I claim that it is the variability of collocations rather than their restrictedness that makes it a challenge for foreign learners to acquire them and for researchers to categorize them (1.1.) and argue that a usage-based approach drawing on notions from functional and cognitive linguistics makes it possible to account for collocations as a dynamic and flexible language resource. The functional and cognitive framework that I propose for the categorization of collocations is one of several lines of investigation within Usage-based linguistics, an approach evolving since the 1980s as a challenge to the top-down approach of structuralist and generative linguists who study the language system separately from language use (Langacker [2000: 91-93], Herbst, Schmid & Faulhaber [2014], Diessel [2017: 1]). I use corpus data in a qualitative approach based on the theory and methodology developed in Poulsen [2022]. Frequency, which is a complex phenomenon (Geeraerts [2017: 158]), is part of the description of the data while function is considered more important for analysis. In the introduction to the first part of this paper, I give a brief example of the usage-based framework that I intend to introduce before giving an overview of previous approaches that include insights converging on a usage-based approach. In the second part, an alternative functional and cognitive approach is outlined, which is subsequently tested, in the third part, by means of an exemplary study of the noun joke. Using examples from the study of joke, I argue that verbs in conventional and entrenched collocations make up a functional domain and can be construed as a lexicogrammatical prototype category of support verbs.
Danilyn Abingosa, Paul Bokingkito, Sittie Noffaisah Pasandalan
et al.
This research addresses the critical need for language preservation among the Higaonon indigenous community in Mindanao, Philippines, through the development of a culturally responsive mobile dictionary application. The Higaonon language faces significant endangerment due to generational language shift, limited documentation, and a scarcity of educational materials. Employing user-centered design principles and participatory lexicography, this study involved collaboration with tribal elders, educators, and youth to document and digitize Higaonon vocabulary across ten culturally significant semantic domains. Each Higaonon lexeme was translated into English, Filipino, and Cebuano to enhance comprehension across linguistic groups. The resulting mobile application incorporates multilingual search capabilities, offline access, phonetic transcriptions, example sentences, and culturally relevant design elements. An evaluation conducted with 30 participants (15 Higaonon and 15 non-Higaonon speakers) revealed high satisfaction ratings across functionality (4.81/5.0), usability (4.63/5.0), and performance (4.73/5.0). Offline accessibility emerged as the most valued feature (4.93/5.0), while comparative analysis identified meaningful differences in user experience between native and non-native speakers, with Higaonon users providing more critical assessments particularly regarding font readability and performance optimization. The application demonstrates how community-driven technological interventions can support indigenous language revitalization while respecting cultural integrity, intellectual property rights, and addressing practical community needs. This research establishes a framework for ethical indigenous language documentation that prioritizes community self-determination and provides empirical evidence that culturally responsive digital technologies can effectively preserve endangered languages while serving as repositories for cultural knowledge embedded within linguistic systems.
The article presents a comprehensive multifaceted analysis of directive speech acts (based on modern media texts from the popular Ukrainian newspaper Day) taking into account the following approaches: 1) cognitive-semantic, with the projection of directive statements on extra-lingual reality, the study of their propositional-syntactic structure, and semantic relations between components; 2) formal-grammatical, which involves the identification of morphological and syntactic means of expression of motivation and the specifics of the positional structure of sentences; 3) communicative-syntactic, which allows for the characterization of directive statements in terms of their intonation and actual articulation; 4) communicative-pragmatic and discursive, which focuses on the specifics of certain types of directive speech acts in specific discourses, their perlocutionary effect, pragmatic intentions of the speakers, their communicative strategies and tactics, the interaction of the addresser and the recipient and more.
Directive speech acts with infinitives, verbs of imperative, conditional and optative moods, present, past and future tenses, which are based on performative constructions, are distinguished from the formal-grammatical point of view. They all have the same propositional meaning, which at the semantic-syntactic level of the sentence is implemented in the following obligatory syntaxemes: the subject (speaker), the predicate of volitional action, the recipient of volitional action or the potential subject of action, and the predicate of potential action. In specific communicative acts, the syntaxeme of the subject of volitional action is correlated with the recipient of speech, i.e., the speaker expressing the communicative intention of motivation, and the complex syntax of the recipient of volitional action-subject of potential action – with the recipient of speech, i.e., the interlocutor from whom the speaker expects on his volition. The core of directive speech acts is formed by sentences with verbs in the imperative mood (imperatives) and vocatives. The periphery is formed by indirect statements (including narrative, interrogative, conditional), the motivational modality of which is due to context or extra-lingual situation. Verbal predicates as the centre of directive speech acts, with the semantics of order, command, request, supplication, imploration, persuasion, invitation, permission, demand, coercion, appeal, instruction, direction, recommendation, suggestion, warning, precaution, advice, admonition, preaching, etc., are usually in a communicative position rheme with the actual articulation of statements.
