Hasil untuk "History of Great Britain"

Briefly Noted

Asier Altuna-García de Salazar

This article analyses the representation of new realities faced by individuals and communities in post-Celtic Tiger Ireland in Donal Ryan’s novel, Heart, Be at Peace (2024). It draws upon approaches to moral economy and relational ethics, and examines the use of animal metaphors and comparisons for this portrayal. Set ten years after the financial crisis of 2008, Donal Ryan’s novel depicts individuals who adapt their lives to new ways because the neoliberal, ultra-capitalist Celtic Tiger failed to deliver on many of its promises. The article provides a comprehensive analysis of most characters of the novel and how they are compared to animals. This enables the examination of the various discourses of relational ethics exchange and moral economy within the Irish rural community represented in the novel. Ultimately, this article contends that Donal Ryan’s Heart, Be at Peace represents how socio-economic issues from the past are replaced by new ones and how the novel conveys the idea that unlearned lessons from a recent past result in the repetition of mistakes and harmful patterns in contemporary Ireland.

Serin Kim, Sangam Lee, Dongha Lee

Large language models have advanced web agents, yet current agents lack personalization capabilities. Since users rarely specify every detail of their intent, practical web agents must be able to interpret ambiguous queries by inferring user preferences and contexts. To address this challenge, we present Persona2Web, the first benchmark for evaluating personalized web agents on the real open web, built upon the clarify-to-personalize principle, which requires agents to resolve ambiguity based on user history rather than relying on explicit instructions. Persona2Web consists of: (1) user histories that reveal preferences implicitly over long time spans, (2) ambiguous queries that require agents to infer implicit user preferences, and (3) a reasoning-aware evaluation framework that enables fine-grained assessment of personalization. We conduct extensive experiments across various agent architectures, backbone models, history access schemes, and queries with varying ambiguity levels, revealing key challenges in personalized web agent behavior. For reproducibility, our codes and datasets are publicly available at https://anonymous.4open.science/r/Persona2Web-73E8.

KaiWen Wei, Kejun He, Xiaomian Kang et al.

Generative recommendation, which directly generates item identifiers, has emerged as a promising paradigm for recommendation systems. However, its potential is fundamentally constrained by the reliance on purely autoregressive training. This approach focuses solely on predicting the next item while ignoring the rich internal structure of a user's interaction history, thus failing to grasp the underlying intent. To address this limitation, we propose Masked History Learning (MHL), a novel training framework that shifts the objective from simple next-step prediction to deep comprehension of history. MHL augments the standard autoregressive objective with an auxiliary task of reconstructing masked historical items, compelling the model to understand ``why'' an item path is formed from the user's past behaviors, rather than just ``what'' item comes next. We introduce two key contributions to enhance this framework: (1) an entropy-guided masking policy that intelligently targets the most informative historical items for reconstruction, and (2) a curriculum learning scheduler that progressively transitions from history reconstruction to future prediction. Experiments on three public datasets show that our method significantly outperforms state-of-the-art generative models, highlighting that a comprehensive understanding of the past is crucial for accurately predicting a user's future path. The code will be released to the public.

Christoph Draxler, Henk van den Heuvel, Arjan van Hessen et al.

Oral history is about oral sources of witnesses and commentors on historical events. Speech technology is an important instrument to process such recordings in order to obtain transcription and further enhancements to structure the oral account In this contribution we address the transcription portal and the webservices associated with speech processing at BAS, speech solutions developed at LINDAT, how to do it yourself with Whisper, remaining challenges, and future developments.

Seong Jin Kim, Tomotsugu Goto, Chih-Teng Ling et al.

