Hasil untuk "History of Poland"

Urte Klink, Edith J. M. Feskens, Desiree A. Lucassen et al.

Abstract Background Night shift workers are more likely to exhibit unfavorable dietary behaviors than day workers. However, these differences remain insufficiently explored within the European workforce. This study aims to examine differences in dietary behaviors (food intake frequency, eating frequency) by night shift exposure (history, frequency, duration) to investigate eating frequency, meal timing, and food choice determinants during night shifts, and to explore gender differences across Europe. Methods Data were collected via an online survey (May 2024-January 2025) in eight countries (Austria, Germany, Denmark, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain). Participants self-reported sociodemographics, occupational sector, current work schedules, shift work history, lifestyle characteristics, and dietary behaviors. A shortened Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) assessed dietary intake, alongside questions on eating rate and frequency on work and non-work-days. Current night shift workers additionally reported eating frequency, timing, and food choice determinants during night shifts. Analyses compared dietary behaviors by night shift exposure (current, former, vs. day worker). Among current night shift workers, associations with night shift frequency (nights/month) and duration (years) were examined. Secondary analyses were stratified by gender. Results A total of 6,260 individuals were included (mean age 40.7, SD 10.7; 50.5% female). Overall, 60.4% were current night shift workers, 19.6% former night shift workers, and 20% day workers. Compared to day workers, current night shift workers reported significantly faster eating rates (OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.06–1.37), more frequent intake of sugar-sweetened (OR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.14–1.48) and caffeinated beverages (OR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.01–1.30), and lower fruit intake (OR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.77–0.98). Higher monthly night shift load and longer duration of night work were associated with less favorable dietary patterns. Most current night shift workers reported one to two eating occasions per night, typically at the beginning or middle of their shift. Food choices were primarily driven by appetite, time, and food availability. Gender differences were observed only in food choice determinants. Conclusions Night shift and day workers in Europe showed differences in dietary behaviors, particularly in sugar-sweetened beverage intake and eating rate. These findings highlight the need for targeted interventions to promote healthy eating among shift working populations.

Konrad Słowiński

Celem artykułu jest omówienie jednej z kategorii dokumentów wytworzonych przez SB, którą były kwestionariusze ewidencyjne stanowiące spuściznę po Komendzie Wojewódzkiej Milicji Obywatelskiej w Radomiu i jej jednostkach terenowych, przekształconej w 1983 r. w Wojewódzki Urząd Spraw Wewnętrznych. Dokładne zilustrowanie tego problemu wymagało na wstępie ukazania struktury miejscowej Służby Bezpieczeństwa w tamtym okresie i jej wydziałów w KW MO/ WUSW, w których powstawały KE. Następnie uwagę skupiono na przedstawieniu najważniejszych przepisów regulujących ich stosowanie oraz opisano kategorie osób, którym powinno się je zakładać. Dzięki temu możliwe stało się dokładniejsze zobrazowanie podstaw, w oparciu o które dochodziło do założenia kwestionariusza ewidencyjnego oraz ukazanie, jak ten proces wyglądał. W dalszej części pracy dokonano charakterystyki KE pod względem ich treści. Na końcu pracy szczegółowo objaśniono okoliczności, w jakich dochodziło do zakończenia prowadzenia kwestionariusza.

Monika Szczot

This article aims to analyse three Polish treatises on philology and to reconstruct the worldview of their authors on the scientific, didactic and social role of the discipline. They were written and published between 1814 and 1915; the authors were professors and members of scientific societies. The work O filologii czyli nauce starożytności klasycznej [On Philology or the Science of Classical Antiquity] by Jan Samuel Kaulfuss was written for teaching purposes. The synthetic and academically inspiring lecture by Jan Bołoz Antoniewicz Historia, filologia i historia sztuki [History, Philology and Art History] describes modern philology against the background of other sciences such as history, art history and philosophy. In turn, Filologia, jej zakres i zadania [Philology, Its Scope and Tasks], by Karol Appel is an apotheosis of philology; the author appreciates its importance for tradition and its cognitive value in the area of cultural memory, and predicts its long life in schools and universities. The philological way of writing the history of philology proposed in the present article makes it possible to show the richness and diversity of Polish scientific thought. The works under discussion clearly show the links with Western thought, but also the specificity resulting from the special situation of Poland under the partitions. The scientific issues contained in these works enrich our knowledge about the past of philology in various aspects: historical, scientific, social and didactic.

