the choke skid, were thoroughly investigated. Additionally, ultrasonic phased array technology was employed for onsite online and offline wall thickness detection of the temperature/pressure measuring casing at the outlet section of Well L004-X1. This study aimed to verify the feasibility of the proposed numerical simulation and on-site online detection method for choke skid erosion without requiring shutdown. Results From a morphological standpoint, the inner wall surface of the valve spool exhibited a predominant distribution of dotted erosion. The temperature/pressure measuring casing at the outlet section showed continuous sheet erosion, with the most severe erosion observed on the lower face C, attributed to the force of gravity. The valve spool displayed the most significant erosion on its inner wall surface, followed by its outlet. The erosion rate increased with higher mass flow rates and inlet velocities of particles, while gradually decreasing and stabilizing with increasing particle diameters. A comparison of results between numerical simulation and on-site offline detection using ultrasonic phased array technology revealed an average relative error of 4.1% in the minimum wall thickness of the four faces of the temperature/pressure measuring casing at the outlet section. This finding verified the feasibility of the proposed numerical simulation. The on-site online and offline ultrasonic phased array detection methods demonstrated consistent results for the minimum wall thickness. Therefore, the online detection method is recommended to facilitate on-site operations. Conclusion The findings of this study provide valuable theoretical guidance for the safe detection of field facilities in high-pressure sour gas reservoirs. However, the effect of H2S corrosion was not considered in the numerical simulation study. It is suggested to conduct H2S corrosion experiments under different gas pressures and velocities in further researches for more accurate prediction of erosion rate.

夏热帕提·吐孙1，阿地力·吾布力2，熊燕1,3 TUSUN Xiarepati1, WUBULI Adili2, XIONG Yan1,3

旨在为环氧棉籽油的制备及其高附加值利用提供理论依据和技术支撑，分别采用无机强酸催化法和有机酸自催化法对棉籽油进行环氧化，考察了不同酸对环氧化反应的催化作用及乳化剂对环氧化工艺的影响。以环氧棉籽油为原料，采用开环一锅法制备羟基化棉籽油，并将其与己二酸发生酯化反应合成棉籽油聚酯，对产物进行了红外光谱和核磁共振氢谱表征。结果表明：无机酸中浓硫酸对棉籽油环氧化的催化效果最佳，其次是磷酸，有机酸中甲酸效果最优；乳化剂增加了油-水体系的均匀混合，可适当提高产品的环氧值，但需增加破乳工段；棉籽油聚酯中存在酯基，但仍有未酯化的羟基。综上，量化生产环氧棉籽油可优先考虑甲酸为催化剂，通过环氧棉籽油制备羟基化棉籽油，再与多元酸反应可制备棉籽油聚酯，但存在未酯化的羟基。In order to provide theoretical basis and technical support for the preparation and high value-added utilization of epoxy cottonseed oil,cottonseed oil was epoxidized by inorganic acid catalysis and organic acid autocatalysis. The catalytic effect of different acids on the epoxidation reaction and the influence of emulsifiers on the epoxidation process were investigated. Hydroxylated cottonseed oil was prepared using epoxy cottonseed oil as raw material by open-loop one pot synthesis method, and then esterified with adipic acid to synthesize cottonseed oil polyester. The product was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance. The results showed that concentrated sulfuric acid had the best catalytic effect on the epoxidation of cottonseed oil, followed by phosphoric acid in inorganic, and formic acid in organic acids had the best effect. Emulsifiers increased the uniform mixing of the oil-water reaction system and appropriately increased the epoxy value of the product. However, an additional step of demulsification was not suitable for quantitative production. Cottonseed oil polyester had ester groups, but still had unesterified hydroxyl groups. In conclusion, quantitative production of epoxy cottonseed oil can prioritize formic acid as a catalyst, and hydroxylated cottonseed oil prepared by epoxy cottonseed oil can react with polyacids to prepare cottonseed oil polyester, but there are still unesterified hydroxyl groups.

