Hasil untuk "History of Germany"

W. Benjamin

J. Giele, G. Elder

M. Heidegger

E. Mayr, W. Provine

Jiale Zhou, Jiaxin Han

We investigate the role of the accretion history in shaping the depletion radius of dark matter halos using a large cosmological N-body simulation. We show that the inner depletion radius, rescaled by the virial radius, depends strongly on the recent mass accretion rate (MAR) measured over a dynamical timescale, while exhibiting only weak dependence on halo mass. While this dependence mirrors that of the splashback radius and the two radii are tightly correlated, the depletion radius exhibits a more nuanced response to the detailed accretion mode. Specifically, we find that the dependence on MAR steepens at lower redshifts, aligning with self-similar spherical collapse models yet contrasting with the behavior of the splashback radius. This redshift dependence is largely driven by dynamic events, as it diminishes significantly when halos undergoing recent major mergers are excluded. Furthermore, we identify a dichotomy in the drivers of the depletion radius. For slowly accreting halos, the MAR is the primary dependence, whereas for rapidly accreting halos, other properties (shape, spin, concentration, and formation time of the central subhalo) related to the anisotropic or perturbed accretion mode also play a significant role. These results establish the depletion radius as a sensitive physical probe of the detailed accretion history of dark matter halos, complementary to the splashback radius.

M. Foucault, Sylvère Lotringer, J. Rajchman et al.

Joop Niekus

We follow the history and development of Brouwer's use of individual choice sequences up to the discovery of a method to apply them successfully in 1927. With the principles we derive from this first use we analyze in detail Brouwer's work from that time onward. Our reconstruction uses only very basic principles. It aligns exactly with Brouwer's work after 1927 and, moreover, it gives a clear explanation of the proofs of his results and the terms he uses.

Wenhan Lyu, Devashish Tyagi, Yihang Yang et al.

Long user history is highly valuable signal for recommendation systems, but effectively incorporating it often comes with high cost in terms of data center power consumption and GPU. In this work, we chose offline embedding over end-to-end sequence length optimization methods to enable extremely long user sequence modeling as a cost-effective solution, and propose a new user embedding learning strategy, multi-slicing and summarization, that generates highly generalizable user representation of user's long-term stable interest. History length we encoded in this embedding is up to 70,000 and on average 40,000. This embedding, named as DV365, is proven highly incremental on top of advanced attentive user sequence models deployed in Instagram. Produced by a single upstream foundational model, it is launched in 15 different models across Instagram and Threads with significant impact, and has been production battle-proven for >1 year since our first launch.

Ginevra Martina Venier

VanJessica Gladney, Breanna Moore, Kathleen Brown

In 2006 and 2016, the University of Pennsylvania denied any ties to slavery. In 2017, a group of undergraduate researchers, led by Professor Kathleen Brown, investigated this claim. Initial research, focused on 18th century faculty and trustees who owned slaves, revealed deep connections between the university's history and the institution of slavery. These findings, and discussions amongst the researchers shaped the Penn and Slavery Project's goal of redefining complicity beyond ownership. Breanna Moore's contributions in PSP's second semester expanded the project's focus to include generational wealth gaps. In 2018, VanJessica Gladney served as the PSP's Public History Fellow and spread the project outreach in the greater Philadelphia area. That year, the PSP team began to design an augmented reality app as a Digital Interruption and an attempt to display the truth about Penn's history on its campus. Unfortunately, PSP faced delays due to COVID 19. Despite setbacks, the project persisted, engaging with activists and the wider community to confront historical injustices and modern inequalities.

Yuwei Xia, Ding Wang, Qiang Liu et al.

Temporal Knowledge Graph (TKG) forecasting aims to predict future facts based on given histories. Most recent graph-based models excel at capturing structural information within TKGs but lack semantic comprehension abilities. Nowadays, with the surge of LLMs, the LLM-based TKG prediction model has emerged. However, the existing LLM-based model exhibits three shortcomings: (1) It only focuses on the first-order history for prediction while ignoring high-order historical information, resulting in the provided information for LLMs being extremely limited. (2) LLMs struggle with optimal reasoning performance under heavy historical information loads. (3) For TKG prediction, the temporal reasoning capability of LLM alone is limited. To address the first two challenges, we propose Chain-of-History (CoH) reasoning which explores high-order histories step-by-step, achieving effective utilization of high-order historical information for LLMs on TKG prediction. To address the third issue, we design CoH as a plug-and-play module to enhance the performance of graph-based models for TKG prediction. Extensive experiments on three datasets and backbones demonstrate the effectiveness of CoH.

Frank W. Stearns

E. van Dijk, I. Mørkestøl Gundersen, A. de Bode et al.

<p>In the Northern Hemisphere, the mid-6th century was one of the coldest periods of the last 2000 years, which was initiated by volcanic eruptions in 536 and 540 CE. Here, we study the effect of this volcanic double event on the climate and society in Scandinavia with a special focus on southern Norway. Using an ensemble of Max Planck Institute Earth system model transient simulations for 521–680 CE, temperature, precipitation, and atmospheric circulation patterns are analyzed. The simulated cooling magnitude is used as input for a growing degree day (GDD) model setup for three different study areas in southern Norway, representative of typical meteorological and landscape conditions. Pollen from bogs inside these study areas are analyzed at high resolution (1–3 cm sample intervals) to give insights into the validity of the GDD model setup with regard to the volcanic climate impact on the regional scale and to link the different data sets with the archeological records.</p> <p>We find that after the 536 and 540 CE double event, a maximum surface air cooling of up to 3.5 <span class="inline-formula">^∘</span>C during the mean growing season is simulated regionally for southern Norway. With a scenario cooling of 3 <span class="inline-formula">^∘</span>C, the GDD model indicates crop failures were likely in our northernmost and western study areas, while crops were more likely to mature in the southeastern study area. These results are in agreement with the pollen records from the respective areas. Archeological excavations show, however, a more complex pattern for the three areas with abandonment of farms and severe social impacts but also a continuation of occupation or a mix of those. Finally, we discuss the likely climatic and societal impacts of the 536 and 540 CE volcanic double event by synthesizing the new and available data sets for the whole Scandinavia.</p>

Juergen Burkhardt, Daniel Zinsmeister, Anita Roth-Nebelsick et al.

IntroductionMany atmospheric aerosols are hygroscopic and play an important role in cloud formation. Similarly, aerosols become sites of micro-condensation when they deposit to the upper and lower surfaces of leaves. Deposited salts, in particular can trigger condensation at humidities considerably below atmospheric saturation, according to their hygroscopicity and the relative humidity within the leaf boundary layer. Salt induced water potential gradients and the resulting dynamics of concentrated salt solutions can be expected to affect plant water relations.MethodsHydroponic sunflowers were grown in filtered (FA) and unfiltered, ambient air (AA). Sap flow was measured for 18 days and several indicators of incipient drought stress were studied.ResultsAt 2% difference in mean vapor pressure deficit (D), AA sunflowers had 49% higher mean transpiration rates, lower osmotic potential, higher proline concentrations, and different tracer transport patterns in the leaf compared to FA sunflowers. Aerosols increased plant conductance particularly at low D.DiscussionThe proposed mechanism is that thin aqueous films of salt solutions from deliquescent deposited aerosols enter into stomata and cause an extension of the hydraulic system. This hydraulic connection leads – parallel to stomatal water vapor transpiration – to wick-like stomatal loss of liquid water and to a higher impact of D on plant water loss. Due to ample water supply by hydroponic cultivation, AA plants thrived as well as FA plants, but under more challenging conditions, aerosol deposits may make plants more susceptible to drought stress.

Kai Wang, H. J. Mo, Yangyao Chen et al.

We propose a novel method to quantify the assembly histories of dark matter halos with the redshift evolution of the mass-weighted spatial variance of their progenitor halos, i.e. the protohalo size history. We find that the protohalo size history for each individual halo at z~0 can be described by a double power-law function. The amplitude of the fitting function strongly correlates to the central-to-total stellar mass ratios of descendant halos. The variation of the amplitude of the protohalo size history can induce a strong halo assembly bias effect for massive halos. This effect is detectable in observation using the central-to-total stellar mass ratio as a proxy of the protohalo size. The correlation to the descendant central-to-total stellar mass ratio and the halo assembly bias effect seen in the protohalo size are much stronger than that seen in the commonly adopted half-mass formation time derived from the mass accretion history. This indicates that the information loss caused by the compression of halo merger trees to mass accretion histories can be captured by the protohalo size history. Protohalo size thus provides a useful quantity to connect protoclusters across cosmic time and to link protoclusters with their descendant clusters in observations.