Mária Herczog

Reforms of the child protection systems, provision of family- and community-based alternative care has been developed to a certain level in all countries in Central and Eastern Europe and has increased the role of care provided by foster families replacing institutions to ensure that the best interests principle is taken into consideration when children are separated from their families. The research describes the foster care system in the so-called Visegrád countries: the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia, and the results based on at least 50 interviews in each country conducted by local experts on subjective well-being of foster parents, their perceptions about their roles and place in their respective countries and their needs. The article includes the legal framework, recruitment, preparation and support to foster families, their subjective well-being and needs in the four countries, including the history of their child protection systems to better understand the current situation. The outcomes show differences in approach to foster care, the perception on the roles, responsibilities and needs based on the different traditions, earlier and current policies and practices. Understanding the attitude changes related to the rights of children, those in vulnerable situations, and to their families of origin would be essential to further develop and improve the child welfare and protection systems, and listening to children on their perceptions and the realisation of their rights.

Anna Niedźwiedź

In recent years, studies dedicated to relations between “religion” and “heritage” have apparently shifted from questions concerned with the dichotomy and tensions between these two domains (see Meyer and de Witte 2013) towards a scrutinization of their complex entanglements and not so clear cut boundaries (see e [...]

Katarzyna Lukas

The article attempts to reconstruct the translator biography of Heinrich Nitschmann (1826– 1905) and explain the role he played in Polish-German literary contacts. Nitschmann made German readers familiar with Polish literature firstly through his translations of Polish poetry, and secondly through his popular compendium “History of Polish Literature,” aimed at the German Bildungsbürgertum. Although his translations are not outstanding in quality, they suited the literary tastes of the era and contributed to shaping the German discourse on Poland in the second half of the 19th century. The article traces Nitschmann’s linguistic biography and topobiography, characterizes and situates his translation work against the background of his other activities as a writer, publicist and composer; it attempts to reconstruct his aesthetics and worldview, his translation poetics and self-awareness as a translator. Nitschmann’s modus operandi in his network of literary contacts is shown, exemplified by his relationships with the Danzig publisher Karl Theodor Bertling and with the Lemberg-based Germanist Albert Zipper.

Paweł Machcewicz

There are not many other cases when one single book about history, written by an academic, not only provoked a massive and stormy nationwide debate involving mass media, political leaders and bishops, but also unleashed processes that strongly influenced the self-perceptions of a nation, opening the way for ground-breaking new historical research and, at the same time, for political responses which had a tangible impact on the direction in which the whole country moved. It was all achieved by a not very long historical essay (around 100 pages in Polish, 170 pages in the subsequent English-language edition, excluding photographs, maps, indexes) by Jan Tomasz Gross.1 Its subject was the massacre of almost all Jews (the number is still debatable: between several hundred to 1,600 – the latter number claimed by Gross) living in the small town of Jedwabne in German-occupied Poland, committed by their Polish neighbours in July 1941. After its Polish debut, the book was translated into thirteen languages.