Computational linguistics. Natural language processing, Semantics
The communication is about the Second European and North American Encyclopedia Conference, which took place on October 6–8, 2022 at the Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography (Zagreb, Croatia). The conference was attended by publishers of contemporary national encyclopedias from European and North American countries (Bulgaria, Croatia, Denmark, Georgia, Latvia, Lithuania, Montenegro, Norway, Slovakia, Sweden, and Ukraine). The communication outlines the main issues that were the focus of the discussion by participants as well as informs about main report thesis by speaker of the Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine.
[Повідомлення присвячено Другій європейській та північноамериканській конференції з енциклопедистики, що відбулася 6–8 жовтня 2022 року в Інституті лексикографії імені Мирослава Крлежі (Загреб, Хорватія). У ній взяли участь видавці сучасних національних енциклопедій країн Європи й Північної Америки (Болгарії, Хорватії, Данії, Грузії, Латвії, Литви, Чорногорії, Норвегії, Словаччини, Швеції та України). Окреслено основну проблематику, що була у фокусі обговорення серед учасників, та основні тези доповіді представників редакції ЕСУ. ]
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;" align="center"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Jameel Noori Nastaleeq";">Siraj uddin Ali Khan Arzoo was a leading Dehlvi poet and Linguist of 18th Century India. A large number of great poets like Abroo, Sauda, Dard, Mazmoon, Yakrang, Bahar and Mir Taqi Mir were his followers. Arzoo was also an early philologist of Urdu. His famous lexicon <em>'Nawadar ul Alfaz'</em> is considered a milestone in Urdu lexicography. In this article a rare manuscript of another of his lexicon <em>'Chiragh e Hidayet'</em> is introduced. It was published along with <em>'Ghiyas ul Lughaat'</em> in 19th Century. The importance and basic characteristics of these two Texts are also discussed.</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: "Jameel Noori Nastaleeq";" lang="AR-SA"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar, Computational linguistics. Natural language processing
This paper examines the centuries-long history of the castle Kamenica, situated above the identically named settlement in the Croatian Zagorje region, not far from Lepoglava. It was first mentioned in writing in 1311. It was built in the second half of the 13th century at the latest, by an unknown Zagorje noble, as a fortified residence and centre of the identically named estate. Between 1399 and 1405, Kamenica became the property of Herman II of Celje, whose descendants held it until 1456. Although no source directly mentions the fall of Kamenica, it likely happened during the war for the Celje succession, and the castle was first mentioned as a ruin in 1459, when King Matthias Corvinus donated it to John Vitovac. During the time it was under the Vitovacs (1459–88), Kamenica was permanently abandoned, and its holdings were combined with the neighbouring Trakošćan estate into the joint Trakošćan-Kamenica estate, which was formally seated in Trakošćan, but factually in the fortified manor Klenovnik. The existing, meagre architectural elements suggest Kamenica was a small castle (castrum) dating from the second half of the 13th century. It consisted of a trapezoidal core at the top of a steep, conical eminence, formed of a walled, fortified house with a smallish courtyard protected by a wooden palisade, and a fortified, circular suburb, raised around the core with a combination of wooden palisades and earthen ramparts.
During World War II, the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (CPY) tried to attract members of the pre-war Croatian Peasant Party (HSS) and thus expand the Partisan movement among the masses. They succeeded in part because the HSS Executive Board was formed in the liberated Partisan territory in 1943. After the end of the war, the Croatian Republican Peasant Party (HRSS), together with the CPY, participated in the elections as the United People's Liberation Front (JNOF) coalition. The CPY encouraged the establishment of HRSS branches. Thus, the party planned to achieve a good election result in areas that were not in its favour. The article will present the chronology of the party's organisational renewal in Dalmatia. No relevant sources on the number of renewed local party organisations have been published so far. Based on the information from newspaper reports, membership statistics of party branches in Dalmatia are presented. The programmatic autonomy of the party's Dalmatian branches, presented in the daily press through media appearances (interviews and speeches) of party leaders and official proclamations of the party's Executive Board in the period from 1945 to 1947, is explored. The degree of personnel and organisational dependence of the HRSS in Dalmatia on the CPY is also analysed. An analysis of the role of the HRSS within the Popular Front is conducted. The previously published literature on the HRSS and the archives of Slobodna Dalmacija, the then official gazette of the People's Front of Dalmatia, was used.
