Hasil untuk "History of Asia"

Max Sobol Mark, Jacky Liang, Maria Attarian et al.

Many robot tasks require attending to the history of past observations. For example, finding an item in a room requires remembering which places have already been searched. However, the best-performing robot policies typically condition only on the current observation, limiting their applicability to such tasks. Naively conditioning on past observations often fails due to spurious correlations: policies latch onto incidental features of training histories that do not generalize to out-of-distribution trajectories upon deployment. We analyze why policies latch onto these spurious correlations and find that this problem stems from limited coverage over the space of possible histories during training, which grows exponentially with horizon. Existing regularization techniques provide inconsistent benefits across tasks, as they do not fundamentally address this coverage problem. Motivated by these findings, we propose Big Picture Policies (BPP), an approach that conditions on a minimal set of meaningful keyframes detected by a vision-language model. By projecting diverse rollouts onto a compact set of task-relevant events, BPP substantially reduces distribution shift between training and deployment, without sacrificing expressivity. We evaluate BPP on four challenging real-world manipulation tasks and three simulation tasks, all requiring history conditioning. BPP achieves 70% higher success rates than the best comparison on real-world evaluations. Videos are available at https://bigpicturepolicies.github.io/

Rasmus Rask

Rasmus Rask visited Iran en route to India in 1820. His letters, which are largely unknown to Iranologists, contain often vivid descriptions of his time there. While not as enchanted by the country as some of his contemporaries, Rask’s letters nevertheless present us with a forthright, unvarnished view of the country during the reign of Fath ‘Ali Shah. His progress from Tabriz to Bushehr via Tehran, Isfahan, Shiraz and Persepolis, involved several memorable incidents as well as an encounter with a hitherto unrecognized, amateur excavator at Persepolis.

Leticia Naomi Tokusato

Este artigo debate como a adoção de valores ocidentais influenciou os movimentos de mulheres na Turquia durante a primeira parte do século XX. A Turquia é um estudo de caso singular, devido a sua intensa assimilação de valores ocidentais e seculares no processo de desenvolvimento da República e das lutas das mulheres. Num primeiro momento, destaca-se o movimento das feministas seculares turcas, que foram fortemente influenciadas pelas reformas políticas de ocidentalização, secularização e modernização da sociedade. Num segundo momento, apresenta-se o feminismo islâmico, produto de processos de reislamização das sociedades muçulmanas. Nas décadas pós-60, houve, em vários países de maioria muçulmana, bem como na Turquia, a ascensão de um feminismo híbrido, autodenominado feminismo islâmico, que busca conciliar as perspectivas feministas com o paradigma islâmico, de um ponto de vista não ortodoxo, não fundamentalista e não tradicional, em favor da igualdade de gênero, da modernidade e em busca de suprimir as leituras patriarcais sobre as fontes. O feminismo islâmico, como uma superação da narrativa universalista e hegemônica ocidental, busca resgatar os princípios religiosos que promovem a igualdade de gênero, reinterpretando os textos sagrados à luz da igualdade e dos direitos das mulheres.

Ranajit Guha, G. Spivak

Hao Sun, Yang Li, Liwei Deng et al.

Context information modeling is an important task in conversational KBQA. However, existing methods usually assume the independence of utterances and model them in isolation. In this paper, we propose a History Semantic Graph Enhanced KBQA model (HSGE) that is able to effectively model long-range semantic dependencies in conversation history while maintaining low computational cost. The framework incorporates a context-aware encoder, which employs a dynamic memory decay mechanism and models context at different levels of granularity. We evaluate HSGE on a widely used benchmark dataset for complex sequential question answering. Experimental results demonstrate that it outperforms existing baselines averaged on all question types.

Isobel Falconer

The paper is based on a talk given to celebrate Ørsted's discovery of electromagnetism in 1820. It gives a brief account of Ørsted's life and work, before using the evidence of articles on electricity and magnetism in the Encyclopaedia Britannica to assess understanding of the connection between the two phenomena in the 20 years before Ørsted's discovery, and the immediate reception of it.

Nishob Adhikari, Nibedita Chapagain, Rajat Acharya et al.

Paraquat emerges as a formidable medical dilemma in Southeast Asia, its toxic effects attributed to the generation of free radicals and oxidative stress, with a specific predilection for diverse tissues, most notably the lungs. The scarcity of effective treatment modalities in resource-constrained settings magnifies the magnitude of the paraquat poisoning predicament. This report outlines the successful management of a 25-year-old man who ingested a lethal dose of paraquat. The patient presented solely with dysphagia devoid of accompanying symptoms, regardless of ingesting a fatal quantity of paraquat. The diagnosis was made based on history and a thorough clinical examination. Early, aggressive treatment with pulse therapy of steroids and antioxidants led to unexpected and quirky recovery. The case stresses the importance of prompt management and highlights the need for more research and public education to prevent future cases.