Mariola Borowska, Urszula Religioni, A. Augustynowicz

Introduction: Patient opinion surveys have become a widely used method for assessing key aspects of the functioning of medical facilities and, thus, of the functioning of the entire health care system. They are a prerequisite for developing patient-centered care and an essential component of quality improvement programs. In many countries, including Poland, patient opinion surveys are written into the accreditation standards of medical institutions. Patient’s readiness to recommend a hospital is a recognized indicator of the quality of patient-centered care. In a report on strategies for improving the quality of health care in Europe published in 2019 by WHO and the OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development), patient’s readiness to recommend a hospital was cited as one of the basic indicators of ‘patient centeredness’ along with patient satisfaction. Therefore, as well consideration of the quality of medical care, a patient recommendation index was also used in the study presented in this paper. The index was based on the answers to questions about the patient’s readiness to recommend a hospital ward to family and friends. Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate patients’ opinions on the quality of services in particular hospital wards. A patient opinion survey can be used to improve the quality of services and monitor the effects of health-related activities, identify areas that need improvement, motivate medical staff and prevent their burnout, build a trusting relationship with patients, and compare the quality of health care in various facilities. Material and methods: The study was carried out in March 2022. The patient opinion survey was conducted using the CAWI (Computer-Assisted Web Interview). The sample selection was purposive. The respondents were patients with a history of hospitalization. The sample selection used an algorithm for the random selection of patients who met the criteria for the sample. The inclusion criterion was hospitalization in the 12 months prior to the study. A standardized questionnaire was used that was aimed at the assessment of the quality of medical care and the patient’s rights to information. Additionally, the survey contained questions about the demographic characteristics of the respondents. Results: A total of 38% of patients with a history of hospitalization expressed criticisms. The majority of statistically significant differences were observed when differentiating respondents according to age. Elderly persons significantly more often declared having been treated with respect and interest. They also rated more highly the meals served in the hospital, effective pain treatment, and respect for the patient’s dignity and intimacy during diagnosis and treatment. Younger persons assessed all these aspects of hospitalization less favorably. Conclusions: Variables including age and the level of income had a statistically significant influence on the opinion of the respondents. Elderly persons assessed most aspects of the quality of care in a hospital ward more favorably. There were a similar number of “promoters” (36%) and “detractors” (38%) of the quality of hospital services. Detractors mainly pointed to long waiting times for hospital admission, the poor quality of medical and nursing care, and unappealing meals. The promoters emphasized the high quality of medical and nursing care and the favorable conditions of the accommodation. Regular patient satisfaction surveys are helpful in identifying areas in which the functioning of a medical entity requires changes.

Natalia Jarska, Agata Ignaciuk

This paper explores fertility management practices in state-socialist Poland and investigates post-war demographic change through the lenses of gender and modernization. Using personal narratives from oral histories and memoirs, we examine reproductive decision-making processes from the 1940s to the 1980s, focusing on motivations, norms, and the means employed to achieve desired family size. Our analysis reveals the ambiguous nature of both modernization and women's emancipation in regard to reproduction. We argue that acceptance of the two-child model and the need to effectively manage fertility increased in Poland through the second half of the twentieth century, but was highly dependent on levels of spousal communication and equality. Personal narratives demonstrate how social pressure shaped women's reproductive choices, and how at times these choices were considerably limited by male violence and domination. As our analysis shows, gender relations in marriage and the modernization of fertility management in state-socialist Poland were deeply interrelated.

Kamil Anduła

This article is an attempt to examine the Communist-era historiography of the Battle of Lenino by introducing the context of the fighting in Belarus in 1943. The operational and strategic analysis of the tasks of the Western Front and the forces serving there shows the scale of Soviet operations in the autumn of 1943, and the size of the defeats they suffered. One of the battles conducted at the turn of 1944 in the Belarusian direction was the second Orsha operation of October 12–18, 1943. Due to mistakes made at the planning stage, the offensive towards Orsha turned into a bloody battle that took place in the area between the towns of Lenino and Bayevo. Throughout the existence of the USSR, Soviet historiography diminished the importance of the fighting in Belarus in 1943 and avoided research into this operation. The military historians of the Polish People’s Republic were in a different situation; they had a keen interest in the Battle of Lenino because of its propaganda importance. In all the academic publications from the period of the Polish People’s Republic, military historians presented only the first two days of the battle of the 1st Infantry Division at Lenino, avoiding any descriptions of the broader background of the operation, even though they had access to German military sources. The reason was the political dependence of the Polish People’s Republic and the Polish People’s Army to the USSR, which made any criticism of the Red Army impossible. As a result, the battle of Lenino was mythologised: it was presented as a success for the soldiers of the 1st Infantry Division.

Marta Gellert, Ferran Palero, Ferran Palero et al.

Typhlotanaidae Sieg, 1984, is one of the most diverse Tanaidacea families from deep-sea waters. Its diversity is underestimated, and evolutionary relationships within the family remain mostly unknown. Deep-sea typhlotanaids collected from 23 sites across the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench and nearby waters were studied using an integrative taxonomy approach, combining morphological and genetic data (i.e., the mitochondrial subunit I of the cytochrome oxidase (COI) and the 18S rDNA nuclear gene). One new species of Typhlamia and two new species belonging to two new genera are described, significantly increasing the known diversity of typhlotanaids from the NW Pacific. The molecular phylogeny obtained, despite being preliminary results, was congruent with morphological data and supports the monophyly of different groups such as the ‘short-bodied’ forms (represented by Ty. cornutus and Ty. eximius) or the ‘collar’ forms (e.g., Ty. variabilis and Torquella). Molecular data confirm the non-monophyly of Typhlotanais species. Finally, the new typhlotanaid taxa seem to have distinct bathymetric distribution and ecological requirements, but further data on environmental factors and species abundances are still needed.

Anna Chomczyk

Redefinition of Indianness by the New Age Movement The term New Age movement defines a heterogeneous, non-religious Western spiritual movement that emerged in the second part of the 20th century. It combines Euro-American spiritual heritage, widely understood Eastern philosophy, numerous native traditions, infusing this hybrid with elements of psychology, healthy lifestyle, as well as quantum physics. Because New Age spirituality is practiced occasionally at commercially held workshops, those kinds of seminars have soon become a lucrative business for educators and coordinators involved. The objective of the article is to follow the general history of New Age in the context of Native Americans, provide its characteristics, and investigate the “Native American” threads within the New Age movement both in the United States and in Poland. The author focuses on the ethical aspects of commercial exploitation of Native American heritage, examines Native Americans’ stand on misappropriation of their spiritual legacy for commercial purposes, as well as actions they take in order to restrict this practice.

Tymoteusz Król, Maciej Mętrak, Andrzej Żak

This paper, the second part of a comprehensive Vilamovian bibliography, contains a list of 89 publications (1945–2000 and 2020–2022) concerning the history, culture and language of Wilamowice, a small town in the south of Poland, populated by descendants of medieval colonists of Germanic origin. The town is well known for its unusual folk costume and the critically endangered minority language known as Wymysorys. Although the bibliography mainly covers academic works (monographs, book chapters and journal articles) and popular science publications, it also includes a section listing literary works published in Wymysorys. Each entry provides bibliographic information, keywords and a brief description of the publication. Additionally, links to online versions of the works are provided where possible.

J. Mączyńska, M. Krzywonos, A. Kupczyk et al.

Abstract The objective of this paper was to compare the markets and methods of production of ethanol to be used in transport in Poland and Brazil. Differences in terminology associated with its use for transport purposes in both countries have been discussed, as well as the market-related aspects of such use, comparing, among other things, the scale of production and use in years 2010–2016 and presenting the results of research on attractiveness (value) of the market of transport biofuels (especially bioethanol) in Poland, which were compared to the perspectives of market development in Brazil. In Brazil, the share of renewable energy in total energy consumption is at the level of 42%, making it a world leader in use of energy from RES (renewable energy sources). 18% of the energy used is sugarcane bioenergy (bioethanol). At present, most of this production is being consumed by the domestic market, where ethyl alcohol is being sold as a pure ethanol fuel or mixed with gasoline. In Poland, the share of energy from renewable sources in end use of energy is 11.8%, and energy from liquid biofuels, including bioethanol, constitutes only 10.8% of this value. Although addition of bioethanol to gasoline available on the Polish market is acceptable, vehicles fueled with pure ethanol (like in Brazil) are not popular in Poland. The quantitative data presented indicates that the market of bioethanol in Poland, in relation to the Brazilian market of ethanol fuel, is very small. Production of this biofuel in Poland in year 2016 was almost 26 billion liters lower in comparison with Brazil. In 2007 the conventional biofuel sectors in Poland were considered to be relatively attractive components of the economy. In the case of methyl esters, the value of their production sector achieved the level of almost 68%, and of ethanol – almost 62%. The current results of research on the value of biofuel sectors in Poland are not encouraging in terms of investing in biofuels of this generation (conventional biofuels). Brazil has the longest history of success in terms of biofuels, in particular, bioethanol, however without a favorable taxation system, bioethanol is still more expensive than gasoline. According to forecasts, biodiesel production and consumption in Brazil are evolving in a linear manner, mainly due to the growing demand for fuel and the associated growth in the fleet of Brazilian vehicles and the perspective of increase of the biodiesel/diesel oil mix in the coming years.

