Hasil untuk "Economic history and conditions"

E. Bonacich

D. Verschuren, K. Laird, B. Cumming

Miguel Cuellar, Hyunseok Jung

Using foot traffic data for over 150,000 points of interest (POIs) near the sites of 42 mass shootings (2018-2022, U.S.), we evaluate the spatial-temporal impact of the tragic events on community mobility and relocation of economic activities. Visits to nearby POIs decrease, while farther away POIs experience increased foot traffic, implying that communities shift their activities away from the shooting sites. The impact is stronger when stronger trauma responses are expected. Our results suggest that mass shootings drive significant displacements of economic activities and can lead to welfare losses due to distortions in optimal choices of time and location.

Yuliia Kazmina, Eelke M. Heemskerk, Emilia van der Kooij et al.

The promise of equal opportunity is a cornerstone of modern societies, yet upward economic mobility remains out of reach for many. Using a decade of population-scale social network data from the Netherlands, covering over a billion family, school, workplace, and neighborhood ties, we examine how structural inequality and social capital jointly shape economic trajectories. Parental background is a strong early predictor of economic outcomes, but its influence fades over time. In contrast, bridging social capital is what positively predicts long-term mobility, particularly for economically disadvantaged groups. Reducing the dimensionality of an individual's network composition, we identify two key dimensions: exposure to affluent contacts and socioeconomic diversity of one's network. These are sufficient to capture the core aspects of social capital that matter for economic mobility. Overall, our findings demonstrate that while inherited advantage shapes the starting point of economic trajectory, social capital can powerfully reshape it, especially for the poor.

Haebin Seong, Sungmin Kim, Yongjun Cho et al.

While current navigation benchmarks prioritize task success in simplified settings, they neglect the multidimensional economic constraints essential for the real-world commercialization of autonomous delivery systems. We introduce CostNav, an Economic Navigation Benchmark that evaluates physical AI agents through comprehensive economic cost-revenue analysis aligned with real-world business operations. By integrating industry-standard data--such as Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filings and Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) injury reports--with Isaac Sim's detailed collision and cargo dynamics, CostNav transcends simple task completion to accurately evaluate business value in complex, real-world scenarios. To our knowledge, CostNav is the first physics-grounded economic benchmark that uses industry-standard regulatory and financial data to quantitatively expose the gap between navigation research metrics and commercial viability, revealing that optimizing for task success on a simplified task fundamentally differs from optimizing for real-world economic deployment. Evaluating seven baselines--two rule-based and five imitation learning--we find that no current method is economically viable, all yielding negative contribution margins. The best-performing method, CANVAS (-27.36\$/run), equipped with only an RGB camera and GPS, outperforms LiDAR-equipped Nav2 w/ GPS (-35.46\$/run). We challenge the community to develop navigation policies that achieve economic viability on CostNav. We remain method-agnostic, evaluating success solely on cost rather than the underlying architecture. All resources are available at https://github.com/worv-ai/CostNav.

Karolina Pawlak

Review of the book: B. Czyżewski, Ł. Kryszak, Sustainable Agriculture Policies for Human Well-Being: Integrated Efficiency Approach, Springer Nature, Cham 2022, pp. 256. DOI:10.1007/978-3-031-09796-6

Gilbert Ogechukwu NWORIE, Fidelia N. NWORIE

Purpose: The study examined the extent to which homepreneurship enhances economic wellbeing of households in Ebonyi State. Methodology: A descriptive survey research design was used. The sample consisted of 285 female entrepreneurs selected from a population of 994. Primary data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Analysis of research question and presentation of demographic profile of the respondents were done using frequency and percentage, respectively. Ordinal regression analysis was conducted to test the hypothesis. Finding: It was found that homepreneurship significantly enhances economic wellbeing of households in Ebonyi State (β = 0.387545; p-value = 0.012).Implication: In conclusion, the growth of home-based businesses can lead to enhanced economic wellbeing for households, providing financial stability, improved quality of life, and a reduction in gender-based economic disparities. To enhance the skills and business acumen of Igbo female entrepreneurs, training programs on business management, digital literacy, and financial planning should be introduced through local community centers to ensure that women acquire the knowledge necessary to run sustainable and profitable businesses. Originality: Unlike previous studies that primarily focus on challenges, theoretical models, or technological tools in homepreneurship, this article uniquely contributes original empirical evidence on how homepreneurship directly enhances household economic wellbeing in Ebonyi State, an area largely overlooked in existing literature.

Xinkuo Xu, Zenglu Song, Jinjing Lu

Unlike existing studies that concentrate on haze pollution at the provincial and city levels in China, this study utilizes data from 1762 counties from 2009 to 2020. Using a multi-temporal difference-in-differences method, the study investigates the impact of green finance reform and innovation pilot zones (GFRIs) on county haze pollution (CHP) through the synergy of governmental departments and financial institutions. The findings indicate that GFRIs can reduce CHP, and this effect is realized by promoting green innovation, strengthening environmental penalties, and alleviating fiscal pressure. Heterogeneity analysis demonstrates that the inhibitory effect of GFRIs on CHP is more pronounced in counties with lower levels of financial development, higher levels of industrial development, poorer and in the central and western regions. The GFRIs achieve a win-win situation for economic growth and pollution reduction. The GFRIs should leverage the synergy of “active” government and “effective” market, establishing a long-term mechanism for CHP control.

Jonghyun Kim, Donghyeon Yu, Hyoji Choi et al.