Zuhair AlYousef, Ayrat Gizzatov, Hana AlMatouq et al.

Abstract The use of foams is a promising technique to overcome gas mobility challenges in petroleum reservoirs. Foam reduces the gas mobility by increasing the gas apparent viscosity and reducing its relative permeability. A major challenge facing foam application in reservoirs is its long-term stability. Foam effectiveness and stability depends on several factors and will typically diminish over time due to degradation as well as the foam-rock-oil interactions. In this study, the effect of crude oil on CO2-foam stability and mobility will be investigated using in-house build microfluidics system developed for rapid prescreening of chemical formulations. Two-phase flow emulsification test (oil-surfactant solutions) and dynamic foam tests (in the absence and presence of crude oil) were conducted to perform a comparative assessment for different surfactant solutions. A microfluidics device was used to evaluate the foam strength in the presence and absence of crude oil. The assessment was conducted using five surfactant formulations and different oil fractions. The role of foam quality (volume of gas/total volume) on foam stability was also addressed in this study. The mobility reduction factor (MRF) for CO2-foam was measured in the absence and presence of crude oil using high salinity water and at elevated temperatures. The results indicated that foam stability has an inverse relationship with the amount of crude oil. Crude oil has a detrimental effect on foams, and foam stability decreased as the amount of crude oil was increased. Depending on the surfactant type, the existence of crude oil in porous media, even at very low concentrations of 5% can significantly impact the foam stability and strength. The oil can act as an antifoaming agent. It enters the thin aqueous film and destabilizes it. This resulted in a lower foam viscosity and less stable foams. Thus, the CO2 MRF dropped significantly in the presence of higher oil fractions. This study also demonstrated that in-house assembled microfluidics system allows for a rapid and cost-efficient screening of formulations.

Mahsa PARHIZGAR KERADEH, Seyyed Alireza TABATABAEI-NEZHAD

This study used the diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA)-seawater (SW) system to modify the sandstone rock wettability and enhance oil recovery. The investigation involved conducting wettability measurement, Zeta potential measurement, and spontaneous imbibition experiment. The introduction of 5% DTPA-SW solution resulted in a significant decrease in the rock-oil contact angle from 143° to 23°, along with a reduction in the Zeta potential from −2.29 mV to −13.06 mV, thereby altering the rock surface charge and shifting its wettability from an oil-wet state to a strongly water-wet state. The presence or absence of potential determining ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42−) in the solution did not impact the effectiveness of DTPA in changing the rock wettability. However, by tripling the concentration of these ions in the solution, the performance of 5% DTPA-SW solution in changing wettability was impaired. Additionally, spontaneous imbibition tests demonstrated that the 5% DTPA-SW solution led to an increase in oil recovery up to 39.6%. Thus, the optimum mass fraction of DTPA for changing sandstone wettability was determined to be 5%.

Sabine Krist

ZHANG Xiaojing, LU Jun, ZHANG Zhuo et al.

In order to solve the problems of serious heterogeneity, breakthrough of injected water along high permeability zone, low recovery percent of reserves and limited EOR capability of water flooding in the middle and low permeability fault-block reservoir of Wang-17 Block in Wangji Oilfield, the EOR technology of chemical flooding has been studied, and polymer and preformed particle gel（PPG） have been evaluated and screened. The slug structure, oil displacement efficiency and diversion rate of heterogeneous oil displacement system formed by compounding have been evaluated by physical simulation technology. And the slug volume and structure have been optimized by numerical simulation technology. It is confirmed that multi-stage heterogeneous profile control and slug polymer flooding can improve the recovery rate in Wang-17 Block by 8.25 percentage points. The field application has achieved initial results. This technology has been used for reference and popularized in the polymer flooding project of B238 Block in Xiaermen Oilfield.

Sultan Awad Sultan Araffa, Shokry A. Soliman, Ahmed El Khafif et al.