With the advent of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), extra-galactic source count studies were conducted down to sub-microJy in the mid-infrared (MIR), which is several tens of times fainter than what the previous-generation infrared (IR) telescopes achieved in the MIR. In this work, we aim to interpret the JWST source counts and constrain cosmic star-formation history (CSFH) and black hole accretion history (BHAH). We employ the backward evolution of local luminosity functions (LLFs) of galaxies to reproduce the observed source counts from sub-microJy to a few tens of mJy in the MIR bands of the JWST. The shapes of the LLFs at the MIR bands are determined using the model templates of the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) for five representative galaxy types (star-forming galaxies, starbursts, composite, AGN type 2 and 1). By simultaneously fitting our model to all the source counts in the six MIR bands, along with the previous results, we determine the best-fit evolutions of MIR LFs for each of the five galaxy types, and subsequently estimate the CSFH and BHAH. Thanks to the JWST, our estimates are based on several tens of times fainter MIR sources, the existence of which was merely an extrapolation in previous studies.

R. Wu, Pei-pei Wang, Shiou-Fu Lin et al.

The clonal relationship between ovarian high‐grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) and its presumed precursor lesion, serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (STIC), has been reported. However, when analyzing patients with concurrent ovarian carcinoma and tubal lesion, the extensive carcinoma tissues present at diagnosis may have effaced the natural habitat of precursor clone(s), obscuring tumor clonal evolutionary history, or may have disseminated to anatomically adjacent fimbriae ends, masquerading as precursor lesions. To circumvent these limitations, we analyzed the genomic landscape of incidental tubal precursor lesions including p53 signature, dormant STIC or serous tubal intraepithelial lesion (STIL) and proliferative STIC in women without ovarian carcinoma or any cancer diagnosis using whole‐exome sequencing and amplicon sequencing. In three of the four cancer‐free women with multiple discrete tubal lesions we observed non‐identical TP53 mutations between precursor lesions from the same individual. In one of the four women with co‐existing ovarian HGSC and tubal precursor lesion we found non‐identical TP53 mutations and a lack of common mutations shared between her precursor lesion and carcinoma. Analyzing the evolutionary history of multiple tubal lesions in the same four patients with concurrent ovarian carcinoma indicated distinct evolution trajectories. Collectively, the results support diverse clonal origins of tubal precursor lesions at the very early stages of tumorigenesis. Mathematical modeling based on lesion‐specific proliferation rates indicated that p53 signature and dormant STIC may take a prolonged time (two decades or more) to develop into STIC, whereas STIC may progress to carcinoma in a much shorter time (6 years). The above findings may have implications for future research aimed at prevention and early detection of ovarian cancer. Copyright © 2019 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.

Aditya Prakash, K. S. Thejaswini

We consider the model of history-deterministic one-counter nets (OCNs). History-determinism is a property of transition systems that allows for a limited kind of non-determinism which can be resolved 'on-the-fly'. Token games, which have been used to characterise history-determinism over various models, also characterise history-determinism over OCNs. By reducing 1-token games to simulation games, we are able to show that checking for history-determinism of OCNs is decidable. Moreover, we prove that this problem is PSPACE-complete for a unary encoding of transitions, and EXPSPACE-complete for a binary encoding. We then study the language properties of history-deterministic OCNs. We show that the resolvers of non-determinism for history-deterministic OCNs are eventually periodic. As a consequence, for a given history-deterministic OCN, we construct a language equivalent deterministic one-counter automaton. We also show the decidability of comparing languages of history-deterministic OCNs, such as language inclusion and language universality.

Aldo Ferrari

Luigi Villari’s book Fire and Sword in the Caucasus, published in London in 1906, is widely quoted by scholars working on the history of Transcaucasia, in particular in respect to the Armenian-Tatar war. Yet neither this text nor its author have been so far studied in detail. The Italian Luigi Villari (1876-1959) is a figure of considerable interest; he was a diplomat, traveler, and journalist. His father, Pasquale Villari (1827-1917), was an accomplished historian and politician who played an important role in nineteenth-century Italy; Villari’s mother was the British writer Linda White (1836-1915). It is remarkable that the author wrote a book an English at a time when this was not a popular language in Italy. He wrote extensively both in English and Italian about different topics, mainly related to history and international politics. It has been shown that, after the First World War, Villari joined Fascism and contributed actively to the regime’s propaganda in Great Britain. The present paper examines Luigi Villari’s book on the Caucasus, especially the author’s attitude towards the Armenians. I shall demonstrate that in his work, he handles negative stereotypes of the Armenians (“one of the most unpopular races of the East”), which were common in the Russian empire at the beginning of the twentieth century, in a rather interesting way.