Gandharv Patil, Aditya Mahajan, Doina Precup

Reinforcementlearning(RL)folkloresuggeststhathistory-basedfunctionapproximationmethods,suchas recurrent neural nets or history-based state abstraction, perform better than their memory-less counterparts, due to the fact that function approximation in Markov decision processes (MDP) can be viewed as inducing a Partially observable MDP. However, there has been little formal analysis of such history-based algorithms, as most existing frameworks focus exclusively on memory-less features. In this paper, we introduce a theoretical framework for studying the behaviour of RL algorithms that learn to control an MDP using history-based feature abstraction mappings. Furthermore, we use this framework to design a practical RL algorithm and we numerically evaluate its effectiveness on a set of continuous control tasks.

Andreas Ringwald, Carlos Tamarit

The characteristics of the cosmic microwave background provide circumstantial evidence that the hot radiation-dominated epoch in the early universe was preceded by a period of inflationary expansion. Here, we show how a measurement of the stochastic gravitational wave background can reveal the cosmic history and the physical conditions during inflation, subsequent pre- and re-heating, and the beginning of the hot big bang era. This is exemplified with a particularly well-motivated and predictive minimal extension of the Standard Model which is known to provide a complete model for particle physics -- up to the Planck scale, and for cosmology -- back to inflation.

Hina Sakamoto, Kyungjin Ahn, Kiyotomo Ichiki et al.

Cosmic Reionization imprints its signature on the temperature and polarization anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). Advances in CMB telescopes have already placed a significant constraint on the history of reionization. As near-future CMB telescopes target the maximum sensitivity, or observations limited only by the cosmic variance (CV), we hereby forecast the potential of future CMB observations in constraining the history of reionization. In this study, we perform Markov Chain Monte Carlo analysis for CV-limited E-mode polarization observations such as the LiteBIRD (Light satellite for the studies of B-mode polarization and Inflation from cosmic background Radiation Detection), based on a few different methods that vary in the way of sampling reionization histories. We focus especially on estimating the very early history of reionization that occurs at redshifts $z>15$, which is quantified by the partial CMB optical depth due to free electrons at $z>15$, $τ_{z>15}$. We find that reionization with $τ_{z>15} \sim 0.008$, which are well below the current upper limit $τ_{z>15} \sim 0.02$, are achievable by reionization models with minihalo domination in the early phase and can be distinguished from those with $τ_{z>15} \lesssim 5\times 10^{-4}$ through CV-limited CMB polarization observations. An accurate estimation of $τ_{z>15}$, however, remains somewhat elusive. We investigate whether resampling the E-mode polarization data with limited spherical-harmonic modes may resolve this shortcoming.

Tae-hyeon Shin, Benedikt Diemer

The density profiles of dark matter haloes contain rich information about their growth history and physical properties. One particularly interesting region is the splashback radius, $R_{\rm sp}$, which marks the transition between particles orbiting in the halo and particles undergoing first infall. While the dependence of $R_{\rm sp}$ on the recent accretion rate is well established and theoretically expected, it is not clear exactly what parts of the accretion history $R_{\rm sp}$ responds to, and what other halo properties might additionally influence its position. We comprehensively investigate these questions by correlating the dynamically measured splashback radii of a large set of simulated haloes with their individual growth histories as well as their structural, dynamical, and environmental properties. We find that $R_{\rm sp}$ is sensitive to the accretion over one crossing time but largely insensitive to the prior history (in contrast to concentration, which probes earlier epochs). All secondary correlations are much weaker, but we discern a relatively higher $R_{\rm sp}$ in less massive, older, more elliptical, and more tidally deformed haloes. Despite these minor influences, we conclude that the splashback radius is a clean indicator of a halo's growth over the past dynamical time. We predict that the magnitude gap should be a promising observable indicator of a halo's accretion rate and splashback radius.

Guoping Rong, Yifan Zhang, Lanxin Yang et al.