Three geophysical techniques such as resistivity, seismic refraction, and GPR have been applied to delineate the depth to the groundwater surface, subsurface stratigraphy and subsurface structures which control the configuration and distribution of the groundwater aquifer. Five vertical electrical sounding (VES) were measured by using Syscal-R2 instrument of electrode separation ranging from AB/2 = 1–500 m to reach depth of investigation about 150 m. The results of quantitative interpretation of the VES data indicate that the subsurface sequence composed of six geoelectric units; the first unit is characterized by resistivity values up to 2007 Ohm.m corresponding to sand & gravel and thickness up to 1.2 m. The second geoelectric unit is corresponding to sandy clay which exhibits resistivity up to 235 Ohm.m and depth up to 1.2 m. The third geoelectric unit is characterized by resistivity values up to 1483 Ohm.m corresponding to dry sand which of depth up to 2.6 m. The fourth geoelectrical unit consists of sand saturated with ground water and exhibits resistivity values ranging from 20.2 to 52.9 Ohm.m and depth ranging from 7 to 16.8 m. The fifth geoelectrical unit reveals resistivity values ranging from 7 to 32.6 Ohm.m and consists of sandy clay saturated with groundwater of depth up to 111 m overlaying the sixth unit which reached to depth up to 165 m and characterized by resistivity values ranging from 54 to 91 Ohm.m corresponding to sandstone saturated with ground water. Five shallow seismic refraction spreads of geophone spacing 4 m were measured to investigate the subsurface sequence, where the results of interpretation indicate that the subsurface section consists of three seismic layers; the first layer is unsaturated overburden with seismic velocity range from 280 to 770 m/s and thickness reach about 6 m. The second layer is sand saturated with ground water with velocity range from 760 to 1300 m/s and maximum thickness of about 7 m overlaying the third layer reached to depth up to 24 m and corresponding sandy clay saturated with groundwater with seismic velocity range from 1130 to 2260 m/s. Five GPR profiles are measured using MALA RAMAC GPR System with a Rough Terrain Antenna (RTA) system of central frequency of 100 MHz. The interpretation of GPR data indicate that the expected water table ranging from 8 m to 11 m in the study area. Interpretation of the obtained results and correlation with the available geological and different geophysical data revealed that, the depth to the groundwater table of the investigated area ranges between 7 and 16.8 m. Keywords: Geophysical tools, GPR, Resistivity and seismic refraction

Yakup Kar, Dilek Şenel Göksu, Yusuf Yalman

In this study, the role of a low-cost catalyst (activated molasses soil) over the hydrocarbon distribution of the light diesel (or distillate) fraction of the pre-upgraded heavy crude oil (Bati Raman) was examined in detail. The low-cost catalyst showed a strong impact on the hydrocarbon distribution of the light diesel fuel fraction. The physicochemical characteristics such as hydrocarbon group distribution, density and kinematic viscosity of the light diesel fuels obtained from the upgraded heavy oil indicated a proper consistency with those having the commercial diesel fuels. As a result, it was revealed that the low-cost material could be successively used in the heavy oil upgrading to obtain the light diesel fuels. Keywords: Light diesel fuel, Catalytic upgrading, Molasses soil, Hydrocarbon distribution, Characterization

Mostafa A. Teama, Mohamed A. Kassab, Burns A. Cheadle et al.