Eriks Varpahovskis

The relevance of this study derives from the limited understanding of the mechanisms of public diplomacy that are activated when scholarship programs for international students are conducted by East Asian countries, particularly South Korea. Moreover, the relevance of the topic is also determined by the scarcity of research on the role of knowledge in public diplomacy mechanisms. The author of this article analyzes South Koreas international student exchange scholarship program, the KOICA Scholarship Program. This case study analyzes the contents of official documents adopted by the Government of the Republic of Korea, documents and materials published by subordinate organizations that administer scholarship programs for international students, as well as scholarly papers on the topic of knowledge diplomacy and related topics. The novelty element is that the concept of knowledge diplomacy, which is gaining popularity worldwide almost has not been used in the Russophone academia, and the studies on South Korean exchange programs as public diplomacy instruments are also poorly represented. The analysis of official documents has shown that the concept of knowledge in the official Korean interpretation differs from the existing academic interpretations accepted in the West (e.g., Great Britain, the United States). Also, the analysis of the scholarship program showed that it only partly complies with the knowledge diplomacy goals assigned by the Government. In particular, through this scholarship Korea successfully transmits knowledge about Korean history and culture, as well as professional knowledge, while the field of knowledge exchange in the program remains unattained. The author concludes with several practical recommendations on how to improve the effectiveness of the scholarship program as a tool for knowledge diplomacy.

Issue information for Jewish Historical Studies: Transactions of the Jewish Historical Society of England, Volume 51 Issue 1.

C. Mcevedy, Richard Jones, G. Howe

in England, and his book will become a classic of its kind. Moreover, he indicates that material for similar studies is available, and it is to be hoped that others will continue this area of research. Meantime, both general and medical historians, as well as social and economic historians, and historical demographers, will wish to examine Dr. Gottfried's work closely. [no price stated]. Plague disappeared from the British Isles in the seventeenth century, but its appearance as close as Marseilles in 1720, and its constant presence in Asia throughout the eighteenth century, guaranteed British interest in the disease. The present volume is a facsimile reprint of a vivid, first-hand description of a devastating epidemic which occurred in Moscow in 1771. The author, a Belgian physician named Charles de Mertens (1737-1788), originally published his account in Latin in 1778, but translations into several European languages during the succeeding twenty years attest to the continued topicality of plague in Western Europe. The English version was first published in 1799. Mertens' English translator abridged the work somewhat, though retaining Mertens' account of the civic and medical measures taken to combat the Russian epidemic, and many of Mertens' shrewd observations on the treatment and prevention of plague. Mertens placed great stock in cleanliness, particularly in frequent sponging with vinegar and water. He was convinced that plague hospitals were the most effective way to contain the spread of the disease, and he decried the practice of quarantining both sick and well members of a family together. In addition to Mertens' text, this edition contains an excellent, fully-documented introduction by Professor John Alexander of the University of Kansas. Alexander describes the original British response to the Russian plague epidemic of 1770-72 and places Mertens' little book in its historical setting. (paperback). The authors aim to provide figures for the population of each country at regular intervals through historical time. There are six parts: Europe, Asia, Africa, the Americas, Oceania, and a global overview. Each of the first five sections has a general review, and then its countries are taken in turn, with a general account of demographic progress illustrated with graphs and maps, a discussion of primary sources for population data, and a bibliography. As can be imagined, this is a remarkably useful and accurate work of reference, and it will continue to be so for some time. It is also cheap, and will deservedly find …

David Clark

Redefinitions of the origins of crime fiction have led to a renewed interest in earlier texts which do not follow the objective and empirical methods favoured by the standard Poe/Holmes canon of crime writing. As well as pre-modern enigma tales, early modern rogue narratives also provide an interesting field with which to reappraise the origins of the genre. Irish writing has a rich history of “rogue” narratives which, borrowing heavily from the Iberian picaresque tradition but adapting this to the particular circumstances of Ireland, provides a fascinating glimpse into the origins of Irish crime writing. Richard Head’s The English Rogue (1665) is of enormous importance as the first concerted application of Iberian picaresque models to an English-language context. The later use of the picaresque by William Chaigneau and Charles Lever would reveal how this Spanish model was uniquely adaptable to Irish circumstances and would influence both mainstream and crime narratives by Irish authors.