T. Michalski, M. Brosz, Joanna Stępień et al.

The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, immigrant status and being a member of the LGBT+ community are all independent factors associated with increased stress levels. Few studies provide more complex analysis on this issue, and there has been no research on the cumulative burden of perceived stress that people belonging to both minorities experience in the current epidemiological situation. The aim of this study was to assess the ability to deal with an external situation during the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland in the following groups with different stress levels (total sample n = 370): Polish heterosexual men (n = 202), heterosexual men from Ukraine (n = 131) and homo- and bisexual men (men who have sex with men—MSM) from Ukraine (n = 37). A Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) was used. The analysis of the survey did not show statistically significant differences between the three study groups in the general level of perceived stress (24.71, 24.77 and 26.49 points, respectively, p = 0.551), but it revealed numerous differences in coping with various aspects of everyday functioning between these groups. Negative assessment of one’s own health proved to be the main factor negatively affecting the level of perceived stress, however specific health risks, medical history or the participants’ previous experience have not been taken into account in the study. Our research shows differences in the needs, resources and methods of coping with stress between men who are Polish citizens and migrants from Ukraine, both heterosexual and belonging to the MSM group. Proper identification and addressing of these needs, taking into account different availability of health services, could be the responsibility of NGOs or insurance providers. This should result in the reduction of mental health burdens and the risk of developing serious mental disorders, and consequently in better functioning of persons belonging to minorities and in a reduced burden on the health care system.

Bolaji Balogun

Whilst scholarship has sought to consider migration in Poland, there has been a lack of engagement with the ways in which race and racism interact with migration. In this article, I map the figures in the Polish imaginary of European, and examine whether Poland has different, if related, histories of racial thinking. I ask how such histories have been conceived, shaped and mediated. To examine this, I focus on the lived experiences of sub-Saharan African immigrants and children of immigrants (Black/mixed-race) who are often portrayed as non-Europeans and seen by some as ‘not quite Polish’. In doing so, this article provides an insight into the racial contours of Polish self-conception. I call this logic ‘Polish-centrism’ – a focus on some aspects of Polish culture to the exclusion of a wider view of the world. It is within this logic that I examine what it means to be Black and Polish in Poland.

Poltavets Sergii

The paper presents the research of an information part of the hybrid war the Russian Federation wages against East European countries, namely, Poland, and prove that memory wars as a component of information war becomes of not lesser importance than direct war actions. The importance of media resources in counteracting information aggression of the Russian Federation is proved. The experience of Poland in the field of fighting against Russia policy aimed at making distorted reality, is analyzed. It is proved that Polish analysts, researchers and scholars to confront fake news and outright misinformation which the Russian Federation run as a part of memory wars against Poland, have to act within education and research initiatives. The process of teaching people some information hygiene never stops and it gets urgent for East and Central Europe countries in terms of hybrid counteracting the Russian Federation. Significant increasing of information flows and information one gets became the reasons for every person and every analytical department to separate information space permanently, because today total amount of information is many times greater than reliable one, proved with facts, researches etc. It is in the part of information space that concerns humanities, where semitruth, or even outright lie are the most easily produced. Information aggression of the Russian Federation is analyzed, and ways and approaches used by Poland to protect its own media space against Russian intrusion, are examined. The Russian Federation attempts to fill information space and Polish society with new stereotypes to provoke most favorable for Russia discussion trends on many issues of political history, are evaluated.