Enciklopedije se, kao pouzdani izvori znanja koje izrađuju stručnjaci predmetnoga područja i leksikografi, među drugim karakteristikama, diče i svojom pouzdanošću, točnošću i preciznošću. Prostorni prikaz enciklopedijskoga znanja na određeni se način već odavno koristi na geografskim i tematskim kartama, no digitalno doba donijelo je znatno proširene mogućnosti. Ipak, u nedostatku osustavljenoga modela obilježavanja i prikaza (geotagiranja) enciklopedijskoga znanja, rijetka djela u punoj mjeri rabe takav pristup. Stvaranje takva modela donosi i neke izazove. Imena lokacija (gradova, ulica, trgova i sl.) kroz vrijeme se mogu mijenjati, što je izazov u složenom pretraživanju ili prikazu na karti. U takvim se slučajevima traže rješenja svođenja na zajedničku oznaku, što je princip regularizacije (normalizacije) teksta. Istraživanje je potaknuto nastojanjem za unapređenjem mrežnoga izdanja Hrvatske tehničke enciklopedije Leksikografskoga zavoda Miroslav Krleža na Portalu hrvatske tehničke baštine. Autori analiziraju dosadašnju enciklopedijsku praksu bilježenja mjesnih imena koja su se kroz vrijeme mijenjala te razmatraju koji oblici bilježenja najbolje odgovaraju specifičnim, praktičnim zahtjevima digitalne enciklopedike. Takav bi način bilježenja i prikaza povećao upotrebljivost enciklopedija, jer bi se uz nastavak prakse prikaza informacija koje su precizne, korisnicima omogućilo olakšano pretraživanje i pregledavanje te prikaz znanja na karti.
This article deals with the notion of collocation graphs and lexical networks, which not only represent the visualization of the collocational relationship between linguistic units — these have been traditionally displayed in a tabular form with frequency distributions and association measure values — but also an important analytical method in its own right. We illustrate the use of collocation graphs and networks with two case studies as examples demonstrating the use of this technique in lexicography and discourse analysis. The examples are based on both English and Czech corpora, which we analysed using #LancsBox, a free tool which can build collocation graphs and networks on the fly.
Abdul Ghani Abimbula Abdus Salam, Tsalis Abdul Karim
علم الدلالة يهتم بدراسة معاني المفردات اللغوية، وله أهمية ٌقصوى في مجال صناعة المعاجم اللغوية والترجمة والتعريب، ودراسة الصوتيات وبنية الكلمات واشتقاقاتها، وكل ما هو من شأنه عناية بأساليب تراكيب اللغة البشرية، ودراية ما تكنه ألفاظها من أسرار دلالية، لمواكبة مستجدات الحضارة الإنسانية. وعليه تتقصى هذه المقالة خطوات سلفنا من العلماء والدارسين وجهودهم المبذولة تجاه علم الدلالة في التراث العربي النيجيري، لمعرفة قيمه اللغوية فيما بين الأصالة والحداثة. وذلك تأكيدا للجيل الناشئ من أن علمائنا اللغويين في هذا الوطن قد خلفوا لنا تراثا لغويا عربيا نيجيريا في علم الدلالة الأصيل.
The significance of linguistics concerns with lexicography, translation and arabization, including the study of Phonology, the structure of words and its derivatives. All of them minds the methods of human language structures enhancing tangible pace of development in human civilization. This article explores the steps taken by our scholars and their efforts towards the Semantics of the Arab-Nigerian heritage, in order to discover its linguistic values between originality and modernity. This is an affirmation to the younger generation that the linguists have left Arab-Arabic heritage in the original Semantics. This article tries to examine the presence of Semantics in the Arab-Nigerian heritage, between its old and modern concept through the efforts of Nigerian linguists in Semantics. It deals with the concept of significance in Arab heritage, and the presentation of Linguistics on the ancient Arabic and modern linguists, exploring the efforts of local scholars in the Semantics of Arab-Nigerian heritage.
Kazimierz Nitsch’s Dialectal Dictionary
The paper presents the profile of Kazimierz Nitsch on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of his death. Particular attention was given to Nitsch’s achievements in connection with modern dialectal lexicography.
This minireview provides an overview of the lexicographic situation in Denmark, introducing the most important dictionary works. The major historical dictionaries are mentioned but the main focus is on contemporary lexicography and the companies and institutions currently active in the field. In particular, it is noted whether dictionaries are digitally available and if they are subject to regular updating.
Consider two graphs G and H. Let Hk[G] be the lexicographic product of Hk and G, where Hk is the lexicographic product of the graph H by itself k times. In this paper, we determine the spectrum of Hk[G] and Hk when G and H are regular and the Laplacian spectrum of Hk[G] and Hk for G and H arbitrary. Particular emphasis is given to the least eigenvalue of the adjacency matrix in the case of lexicographic powers of regular graphs, and to the algebraic connectivity and the largest Laplacian eigenvalues in the case of lexicographic powers of arbitrary graphs. This approach allows the determination of the spectrum (in case of regular graphs) and Laplacian spectrum (for arbitrary graphs) of huge graphs. As an example, the spectrum of the lexicographic power of the Petersen graph with the googol number (that is, 10100 ) of vertices is determined. The paper finishes with the extension of some well known spectral and combinatorial invariant properties of graphs to its lexicographic powers.
The conceptual images of erotic relations in Spanish. Analysis of some linguistic aspects of The Turkish passion by Antonio Gala
In this paper we try to systematize the contemporary Spanish expressions related to the erotic relations. The corpus is based on the novel by Antonio Gala The Turkish Passion (orig. La pasión turca) which, thanks to its plot with higly erotic content, constitutes an important source of linguistic material for our investigation. The analysis we propose reflects the methodology developed by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson in their studies concerning the cognitive theory of metaphor. According to them, every concept consists of a source and a target domain and while expressing one idea we refer to another. Our analysis focuses on the reconstruction of the conceptual domains by means of which the Spanish writer describes the erotic relations. Although the book does not include all the erotic vocabulary and expressions which exist in contemporary Spanish, it enables us to observe some regularities in the use of metaphors in Spanish and reveal some sociocultural phenomena encoded in the linguistic material.
Computational linguistics. Natural language processing, Semantics
Digital Corpora and their Applications in Semantic Studies and Lexicography
The paper describes the first Bulgarian-Polish digital resources — parallel and comparable corpora, and their applications in the semantic studies and lexicography for creation of Bulgarian-Polish digital dictionary, a significant part of these bilingual resources. Some examples show how valuable the links between the bilingual aligned corpus and the digital dictionary are. The first Bulgarian-Polish digital resources are the main result of collaborative work between the Institute of Mathematics and Informatics of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (IMI-BAS) and the Institute of Slavic Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences (ISS-PAS), established for the first time in 2006.
Computational linguistics. Natural language processing, Semantics
The exponents of the category of definiteness / indefiniteness and a certain type of expressive expressions in Bulgarian and Polish
The paper focuses on the functions of the pronoun exponents of the semantic category of definiteness / indefiniteness in Bulgarian examples of the following type: Свършихме я. Тънко я преда. Свърши се вашата, etc. Their reference to sentences such as Свършихме я тази работа. allows interpreting the function of the phrase as thematic. This type of sentences was confronted with examples such as Тя му я изтърси една… И ти ми ги говориш едни… The features of intonation and the semantic features of the double object phrase indicate its rhematic nature. Specific formal traits of such sentences, including the usage of the exponents of the category of definiteness / indefiniteness, are related with their expressive markedness.
Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology, Slavic languages. Baltic languages. Albanian languages
Lexicographic Linear Goal programming within a pre-emptive priority structure has been one of the most widely used techniques considered in solving multiple objective problems. In the past several years, the modified simplex algorithm has been shown to be widely used and very accurate in computational formulation. Orumie and Ebong recently developed a generalized linear goal programming algorithm that is efficient. A new approach for solving lexicographic linear Goal programming problem is developed, together with an illustrative example. The method is efficient in reaching solution. Keywords: Lexicographic Goal programming, multi objective, simplex method.