Lilia Miroshnychenko

The article suggests how the ideas in physiological acoustics summed up and further developed by Hermann von Helmholtz, a German physicist, whose figure won popularity among Victorian intellectuals from the middle of the century, could be appropriate to George Eliot’s early writing. The resonant theory informs, in various ways, the soundscape of The Lifted Veil (1859), redefining the function of sound in the text—as a literary device, a means of characterisation, a narrative instrument, and what’s more—a component of the author’s moral imperative of sympathy.

Lang Liu, Zong-Kuan Guo, Rong-Gen Cai

We develop a formalism to calculate the merger rate density of primordial black hole binaries with a general mass function, by taking into account the merger history of primordial black holes. We apply the formalism to three specific mass functions, monochromatic, power-law and log-normal cases. In the former case, the merger rate density is dominated by the single-merger events, while in the latter two cases, the contribution of the multiple-merger events on the merger rate density can not be ignored. The effects of the merger history on the merger rate density depend on the mass function.

Moya Jones

Anne-Florence Gillard-Estrada

Dennis Dieks

According to what has become a standard history of quantum mechanics, in 1932 von Neumann persuaded the physics community that hidden variables are impossible as a matter of principle, after which leading proponents of the Copenhagen interpretation put the situation to good use by arguing that the completeness of quantum mechanics was undeniable. This state of affairs lasted, so the story continues, until Bell in 1966 exposed von Neumann's proof as obviously wrong. The realization that von Neumann's proof was fallacious then rehabilitated hidden variables and made serious foundational research possible again. It is often added in recent accounts that von Neumann's error had been spotted almost immediately by Grete Hermann, but that her discovery was of no effect due to the dominant Copenhagen Zeitgeist. We shall attempt to tell a story that is more historically accurate and less ideologically charged. Most importantly, von Neumann never claimed to have shown the impossibility of hidden variables tout court, but argued that hidden-variable theories must possess a structure that deviates fundamentally from that of quantum mechanics. Both Hermann and Bell appear to have missed this point, moreover, both raised unjustified technical objections to the proof. Von Neumann's argument was basically that hidden-variables schemes must violate the "quantum principle" that physical quantities are to be represented by operators in a Hilbert space. As a consequence, hidden-variables schemes, though possible in principle, necessarily exhibit a certain kind of contextuality.

Daisuke Toyouchi, Masashi Chiba

We investigate the formation history of the stellar disk component in the Milky Way (MW) based on our new chemical evolution model. Our model considers several fundamental baryonic processes, including gas infall, re-accretion of outflowing gas, and radial migration of disk stars. Each of these baryonic processes in the disk evolution is characterized by model parameters, which are determined by fitting to various observational data of the stellar disk in the MW, including the radial dependence of the metallicity distribution function (MDF) of the disk stars, which has recently been derived in the APOGEE survey. We succeeded to obtain the best set of model parameters, which well reproduces the observed radial dependences of the mean, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis of the MDFs for the disk stars. We analyze the basic properties of our model results in detail to get new insights into the important baryonic processes in the formation history of the MW. One of the remarkable findings is that outflowing gas, containing much heavy elements, preferentially re-accretes onto the outer disk parts, and this recycling process of metal-enriched gas is a key ingredient to reproduce the observed narrower MDFs at larger radii. Moreover, important implications for the radial dependence of gas infall and the influence of radial migration on the MDFs are also inferred from our model calculation. Thus, the MDF of disk stars is a useful clue for studying the formation history of the MW.