Ten wells (EW-4, EW-5, EW-6, EW-7, EW-8, EW-9, EW-10, EW-12, EW-13 and EW-15) were interpreted using the composite well logs, data of core analysis, gamma-ray logs, formation micro-imager logs (FMI), and 3D seismic data in SEGY format to understand the stratigraphy of the onshore, Nile Delta, Egypt.The amplitude analysis of 3-D seismic horizon slice of Lower Abu Madi rock unit together with the lithostratigraphic correlation through the study area depending on the gamma-ray log “HSGR” (left to right increasing), and the identification of type of bed geometry, nature of bed contacts, type of the sedimentary structures and the dominant formative paleocurrents by using some available borehole micro-resistivity images (FMI) and core photos. All of these techniques are used together to define the different depositional facies and depositional environment of the Messinian clastics (Lower Abu Madi rock unit), which is considered to be the main reservoir in the El-Wastani gas field, onshore Nile Delta, Egypt.The present study of depositional pattern of the Upper Miocene clastics reservoir (Lower Abu Madi rock unit) revealed that it is represented by high sinuous meandering channels or paleo-valley and three types of fluvial facies were defined; channel fill, channel margin, and floodplain basin. Keywords: Depositional pattern, 3D seismic, Formation micro-imager (FMI), Nile Delta, Egypt

Steven Chandra, Hadi Winarto, Sudjati Rachmat

Abstract As conventional hydrocarbon reserves have gone into depletion state, oil companies around the world have turned their attention to heavy oil reserves, which were previously overlooked due to their less prolific capability compared to conventional hydrocarbon reservoirs. Bituminous heavy oil resources are known to be plentiful in quantity and size, but not without disadvantages, in which the astronomical viscosity is a troublesome aspect to be considered in exploiting the reservoir. It is not seldom that the viscosity itself is so high that bituminous oil would appear as solid-like substance under reservoir pressure and temperature. Electromagnetic heating has long been touted as the solution to overcome viscosity barrier in exploiting bituminous heavy oil reservoirs. The introduction of heat from electromagnetic wave propagation enables more efficient well stimulation technique compared to resistive heating. However, as sophisticated as the models are, they seem to be lacking a techno-economic model to consider feasibility of the project. This mathematical presentation incorporates technical aspects of heating and EM propagation model to properly model unsteady-state temperature and heat propagation as a function of time. The model is then tested on a sample bituminous heavy oil reservoir with thinly layered production zone and it has been highly reliable to swiftly predict project feasibility of nanoparticle-assisted EM heating.

Bin Zhang, Yuanyuan He, Yan Chen et al.

The main oil source in western Qaidam Basin is the Paleogene saline lacustrine source rocks. Traditionally, it was considered that these source rocks were characterized by low abundance and poor type of organic matter as well as limited oil generation potential, but this poor source rock condition was very inconsistent with good hydrocarbon exploration results. A previous study has just confirmed that this area develops high-quality source rocks, which is of great significance for recognizing potential of hydrocarbon resource and consolidating confidence to search large and medium-sized oil and gas fields in western Qaidam Basin. Based on fine geochemical analysis of source rocks, petrology, element geochemistry and organic geochemistry are applied to discuss development conditions of high-quality source rocks in this area. The results showed that the saline lacustrine sediments in western Qaidam Basin were deposited in relatively shallow and quiet water with relatively high salinity and low nutrient content; influenced by the drought and cold climate, the terrigenous supply of fresh water was limited, and few aquatic organisms were developed. Good preservation condition is favorable for rapid preservation of oil generating biomass (such as aquatic organisms), to form source rocks rich in hydrogen element with high soluble organic matter content; but relatively lower paleo-productivity makes organic matter abundance lower than that in the eastern saline lacustrine basins. The semi-deep lake, with relatively low salinity and abundant nutrients, is the most favorable are for development of high-quality source rocks; the source rocks have large thickness in the sedimentary depression areas, but due to high water salinity and far away from the provenance area, the water stratification was obvious, so it have moderate to high organic matter abundance. Keywords: Saline lacustrine source rocks, TOC, Major and trace elements, Biomarker, Paleo-productivity, Preservation condition, Qaidam basin

Wang Lingling, Wang Lei, Liu Xiaoxu et al.