This study introduces a metric designed to measure urban structures through the economic complexity lens, building on the foundational theories of urban spatial structure, the Central Place Theory (CPT) (Christaller, 1933). Despite the significant contribution in the field of urban studies and geography, CPT has limited in suggesting an index that captures its key ideas. By analyzing various urban big data of Seoul, we demonstrate that PCI and ECI effectively identify the key ideas of CPT, capturing the spatial structure of a city that associated with the distribution of economic activities, infrastructure, and market orientation in line with the CPT. These metrics for urban centrality offer a modern approach to understanding the Central Place Theory and tool for urban planning and regional economic strategies without privacy issues.

Paula Zubillaga

Lucian CERNUȘCA

This article presents a series of theoretical and practical aspects regarding the taxation of income from independent activities carried out under sports activity contracts. Participants in sports activities can enter into sports activity contracts with sports organizations based on current legislation. Law No. 296/2023 establishes a new set of rules for determining the income tax, as well as for calculating and paying health insurance contributions (CASS) related to income from independent activities conducted under sports activity contracts. As a novelty, in 2024, to determine the required contribution to the public health system, income from independent activities carried out under sports activity contracts will be separated and will no longer be cumulated with other non-wage income provided for in Art. 155 Para. (1) Let. c)-h) of the Tax Code. Beginning January 1, 2024, CASS becomes a deductible expense when calculating the income tax on income obtained from independent activities carried out under sports activity contracts. Regarding the payment obligation for social insurance contributions (CAS), the gross income established by the contract will be included in the calculation of the ceiling of 12 or 24 minimum gross national wages, based on which it will be determined whether the income beneficiary is required to pay this obligation or not.

Andrea Alcaraz, Federico Rodriguez Cairoli, Carla Colaci et al.

Objectives: Lung cancer remains a significant global public health challenge and is still one of the leading cause of cancer-related death in Argentina. This study aims to assess the disease and economic burden of lung cancer in the country. Study design: Burden of disease study Methods. A mathematical model was developed to estimate the disease burden and direct medical cost attributable to lung cancer. Epidemiological parameters were obtained from local statistics, the Global Cancer Observatory, the Global Burden of Disease databases, and a literature review. Direct medical costs were estimated through micro-costing. Costs were expressed in US dollars (US$), April 2023 (1 US$ =216.38 argentine pesos). A second-order Monte Carlo simulation was performed to estimate the uncertainty. Results: Considering approximately 10,000 deaths, 12,000 incident cases, and 14,000 5-year prevalent cases, the economic burden of lung cancer in Argentina in 2023 was estimated to be US$ 556.20 million (396.96 -718.20), approximately 1.4% of the total healthcare expenditure for the country. The cost increased with a higher stage of the disease and the main driver was the drug acquisition (80%). 179,046 Disability-adjusted life years could be attributable to lung cancer representing the 10% of the total cancer. Conclusion: The disease and economic burden of lung cancer in Argentina implies a high cost for the health system and would represent 19% of the previously estimated economic burden for 29 cancers in Argentina.

Adán Muñiz Martín

Los jabeques se habían elegido cómo la principal opción para sustituir a las galeras en la defensa del Mediterráneo en la segunda mitad del S.XVIII, sobre todo en la lucha contra el corso musulmán. Este artículo pretende, a través de la documentación original de uno de los jabeques elegidos para tal tarea, el Atrevido, poder establecer pautas aplicables al resto de embarcaciones de las mismas características, compararlo con el buque anteriormente dedicado a las mismas funciones, la galera, y comprender el funcionamiento de los jabeques tanto a nivel humano, como su papel en la Armada de este periodo.  

Irina Fishcheva, Dmitriy Osadchiy, Klavdiya Bochenina et al.

The development of large and super-large language models, such as GPT-3, T5, Switch Transformer, ERNIE, etc., has significantly improved the performance of text generation. One of the important research directions in this area is the generation of texts with arguments. The solution of this problem can be used in business meetings, political debates, dialogue systems, for preparation of student essays. One of the main domains for these applications is the economic sphere. The key problem of the argument text generation for the Russian language is the lack of annotated argumentation corpora. In this paper, we use translated versions of the Argumentative Microtext, Persuasive Essays and UKP Sentential corpora to fine-tune RuBERT model. Further, this model is used to annotate the corpus of economic news by argumentation. Then the annotated corpus is employed to fine-tune the ruGPT-3 model, which generates argument texts. The results show that this approach improves the accuracy of the argument generation by more than 20 percentage points (63.2\% vs. 42.5\%) compared to the original ruGPT-3 model.

Andrea Gabrio

In 2016, the Dutch National Health Care Institute issued new guidelines that aggregated and updated previous recommendations on key elements for conducting economic evaluation. However, the impact on standard practice after the introduction of the guidelines in terms of design, methodology and reporting choices, is still uncertain. To assess this impact, we examine and compare key analysis components of economic evaluations conducted in the Netherlands before (2010-2015) and after (2016-2020) the introduction of the guidelines. We specifically focus on two aspects of the analysis that are crucial in determining the plausibility of the results: statistical methodology and missing data handling. Our review shows how many components of economic evaluations have changed in accordance with the new recommendations towards more transparent and advanced analytic approaches. However, potential limitations are identified in terms of the statistical software and information provided to support the choice of missing data methods.

Jieun Lee

Economists' interests in growth theory have a very long history (Harrod, 1939; Domar, 1946; Solow, 1956; Swan 1956; Mankiw, Romer, and Weil, 1992). Recently, starting from the neoclassical growth model, Ertur and Koch (2007) developed the spatially augmented Solow-Swan growth model with the exogenous spatial weights matrices ($W$). While the exogenous $W$ assumption could be true only with the geographical/physical distance, it may not be true when economic/social distances play a role. Using Penn World Table version 7.1, which covers year 1960-2010, I conducted the robust Rao's score test (Bera, