Hasil untuk "Evolution"

S. Cole, C. Lacey, C. Baugh et al.

We describe the GALFORM semi-analytic model for calculating the formation and evolution of galaxies in hierarchical clustering cosmologies. It improves upon, and extends, the earlier scheme developed by Cole et al. (1994). The model employs a new Monte-Carlo algorithm to follow the merging evolution of dark matter halos with arbitrary mass resolution. It incorporates realistic descriptions of the density profiles of dark matter halos and the gas they contain; it follows the chemical evolution of gas and stars, and the associated production of dust; and it includes a detailed calculation of the sizes of disks and spheroids. Wherever possible, our prescriptions for modelling individual physical processes are based on results of numerical simulations. They require a number of adjustable parameters which we fix by reference to a small subset of local galaxy data. This results in a fully specified model of galaxy formation which can be �

M. Pagel

Yuuki Matsushita, Archishman Raju

Developmental trajectories are known to be canalized, or robust to both environmental and genetic perturbations. However, even when these trajectories are decanalized by an environmental perturbation outside of the range of conditions to which they are robust, they often produce phenotypes similar to known mutants called phenocopies. This correspondence between the effect of environmental and genetic perturbations has received little theoretical attention. Here, we study an abstract regulatory model which is evolved to follow a specific trajectory. We then study the effect of both small and large perturbations to the trajectory both by changing parameters and by perturbing the state in a timed manner. We find, surprisingly, that the phenomenon of phenocopying emerges in evolved trajectories even though the alternative trajectories are not selected for. Our results suggest that evolution simplifies the structure of high-dimensional phenotypic landscapes which can simultaneously show robustness and phenocopying.

Yuta Shimizu, Hideaki Miyamoto, Patrick Michel

Abstract Asteroids preserve a continuous record of evolutionary processes since the early solar system. They can take various shapes that represent the cumulative results of their evolution. However, for those showing common characteristics, this does not mean that they followed the same evolutionary path. Here, we show that (101955) Bennu and (162173) Ryugu, two near-Earth asteroids with spheroidal shapes, have evolved through distinct pathways despite their similar shapes. Using high-resolution imagery from NASA’s OSIRIS-REx and JAXA’s Hayabusa2 spacecraft, we map ~ 200,000 boulders and find latitudinal particle size sorting on both bodies. This represents opposite directions of surface material movements driven by their different rotation periods (4.3 h for Bennu and 7.6 h for Ryugu): toward the equator on Bennu and toward the poles on Ryugu. Furthermore, the spatial distribution of large boulders on Bennu suggests a prior slower rotation (> 5 h), implying a past shape evolution similar to that of Ryugu. Our findings demonstrate that small variations in rotation period, on the scale of a few hours, can drastically change the gravitational field on an asteroid, sometimes even reversing local gravity direction. This drives complex and diverse evolutionary pathways of asteroids, resulting in top-shaped bodies and binary systems observed today.

Maslim As-singkily, Maslim As-singkily, Maslim As-singkily et al.

Leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) are highly migratory and globally distributed, yet exhibit low overall genetic diversity. Currently, the species is divided into seven Regional Management Units (RMUs), and significant gaps remain in understanding genetic connectivity within the Indo-Pacific, particularly the Northeast Indian Ocean. Here, we investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of leatherback turtles sampled from five nesting sites in Sumatra, Indonesia. Using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequences from 57 individuals, we identified eight haplotypes, including one novel variant, with Sumatra exhibiting the highest haplotype (h = 0.786) and nucleotide diversity (π = 0.0040) among regional rookeries. There was a lack of significant stock structure based on our haplotype frequency data among rookeries in Sumatra (p>0.05). Phylogenetic and haplotype network analyses revealed that Sumatra contains lineages from both Indian and West Pacific Ocean clades, suggesting its role as a genetic bridge between these populations. Our results on population genetic structure support the recognition of Sumatra as a distinct Management Unit (MU), separate from other Northeast Indian Ocean populations. Our findings highlight the need to refine existing RMU boundaries and prioritize conservation actions in Sumatra to preserve its unique genetic composition and enhance connectivity across the Indo-Pacific.

Qianqian Wang, Wangfang Xu, Rongzhu Cheng

IntroductionThe global beef trade, as a critical component of the meat trade, plays an important role in balancing beef supply and demand worldwide. However, research on the evolution of its network patterns remains relatively limited. This article aims to explore the evolution of global beef trade network patterns and provide insights into its implications for sustainable development.MethodsUsing complex network theory, this paper constructs weighted and unweighted global beef trade networks based on international trade data and conducts an in-depth analysis of the evolution of global beef trade patterns from 2013 to 2022 across the overall, individual, and clustering levels.ResultsThe analysis reveals an increasing trend in connectivity, efficiency, and tightness within the global beef trade network. In the unweighted network, the core beef-importing countries are primarily concentrated in Germany, the United Arab Emirates, and the Netherlands. However, in the weighted network, the core importing countries shift to the United States, Japan, and China. Meanwhile, the core beef-exporting countries consistently remain Australia, Brazil, and New Zealand in both network types. Additionally, the analysis identifies clustering and regionalization characteristics within the global beef trade blocks.DiscussionThese findings highlight the evolving dynamics of global beef trade, emphasizing the roles of key countries and the structural shifts in the trade network. The study provides targeted recommendations for promoting sustainable development in the beef trade sector.

Danilo Petrassi

The rapid evolution of conversational artificial intelligence (AI) has sparked an ongoing debate regarding its ability to replicate, or even experience, human emotions. While early conversational chatbots such as Joseph Weizenbaum’s ELIZA (1966) relied on simple pattern recognition to create the illusion of understanding, modern AI systems like ChatGPT generate highly sophisticated, contextually appropriate responses that can convincingly mimic emotional engagement. This paper draws upon cinematic reflections, such as Spike Jonze’s Her (2013), to offer a critical examination of the question of whether AI is capable of genuine emotional experience or merely simulating such experiences through advanced language modelling. Utilising a theoretical framework grounded in philosophy, psychology and communication studies, this research critically assesses AI’s capacity for emotional experience, positing that while chatbots may convincingly simulate human emotional expression, they lack the subjective element that is integral to genuine emotional experience. This distinction, nowadays, has profound implications for human-AI interaction, ethics, and our understanding of artificial intelligence’s humanity in contemporary society.

Filyushkin A.I.

This paper, using materials from embassy books as a historical source, examines concepts that were used in the 16th century by Russian, Crimean, and Turkish diplomats in international dialogue. These are terms associated with the name of the monarch, the hierarchy of states, and the concept of power. The concept of “petition” (chelobitie) and its evolution in diplomatic relations is specifically examined. The author argues that by the 16th century, the concept of “petition” in international relations did not imply the different status of diplomatic partners, but a specific situation in which one party addresses the other with some initiative. The “petition” was acting as an ethical category, an element of political ritual. The article examines the problem of non-recognition of the Tsar’s title of Ivan the Terrible by the Crimean Khanate. The methods of legitimization of Russia’s power over the annexed territories and the problems of religious tolerance are considered separately. Different policies towards Muslim and Catholic countries, various methods of diplomatic argumentation, and explanatory strategies are noted. Mutual religious tolerance was linked to practical motives. The parties tried to reduce the factors that aggravated the prospects of reaching diplomatic agreements, and the refusal to exacerbate confrontation on religious grounds was one of the diplomatic instruments.

Jing LIU, Huiyi CHEN, Huiyu LIU et al.

In recent years, the increase in people’s demand for energy has led to the development of secondary batteries. Because of its high theoretical capacity and low electrochemical potential, lithium metal has gradually become the preferred negative electrode material for high-energy-density secondary batteries and has great application prospects in the field of energy storage technology. However, the practical application of lithium metal anodes faces major challenges mainly because of the inevitable formation of lithium dendrites and dead lithium during the charge–discharge cycle. These problems considerably reduce the Coulomb efficiency and service life of lithium metal batteries and constitute a substantial obstacle to the development and wide application of lithium metal batteries. Lithium dendrites are tree-like structures formed by uneven lithium deposition during the charging of lithium metal. These dendrites can penetrate the diaphragm and reach the cathode, causing a short circuit that can lead to catastrophic battery failure. Dead lithium refers to lithium that is separated from the anode during the discharging of a lithium battery and no longer participates in subsequent electrochemical reactions. The accumulation of dead lithium reduces the inventory of active lithium, causing battery capacity and efficiency to decline over time. Addressing these challenges requires an in-depth understanding of the formation mechanisms of lithium dendrites and dead lithium and their influencing factors. This study focuses on analyzing these mechanisms and influencing factors from the perspective of the phase field, which is a powerful computational method to simulate microstructure evolution, providing insights into the complex dynamics of lithium deposition and the conditions and influencing factors for the formation of lithium dendrites and dead Lithium. The latest research progress on the inhibition of dead lithium by temperature, pressure, diaphragm, bubble, and high active electrolyte was reviewed. First, the influence of temperature and pressure on the formation of dead lithium and the effect of two coupling fields on dead lithium are discussed. Second, starting from the diaphragm and electrolyte, the results of researchers in recent years are reviewed. For example, selecting a diaphragm with the appropriate pore size can promote the uniform deposition of lithium, better prevent the penetration of dendrites, and promote the resurrection of dead lithium. The highly active electrolyte can enhance the smooth deposition of lithium and inhibit the formation of dead lithium. These factors can regulate the deposition form of lithium to a certain extent and slow down or avoid the formation of lithium dendrites and dead lithium. By optimizing these factors, researchers can better control the deposition morphology of lithium, alleviating or even avoiding the formation of lithium dendrites and dead lithium. The phase field method is used to determine how the formation of dead lithium affects the overall life of the battery. The phase field is also used to simulate the long-term behavior of lithium metal anodes to predict the battery life under various operating conditions. Finally, this paper discusses and summarizes the shortcomings of the existing phase field method in the study of the radical elimination of dead lithium and the prospects for future development.

Guozhong Zheng, Zhenwei Ding, Jiqiang Zhang et al.

The inherent complexity of human beings manifests in a remarkable diversity of responses to intricate environments, enabling us to approach problems from varied perspectives. However, in the study of cooperation, existing research within the reinforcement learning framework often assumes that individuals have access to identical information when making decisions, which contrasts with the reality that individuals frequently perceive information differently. In this study, we employ the Q-learning algorithm to explore the impact of information perception on the evolution of cooperation in a two-person Prisoner's Dilemma game. We demonstrate that the evolutionary processes differ significantly across three distinct information perception scenarios, highlighting the critical role of information structure in the emergence of cooperation. Notably, the asymmetric information scenario reveals a complex dynamical process, including the emergence, breakdown, and reconstruction of cooperation, mirroring psychological shifts observed in human behavior. Our findings underscore the importance of information structure in fostering cooperation, offering new insights into the establishment of stable cooperative relationships among humans.

Kunihiko Kaneko

Life systems are complex and hierarchical, with diverse components at different scales, yet they sustain themselves, grow, and evolve over time. How can a theory of such complex biological states be developed? Here we note that for a hierarchical biological system to be robust, it must achieve consistency between micro-scale (e.g. molecular) and macro-scale (e.g. cellular) phenomena. This allows for a universal theory of adaptive change in cells based on biological robustness and consistency between cellular growth and molecular replication. Here, we show how adaptive changes in high-dimensional phenotypes (biological states) are constrained to low-dimensional space, leading to the derivation of a macroscopic law for cellular states. The theory is then extended to evolution, leading to proportionality between evolutionary and environmental responses, as well as proportionality between phenotypic variances due to noise and due to genetic changes. The universality of the results across several models and experiments is demonstrated. Then, by further extending the theory of evolutionary dimensional reduction to multicellular systems, the relationship between multicellular development and evolution, in particular the developmental hourglass, is demonstrated. Finally, the possibility of collapse of dimensional reduction under nutrient limitation is discussed.

Benji Zhou, Nengneng Xu, Liangcai Wu et al.

Fabricating non-noble metal-based carbon air electrodes with highly efficient bifunctionality is big challenge owing to the sluggish kinetics of oxygen reduction/evolution reaction (ORR/OER). The efficient cathode catalyst is urgently needed to further improve the performance of rechargeable zinc-air batteries. Herein, an activation-doping assisted interface modification strategy is demonstrated based on freestanding integrated carbon composite (CoNiLDH@NPC) composed of wood-based N and P doped active carbon (NPC) and CoNi layer double hydroxides (CoNiLDH). In the light of its large specific surface area and unique defective structure, CoNiLDH@NPC with strong interface-coupling effect in 2D-3D micro-nanostructure exhibits outstanding bifunctionality. Such carbon composites show half-wave potential of 0.85 V for ORR, overpotential of 320 mV with current density of 10 mA cm−2 for OER, and ultra-low gap of 0.70 V. Furthermore, highly-ordered open channels of wood provide enormous space to form abundant triple-phase boundary for accelerating the catalytic process. Consequently, zinc-air batteries using CoNiLDH@NPC show high power density (aqueous: 263 mW cm−2, quasi-solid-state: 65.8 mW cm−2) and long-term stability (aqueous: 500 h, quasi-solid-state: 120 h). This integrated protocol opens a new avenue for the rational design of efficient freestanding air electrode from biomass resources.

R. Štěpán, V. Krutiš, R. Jelínek et al.

Currently, great emphasis is placed on the production of castings with complex shapes. The hybrid investment casting technology using 3D printed models offers new possibilities in the production of such complex and thin-walled castings. The motivation for this paper was to find a solution to the problem with ceramic shells cracking during the 3D model firing stage. The main factors affecting the shell cracking are the thermal expansion of the model and the shell material, and the newly considered pressure of the gas closed in the ceramic shell cavity. First, thermal analyses were performed of a commercial material used for 3D printing - Polymaker PolyCast™. The characteristics yielded by the measurements helped establish the glass transition temperature, the autoignition temperature and the behaviour of the gas produced by the model burning. Suitable experimental models in the shape of tetrahedrons were designed and used for a number of experiments. The tests confirmed that cracks only occur during shock firing in models printed by the FFF technology with 0% of infill. A solution suggested for further experiments is purposeful venting of the models. Practical testing of the optimization has also been performed. The last step was measurement of the heat transfer through the ceramic shell after being placed in the annealing furnace. There were temperature evolution profiles in the system model-ceramic shell obtained.

Iryna Chemerynska, Hakim Atek, Pratika Dayal et al.

The mass–metallicity relation provides crucial insights into the baryon cycle in galaxies and strong constraints on galaxy formation models. We use JWST NIRSpec observations from the UNCOVER program to measure the gas-phase metallicity in a sample of eight galaxies during the epoch of reionization at z = 6–8. Thanks to the strong lensing of the galaxy cluster Abell 2744, we are able to probe extremely low stellar masses between 10 ^6 and 10 ^8 M _⊙ . Using strong-line diagnostics and the most recent JWST calibrations, we derive extremely low oxygen abundances in the range of 12 + log(O/H) = 6.7–7.8. By combining this sample with more massive galaxies at similar redshifts, we derive a best-fit relation of 12 + log(O/H) = $-{0.076}_{-0.03}^{+0.03}\times {(\mathrm{log}({M}_{\star }))}^{2}+{1.61}_{-0.52}^{+0.52}$ × $\mathrm{log}({M}_{\star })-{0.26}_{-0.10}^{+0.10}$ , which becomes steeper than determinations at z ∼ 3–6 toward low-mass galaxies. Our results show a clear redshift evolution in the overall normalization of the relation, galaxies at higher redshift having significantly lower metallicities at a given mass. A comparison with theoretical models provides important constraints on which physical processes, such as metal mixing, star formation or feedback recipes, are important in reproducing the observations. Additionally, these galaxies exhibit star formation rates that are higher by a factor of a few to tens compared to extrapolated relations at similar redshifts or theoretical predictions of main-sequence galaxies, pointing to a recent burst of star formation. All these observations are indicative of the highly stochastic star formation and interstellar medium enrichment expected in these low-mass systems, suggesting that feedback mechanisms in high- z dwarf galaxies might be different from those in place at higher masses.

Tatsuya Sasaki, Satoshi Uchida, Isamu Okada et al.

Indirect reciprocity is one of the major mechanisms for the evolution of cooperation in human societies. There are two types of indirect reciprocity: upstream and downstream. Cooperation in downstream reciprocity follows the pattern, 'You helped someone, and I will help you'. The direction of cooperation is reversed in upstream reciprocity, which instead follows the pattern, 'You helped me, and I will help someone else'. In reality, these two types of indirect reciprocity often occur in combination. However, upstream and downstream reciprocity have mostly been studied theoretically in isolation. Here, we propose a new model that integrates both types. We apply the standard giving-game framework of indirect reciprocity and analyze the model by means of evolutionary game theory. We show that the model can result in the stable coexistence of altruistic reciprocators and free riders in well-mixed populations. We also found that considering inattention in the assessment rule can strengthen the stability of this mixed equilibrium, even resulting in a global attractor. Our results indicate that the cycles of forwarding help and rewarding help need to be established for creating and maintaining diversity and inclusion in a society.

Diogo L. Pires, Igor Erovenko, Mark Broom

Evolutionary models are used to study the self-organisation of collective action, often incorporating population structure due to its ubiquitous presence and long-known impact on emerging phenomena. We investigate the evolution of multiplayer cooperation in mobile structured populations, where individuals move strategically on networks and interact with those they meet in groups of variable size. We find that the evolution of multiplayer cooperation primarily depends on the network topology and movement cost while using different stochastic update rules seldom influences evolutionary outcomes. Cooperation robustly co-evolves with movement on complete networks and structure has a partially detrimental effect on it. These findings contrast an established wisdom in evolutionary graph theory that cooperation can only emerge under some update rules and if the average degree is low. We find that group-dependent movement erases the locality of interactions, suppresses the impact of evolutionary structural viscosity on the fitness of individuals, and leads to assortative behaviour that is much more powerful than viscosity in promoting cooperation. We analyse the differences remaining between update rules through a comparison of evolutionary outcomes and fixation probabilities.

Ling Lin, Ziming Ding, Guruprakash Karkera et al.

With respect to efficient use of diminishing or harder to reach energy resources, the catalysis of processes that will otherwise require high overpotentials is a very important application in today's world. As a newly developed class of materials, high‐entropy sulfides (HESs) are promising electrocatalysts for a variety of different reactions. In this report, HESs containing five or six transition metals are synthesized in a one‐step mechanochemical process. Seven HESs of Pnma (M:S≈1:1) and three Pa‐3 (M:S = 1:2) structures are investigated as electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The performances and properties of the HESs with different compositions and structures are compared with each other and with commercial IrO2 as reference material, in terms of OER overpotential, Tafel slope, electrochemically active surface area, ionic conductivity, and durability. The structural and chemical properties of these HESs are determined by X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. Most of the HESs show excellent and promising performance as OER electrocatalysts under alkaline conditions, and outperform the reference OER catalyst IrO2.

Jiacheng XIE, Ziying ZHENG, Xuewen WANG et al.

The key to promoting intelligent construction is to integrate the digital twin technology form the operation mode of virtual and real integration. And the industrial metaverse based on digital twin is the future development direction of intelligent mining face. The concept of virtual and real integration operation mode of fully-mechanized mining face based on virtual reality-digital twin-cyber physical system-industrial metaverse is proposed. It has six connotation characteristics, such as display and off-line simulation, monitoring and auxiliary operation, online simulation and preview. It is an evolution process from low-level display simulation to high-level deep integration function. Finally, it have four abilities : the ability of reproduction mapping from real to virtual precision, the ability of reasoning and forecasting decision-making in virtual iteration, the ability of reproduction control from virtual to real, the ability of seamless cooperation between virtual and real human-computer, and the ability of lean management. The four capabilities of industrial metaverse and the key technologies to realize industrial metaverse are analyzed.Based on the existing monitoring, decision-making and control capabilities, AR remote assistance technology that can strengthen the cooperation ability between field operators and remote operators, robot cooperation technology that can strengthen the safety of operators, and virtual human technology that can use AI-driven operation in virtual space are integrated to build a hydraulic support adjusting experimental system based on industrial metaveise,and preliminary understanding of the application of industrial metaverse in coal mining.

Ning Zhang, Fan Fan, Yi Feng et al.

Organic acids are important aerosol compositions with significant implications on particle formation, growth, acidity, phase state, and environmental impacts. Oxalic acid was found to be the most abundant particulate organic diacid in Shanghai during the study period, accounting for ~58% of the total dicarboxylic acids (C2–C10). Biomass burning (BB) explained a small but non-negligible fraction (less than 10%) of oxalate. Significant correlations between oxalate and sulfate indicated a potentially synergistic formation mechanism of oxalate and sulfate. In addition, meteorological factors such as ambient temperature and relative humidity were found to influence the formation of oxalate. Higher oxalate relative to inorganic particulate content was found in summer. Potential source contribution function analysis suggested that most of the oxalate observed in Shanghai was produced locally. The formation of oxalate was largely impacted by atmospheric oxidation capacity as indicated by its significant correlations with both secondary organic carbon (SOC) and sulfur oxidation ratio (SOR). The evolution of oxalate, oxalate/sulfate, oxalate/organic carbon were consistent with the emission trend of volatile organic carbons (VOCs) in recent years, indicating that oxalate may be derived from secondary oxidation of VOCs, which is further confirmed by a positive relationship between O_x and oxalate/VOCs over the study period. With a detailed characterization of oxalate in Shanghai, our study highlights the importance of regulating primary emissions, such as VOCs, as well as mitigation of atmospheric oxidation capacity in controlling air pollution in a coastal megacity.

Gonzalo A. Benavides, Francisca Larach, Vicente Marchant et al.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a great impact in most countries worldwide, in particular impacting Chile greatly to become one of the worst hit countries in the world, despite its low population compared to other affected countries around the world. In this study we report the evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic and the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in Chile since the first positive case was announced on March 3, 2020, and until November 30, 2020. We provide a detailed description of the data provided by the Chilean Ministry of Science per administrative region on the number of new cases, tests per capita, and deaths in the country.