To address the gas supply contradiction, serious wax precipitation and impeded plunger operation in the highly deviated wells in Nanpu 1-3 artificial island, the plunger lift technology and plunger for highly deviated wells are studied. The plunger lift string and process are introduced in detail. The plunger with test function and different dimensions are designed and optimized. Indoor testing and field trial proved that the ø58.0 mm plunger has a flexible and safe performance in highly deviated wells, allowing real-time monitoring of pressure and temperature during dynamic process and mastering the operation state of the plunger under different production stages. The technology has been applied in 11 wells, saving 22 000 m³ gas injection per day and 2.21 million RMB in wax removal costs, reducing the gas-liquid ratio injected and improving the lifting efficiency, providing bases for addressing daily production issues and establishing reasonable work system.

K. Prasada Rao, T. Victor Babu, G. Anuradha et al.

Biodiesel is receiving increasing attention each passing day because of its fuel properties and compatibility. This study investigates the performance and emission characteristics of single cylinder four stroke indirect diesel injection (IDI) engine fueled with Rice Bran Methyl Ester (RBME) with Isopropanol additive. The investigation is done through a combination of experimental data analysis and artificial neural network (ANN) modeling. The study used IDI engine experimental data to evaluate nine engine performance and emission parameters including Exhaust Gas Temperature (E.G.T), Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC), Brake Thermal Efficiency (B.The) and various emissions like Hydrocarbons (HC), Carbon monoxide (CO), Carbon dioxide (CO2), Oxygen (O2), Nitrogen oxides (NOX) and smoke. For the ANN modeling standard back propagation algorithm was found to be the optimum choice for training the model. A multi-layer perception (MLP) network was used for non-linear mapping between the input and output parameters. It was found that ANN was able to predict the engine performance and exhaust emissions with a correlation coefficient of 0.995, 0.980, 0.999, 0.985, 0.999, 0.999, 0.980, 0.999, and 0.999 for E.G.T, BSFC, B.The, HC, O2, CO2, CO, NOX, smoke respectively.

S.M. Ghazani, A.G. Marangoni

Hu Jia, Qiang Ren, Yong Ming Li et al.

Water shutoff in ultralow temperature reservoirs has received great attention in recent years. In previous study, we reported a phenol-formaldehyde-based gel formula with ammonium salt which can provide a gelation time between 2 hrs and 2 days at 25 °C. However, systematic evaluation and field recommendations of this gel formula when encountering complex reservoirs environment are not addressed. In this paper, how and why such practical considerations as water composition, temperature, pH, weight ratio of formaldehyde to resorcinol and contaminant Fe3+ to affect the gelation performance are examined. Brookfield DV-III and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are employed respectively for viscosity measurement and microstructure analysis. SEM results further illustrate the mechanism of the effect of salinity on gelation performance. It reveals that crosslinking done by covalent bond has great advantage for gel stability under high salinity environment. The target gel formula can provide desirable gelation time below 60 °C, perfect for 15–45 °C, while it is unfeasible to use high salinity to delay gelation at 60 °C. We summarized the effect of salinity on gelation performance of different gel formulas from the present study and published literature. The summarized data can provide important guideline for gel formula design before conducting any kinds of experiments. The variation of gelation performance at different salinity may be dominated by the interaction between crosslinker-salt-polymer, not only limited to “charge-screening effect” and “ion association” proposed by several authors. We hope the analysis encouraging further investigations. Some recommendations for field application of this gel are given in the end of this paper.

余利军, 洪鹤云, 张军帅

Carré Patrick

Energy consumption in oil mills is a major item of costs and a sensitive point in the production of biofuels. To improve their performance, industrials can recover lowtemperature heat thanks to a new technology of heat exchangers suitable for treating granular solid materials. Information about the energy requirements of the rapeseed crushing being not readily available, the article gives a detailed assessment of consumption items (per ton of seed: 263 MJ for preparation operations and 284 MJ for solvent extraction). These exchangers used as pre-conditioners saves about 55 MJ.t−1 of heat by use of steam condensates. We could go further in use of these devices on the one hand to recover heat from press cake and meal, and secondly to use recovered energy to dry and warm up the seeds before pre-pressing. In this configuration, the energy savings could reach 38% of current needs.