Modern code review is a critical and indispensable practice in a pull-request development paradigm that prevails in Open Source Software (OSS) development. Finding a suitable reviewer in projects with massive participants thus becomes an increasingly challenging task. Many reviewer recommendation approaches (recommenders) have been developed to support this task which apply a similar strategy, i.e. modeling the review history first then followed by predicting/recommending a reviewer based on the model. Apparently, the better the model reflects the reality in review history, the higher recommender's performance we may expect. However, one typical scenario in a pull-request development paradigm, i.e. one Pull-Request (PR) (such as a revision or addition submitted by a contributor) may have multiple reviewers and they may impact each other through publicly posted comments, has not been modeled well in existing recommenders. We adopted the hypergraph technique to model this high-order relationship (i.e. one PR with multiple reviewers herein) and developed a new recommender, namely HGRec, which is evaluated by 12 OSS projects with more than 87K PRs, 680K comments in terms of accuracy and recommendation distribution. The results indicate that HGRec outperforms the state-of-the-art recommenders on recommendation accuracy. Besides, among the top three accurate recommenders, HGRec is more likely to recommend a diversity of reviewers, which can help to relieve the core reviewers' workload congestion issue. Moreover, since HGRec is based on hypergraph, which is a natural and interpretable representation to model review history, it is easy to accommodate more types of entities and realistic relationships in modern code review scenarios. As the first attempt, this study reveals the potentials of hypergraph on advancing the pragmatic solutions for code reviewer recommendation.

Gani Ahmad Jaelani

This article seeks to elaborate the research on natural history carried out by French naturalists in Indonesia during colonial period. The tropical nature attracted many European naturalists to conduct research in order to gain economic advantages from the natural richness. The curiosity toward the alien nature always came with the observation to the people living in that region. Nevertheless, not all the research was carried out by the plan. In the case of French naturalists, the research that they performed in this region was conducted coincidently while they were visiting this region. This article analyzes how the French naturalists made their research on natural history in the Archipelago. It examines as well the objects that interested them. Lastly, it shows to what extent the colonial knowledge was formed through the encounter between the Europeans and the local people.

L. V. Zhilina

In 2020–2021, in Japan, the problems caused by several waves of the COVID-19 pandemic have been added to the challenges related to the aging of the population and the increasing workload of the young generation. Young Japanese face numerous shocks caused by disruptions of educational system, employment, and income, as well as great difficulties regarding job hunting and emotional and psychological problems associated with changes in the usual style of life.The COVID-19 pandemic forced schools and universities to close and this reality has forced a crash course of online learning and adopting new IT technologies on students and faculty. Digitalization of the education has progressed quickly as a result of the pandemic, and it has many positive effects, such as enabling the youth to continue receiving education and working online. However, a digital “gap” has emerged with regard to young people’s unequal access to technology and various online activities.The traditional lifestyle of the Japanese people presupposes close and constant interaction between people in companies and school classes. Thus, the social distancing and self-isolation measures required during the pandemic can be perceived as coercive. One of the responses to these challenges was the rapidly spreading practice of onrain dōsei (living together online), when young visitors of video chats do not even communicate, but simply stay online together to go about their daily activities.In this paper, the above-mentioned range of issues is considered in relation to the Japanese youth, whose problems have already (at the first stage of the epidemic, in 2020 – early 2021) revealed their own characteristics associated with the specifics of the political, economic, social, and everyday life in the country. We compare the Japanese approaches with the methods of solving similar problems used in other countries, firstly in the Asia Pacific and the USA.

Jeremy J. Hoffman, Reena Yadav, Sandip Das Sanyam et al.

Fungal corneal infection (keratitis) is a common clinical problem in South Asia. However, it is often challenging to distinguish this from other aetiologies, such as bacteria or acanthamoeba. In this prospective study, we investigated clinical and epidemiological features that can predict the microbial aetiology of microbial keratitis in Nepal. We recruited patients presenting with keratitis to a tertiary eye hospital in lowland eastern Nepal between June 2019 and November 2020. A structured assessment, including demographics, history, and clinical signs, was carried out. The aetiology was investigated with in vivo confocal microscopy and corneal scrape for microscopy and culture. A predictor score was developed using odds ratios calculated to predict aetiology from features. A fungal cause was identified in 482/642 (75.1%) of cases, which increased to 532/642 (82.9%) when including mixed infections. Unusually, dematiaceous fungi accounted for half of the culture-positive cases (50.6%). Serrated infiltrate margins, patent nasolacrimal duct, raised corneal slough, and organic trauma were independently associated with fungal keratitis (<i>p</i> < 0.01). These four features were combined in a predictor score. The probability of fungal keratitis was 30.1% if one feature was present, increasing to 96.3% if all four were present. Whilst microbiological diagnosis is the “gold standard” to determine the aetiology of an infection, certain clinical signs can help direct the clinician to find a presumptive infectious cause, allowing appropriate treatment to be started without delay. Additionally, this study identified dematiaceous fungi, specifically <i>Curvularia</i> spp., as the main causative agent for fungal keratitis in this region. This novel finding warrants further research to understand potential implications and any trends over time.