Ken'yo U, Masanori Kameyama, Masaki Ogawa

To understand the evolution of the Moon, we numerically modeled mantle convection and magmatism in a two-dimensional polar rectangular mantle. Magmatism occurs as an upward permeable flow of magma generated by decompression melting through the convecting matrix. The mantle is assumed to be initially enriched in heat-producing elements (HPEs) and compositionally dense ilmenite-bearing cumulates (IBC) at its base. Here, we newly show that magma generation and migration play a crucial role in the calculated volcanic and radial expansion/contraction history. Magma is generated in the deep mantle by internal heating for the first several hundred million years. A large volume of the generated magma ascends to the surface as partially molten fingers and plumes driven by melt-buoyancy to cause a volcanic activity and radial expansion of the planet with the peak at 3.5-4 Gyr ago. Eventually, however, the planet begins to radially contract when the mantle solidifies by cooling from the surface boundary. As the mantle is cooled, the activity of partially molten plumes declines but continues for billions of years after the peak because some basal materials enriched in the dense IBC components hold HPEs. The calculated volcanic and radial expansion/contraction history is consistent with the observed history of the Moon. Our simulations suggest a substantial fraction of the mantle was solid, and there was a basal layer enriched in HPEs and the IBC components at the beginning of the history of the Moon.

Long Zhou, Jiajun Zhang, Chengqing Zong

Existing approaches to neural machine translation (NMT) generate the target language sequence token-by-token from left to right. However, this kind of unidirectional decoding framework cannot make full use of the target-side future contexts which can be produced in a right-to-left decoding direction, and thus suffers from the issue of unbalanced outputs. In this paper, we introduce a synchronous bidirectional–neural machine translation (SB-NMT) that predicts its outputs using left-to-right and right-to-left decoding simultaneously and interactively, in order to leverage both of the history and future information at the same time. Specifically, we first propose a new algorithm that enables synchronous bidirectional decoding in a single model. Then, we present an interactive decoding model in which left-to-right (right-to-left) generation does not only depend on its previously generated outputs, but also relies on future contexts predicted by right-to-left (left-to-right) decoding. We extensively evaluate the proposed SB-NMT model on large-scale NIST Chinese–English, WMT14 English–German, and WMT18 Russian–English translation tasks. Experimental results demonstrate that our model achieves significant improvements over the strong Transformer model by 3.92, 1.49, and 1.04 BLEU points, respectively, and obtains the state-of-the-art performance on Chinese–English and English–German translation tasks.

K. Grunert, L. Fernández-Celemín, J. Wills et al.

AimThe goal of the study was to investigate the use of nutrition information on food labels and understanding of guideline daily amount (GDA) front-of-pack nutrition labels in six European countries.Subjects and methodsIn-store observations and in-store interviews were conducted in major retailers in the UK (n = 2019), Sweden (n = 1858), France (n = 2337), Germany (n = 1963), Poland (n = 1800) and Hungary (n = 1804), supplemented by questionnaires filled out at home and returned (overall response rate 50.3%). Use of labels was measured by combining in-store observations and in-store interviews on concrete purchases in six product categories. Understanding of GDA front-of-pack nutrition labels was measured by a variety of tasks dealing with conceptual understanding, substantial understanding and health inferences. Demographics, nutrition knowledge and interest in healthy eating were measured as potential determinants.ResultsAcross six product categories, 16.8% of shoppers were found to have looked for nutrition information on the label, with the nutrition grid (table or list), GDA labels and the ingredients list as the main sources consulted and calories, fat and sugar the information most often looked for. Understanding of GDA labels was high in the UK, Sweden and Germany, and more limited in the other countries. Regression analysis showed that, in addition to country-specific differences, use and understanding are also affected by differences in interest in healthy eating and in nutrition knowledge and by social grade.ConclusionUnderstanding of nutrition information seems to be more widespread than use, suggesting that lack of use is a question of not only understanding, but also motivation. Considerable national differences exist in both understanding and use, some of which may be attributed to different histories of the role of nutrition in the public debate.

N. Cull

Fotiadis Ruža

The notion of a Greek–Serbian friendship as a traditional bond evolved in the public discourse of both Greece and Serbia during the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s. Based on alleged commonalities, feelings of threat and experiences of marginalisation, the sentiment of a special kind of solidarity and proximity between the two nations gained traction, especially in Greece. This holds particularly true during the 1999 NATO intervention in Yugoslavia. The Greek public vehemently opposed the bombing, which was interpreted as an unjustified war against the Serbian people. Both Greece and Serbia were perceived as “underdogs” in the “machinations of the Great Powers”. The article investigates the phenomenon of Greek–Serbian friendship against the background of the 1999 NATO intervention, focussing particularly on the strong anti-Western sentiments that mobilised the Greek public at the end of the 1990s.