Hasil untuk "History America"

S. Fienberg, F. Mosteller, D. L. Wallace

J. Campbell, Bill D. Moyers, B. Flowers

J. Sweet, L. Bumpass, J. Sweet et al.

A. Messner, Carlin Meyer

S. Wineburg

J. M. Kousser

J. Klicka, R. Zink

J. Pindell, J. Dewey

A Permo-Triassic reconstruction of western Pangea (North America, South America, Africa) is proposed that is characterized by (1) definition of the North Atlantic fit by matching of marginal offsets (fracture zones) along the opposing margins, (2) a South Atlantic fit that is tighter than the BuIlard fit and that is achieved by treating Africa as two plates astride the Benue Trough and related structures during the Cretaceous, (3) complete closure of the Proto-Atlantic Ocean between North and South America, accomplished by placing the Yucatan block between the Ouachita Mountains and Venezuela, (4) a proposed Hercynian suture zone that separates zones of foreland thrusting from zones of arc-related magmatic activity; to the northwest of this suture lie the Chortis block and Mexico and most of North America, and to the southeast lie South America, the Yucatan Block, Florida and Africa, and (5) satisfaction of paleomagmatic data from North America, South America, and Africa. Beginning with the proposed reconstruction, the relative motion history of South America with respect of North America is defined by using the finite difference method. Within the framework provided by the proposed relative motion history, an evolutionary model for the development of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean region is outlined in a series of 13 plate boundary reconstructions at time intervals from the Jurassic to the present. The model includes (1) formation of the Gulf of Mexico by 140 Ma, (2) Pacific provenance of the Caribbean plate through the North America-South America gap during Cretaceous time, (3) Paleocene-Early Eocene back arc spreading origin for the Yucatan Basin, whereby Cuba is the frontal arc and the Nicaragua Rise-Jamaica-Southern Hispaniola is the remnant arc, and (4) 1200 km of post-Eocene cumulative offset along both the Northern and Southern Caribbean Plate Boundary Zones, allowing large-scale eastward migration of the Caribbean plate with respect to the North and South American Plates.

Thomas Balfe

The “antiquity” of Native American societies is a recurring theme in European representations of the New World, particularly in those that focus on cultural practices that were enigmatic to Western eyes. The present essay identifies variations on this rhetoric of temporal dislocation in two engravings, published in 1591 and 1627 respectively, that appeared in the series of illustrated travel books about the Americas that was conceived by the leading Flemish printmaker Theodor de Bry. Showing forms of indigenous hunting and agriculture, the engravings link the Native American figures they depict to the time of nature and to the era before civilization--temporalities which, in Western art and literature, were strongly associated with archetypes such as the wild man or the fortunate inhabitants of the Golden Age. Exploring these connections, the essay finds that the overlapping timelines in the engravings both assert the difference (and, at times, the inferiority) of Native American people, and produce unexpected continuities between the European self and a foreign other whose ways of living uncannily recalled Western images of the mythic past.

Evelyne Sanchez

A. Fagot-Campagna, D. Pettitt, M. Engelgau et al.

Louis Andrew Bladgett

Angelo Bertoni

The professional trajectory of Étienne de Groër provides the opportunity to follow the development of town planning theories in the inter-war period which was marked by the gradual affirmation of the regional scale and the strengthening of the combination of the urban plan and regulations. His career also reveals the difficulties and wanderings of the town planning profession, which in the 1930s was facing the still emerging public commission and the competition from other professions. In this context, the close collaboration with a renowned urban planner, Donat-Alfred Agache, and the international mobility played a key role in Étienne de Groër’s professional affirmation. Lisbon and other major Portuguese cities gave him the opportunity to implement and refine his town planning ideas, in which the concept of the garden city figured prominently.

Elena McGrath

In 2019, Bolivian cooperative miners, once staunch allies of MAS and Evo Morales, helped inflame the crisis that toppled the Morales government. This paper explores the roots of the confounded, often explosive relationship between cooperative miners, nationalization, and MAS. Tracing the history of cooperative mining and its relationship to ore theft since the colonial period, this article shows how cooperative mining and salaried miners’ unions emerged as twin responses to the precarity of labor and production in the twentieth century. In the 1950s and 1960s, cooperative workers emerged as a shadow on the nationalized mining economy, competing for space and political influence with salaried workers. After the closure of COMIBOL in the late 1980s, cooperatives absorbed laid-off workers as well as migrants from the countryside and expanded into claims once belonging to state and union workers. When Morales reopened Bolivia’s national mining company in 2006 and sought to increase state participation in the mineral economy, he set the stage for a direct confrontation between the interests of cooperativistas, the vast majority of mineworkers at the time, and the state itself. This underacknowledged conflict of interests between different kinds of mineworkers has haunted MAS, culminating in the crisis of 2019 that drove Morales from power and from Bolivia.                      

B. Western, Christopher Wildeman

M. Asante

H. Taylor, James G. Wilson, Daniel W. Jones et al.

D. Zarefsky

Sijia Wang, N. Ray, W. Rojas et al.

The large and diverse population of Latin America is potentially a powerful resource for elucidating the genetic basis of complex traits through admixture mapping. However, no genome-wide characterization of admixture across Latin America has yet been attempted. Here, we report an analysis of admixture in thirteen Mestizo populations (i.e. in regions of mainly European and Native settlement) from seven countries in Latin America based on data for 678 autosomal and 29 X-chromosome microsatellites. We found extensive variation in Native American and European ancestry (and generally low levels of African ancestry) among populations and individuals, and evidence that admixture across Latin America has often involved predominantly European men and both Native and African women. An admixture analysis allowing for Native American population subdivision revealed a differentiation of the Native American ancestry amongst Mestizos. This observation is consistent with the genetic structure of pre-Columbian populations and with admixture having involved Natives from the area where the Mestizo examined are located. Our findings agree with available information on the demographic history of Latin America and have a number of implications for the design of association studies in population from the region.

Livia Gaby Costa, Cybelle Salvador Miranda

A arquitetura, na história da humanidade, apresenta-se vinculada à trajetória de vida dos seres humanos. A tipologia arquitetônica das instituições assistenciais, representam, nesse viés, documentos, testemunhos materiais dos convívios sociais de culturas e épocas distintas, cujo apagamento conduz ao silenciamento de importantes  testemunhos. No caso dos hospitais de isolamento, sua destruição enterra também as vozes nunca ouvidas, que poderiam narrar as experiências de dor vividas nestes locais. Este é o caso do Sanatório Domingos Freire, primeiro sanatório da cidade de Belém, inaugurado em 1901 e demolido em 1959. Testemunho material silenciado, o espaço de “morte certa” representou, não só um ambiente de separação, como a disposição higienista entre “limpo e sujo”, carregando em seu traçado arquitetônico, importantes fontes de compreensão da arquitetura assistencial. Neste estudo, busca-se trazer à tona os documentos escritos e iconográfi cos que proporcionem o entendimento de seus funcionamentos e o papel deste para a assistência às epidemias na cidade de Belém.