Krisztina Lohonya, Laurence Livermore, Jacek Wajer et al.

In 2018, the Natural History Museum (NHMUK, herbarium code: BM) undertook a pilot digitisation project together with the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew (project Lead) and the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh to collectively digitise non-type herbarium material of the subtribe Phaseolinae and the genera Dalbergia L.f. and Pterocarpus Jacq. (rosewoods and padauk), all from the economically important family of legumes (Leguminosae or Fabaceae).These taxonomic groups were chosen to provide specimen data for two potential use cases: 1) to support the development of dry beans as a sustainable and resilient crop; 2) to aid conservation and sustainable use of rosewoods and padauk. Collectively, these use case studies support the aims of the UK’s Department for Environment Food &amp;amp; Rural Affairs (DEFRA)-allocated, Official Development Assistance (ODA) funding.We present the images and metadata for 11,222 NHMUK specimens. The metadata includes label transcription and georeferencing, along with summary data on geographic, taxonomic, collector and temporal coverage. We also provide timings and the methodology for our transcription and georeferencing protocols. Approximately 35% of specimens digitised were collected in ODA-listed countries, in tropical Africa, but also in South East Asia and South America.

Laura Doval, Vasiliki Skreta

Product personalization opens the door to price discrimination. A rich product line allows firms to better tailor products to consumers' tastes, but the mere choice of a product carries valuable information about consumers that can be leveraged for price discrimination. We study this trade-off in an upstream-downstream model, where a consumer buys a good of variable quality upstream, followed by an indivisible good downstream. The downstream firm's use of the consumer's purchase history for price discrimination introduces a novel distortion: The upstream firm offers a subset of the products that it would offer if, instead, it could jointly design its product line and downstream pricing. By controlling the degree of product personalization the upstream firm curbs ratcheting forces that result from the consumer facing downstream price discrimination.

Xuezhi Song, Yun Lin, Siang Hwee Ng et al.

Bug datasets consisting of real-world bugs are important artifacts for researchers and programmers, which lay empirical and experimental foundation for various SE/PL research such as fault localization, software testing, and program repair. All known state-of-the-art datasets are constructed manually, which inevitably limits their scalability, representativeness, and the support for the emerging data-driven research. In this work, we propose an approach to automate the process of harvesting replicable regression bugs from the code evolutionary history. We focus on regression bug dataset, as they (1) manifest how a bug is introduced and fixed (as normal bugs), (2) support regression bug analysis, and (3) incorporate a much stronger specification (i.e., the original passing version) for general bug analysis. Technically, we address an information retrieval problem on code evolution history. Given a code repository, we search for regressions where a test can pass a regression-fixing commit, fail a regressioninducing commit, and pass a working commit. In this work, we address the challenges of (1) identifying potential regression-fixing commits from the code evolution history, (2) migrating the test and its code dependencies over the history, and (3) minimizing the compilation overhead during the regression search. We build our tool, RegMiner, which harvested 537 regressions over 66 projects for 3 weeks, created the largest replicable regression dataset within shortest period, to the best of our knowledge. Moreover, our empirical study on our regression dataset shows a gap between the popular regression fault localization techniques (e.g, delta-debugging) and the real fix, revealing new data-driven research opportunities.

Arjun Chapagain

For ethnic inhabitants in the rural areas, medicinal plants are not only the cultural, sacred medicinal ingredients of traditional medicine, part of traditional belief and biodiversity but also an important cash crop to support their livelihood. With the commercialization of traditional medicine and medicinal plant-based industries worldwide, Nepalese medicinal plants are in high demand. This photo essay presents the various steps from the cultivation to the cross-border trade of Swertia chirayita (Roxb.) H. Karst., a traditional valuable medicinal plant, and a beautiful landscape of Nepal-China border. The essay contains fourteen photographs each described with captions in detail with the information collected during field work. The ethnographic study on cross border trade of medicinal plants was conducted in 2020 at Bhotkhola routes in the northeastern Nepal. Bhotkhola-Tibet border control in 2008 has politically ruptured the original link of traditional exchange among people, goods, and ideas by displacing the community from its everyday borderlands. However, the cross border trade is performed by traditional networks of Bhotiya communities such as rural ethnic inhabitants, farmers, small budget dealers, and traditional practitioners through formal and informal supply chains. The government authorities from both the countries are responsible for regulating, monitoring, and permitting medicinal plants supply from harvesters to cross-border traders.

David L. Eng