Artemenkova Ksenia Pavlovna

The article deals with the image of the Empress Elizabeth Petrovna formed in the British historical essays about Russia of the last third of the 18th century: “Travels in Poland, Russia, Sweden and Denmark” (1784) by William Coxe and “History of Russia” (1800) by William Tooke. The author of the article comes to the conclusion these essays marked the beginning of the negative image of Elizabeth Petrovna in the British Rossica of the late 18th and 19th centuries. Coxe`s historical work fixed the controversial image of Her royal Majesty in the literature for a long time. On the one hand, she was presented as both promiscuous and religious empress; on the other hand, as a far from humane and merciful monarch, as Elizabeth allowed the operation of a cruel and unjust punitive machine, which applied cruel tortures and exiles to her subjects in her country.

Kasia Narkowicz

The Polish response to the crisis that escalated across Europe in 2015, banning refugees from crossing its borders, has been one of the least welcoming in Europe. Poland has been reprimanded by the EU for its lack of solidarity with other countries that accepted refugees. The government’s response was that it does indeed welcome refugees as long as they are not Muslims, since letting Muslim refugees in would be a security risk. The figure of the Muslim terrorist posing as a refugee has become a key trope through which xenophobic nationalist politics have been employed. In this sense, Poland can be seen to be drawing particular inspiration from the Eurosceptic politics of Orbán’s Hungary while also reflecting a broader European trend towards Islamophobia in countries such as France, Germany, Sweden or the UK. This article maps responses to refugees from key public actors. It focuses on how three key players in the Polish public sphere—the Catholic Church, the State and civil society actors—responded to the looming perspective of welcoming refugees to Poland. The paper argues that the Polish response to the so-called refugee crisis should be analysed as subtext to a broader political change in the country towards nationalism that has as its goal to push out all foreign ‘invasion’. Mobilised within this are new and old manifestations of racism, suggesting that Poland’s long history of racial Othering and exclusion has not been sufficiently accounted for.

K. Kubiak, J. Dziekońska-Rynko, H. Szymańska et al.

Green areas located within large cities, as natural ecotypes, are a convenient habitat for ticks and their use as recreational areas is associated with the potential risk of acquiring tick-borne diseases. This study estimated the I. ricinus tick density, prevalence of infection with Borrelia species and the diversity of these bacteria in a green urban area (Olsztyn) of north-eastern Poland, an endemic region of tick-borne diseases. The ticks were collected during spring and autumn of 2015, at sites differing in the degree of human pressure and habitat. Borrelia species detection, typing and a molecular phylogenetic analysis were carried out based on the sequenced flaB gene. The overall mean abundance of I. ricinus was 2.0 ± 1.55 ticks per 100 m2. The density of I. ricinus did not vary significantly between sites. According to semi-qualitative tick abundance categories, the collection sites were classified as ‘very low’ and ‘low’ tick abundance category. The overall infection rate of I. ricinus with Borrelia spirochaetes was 27.4%. The infection rate of adult ticks (42.0%) was three times higher than with nymphs (14.3%). Based on the restriction patterns and sequencing, B. afzelii (93.1%; 27/29), B. valaisiana 3.5% (1/29) and B. miyamotoi (3.5%; 1/29), related to the relapsing fever (RF) spirochaetes, were detected. No co-infections were found. Borrelia miyamotoi, detected for the first time in ticks in the north-eastern urban areas of Poland, was identical to isolates described as European-type. The Borrelia spirochaete infection rate of I. ricinus ticks in an urban area indicated a high risk of LB. Physicians should also be aware of B. miyamotoi infections among patients with a history of tick-bites in north-eastern Poland.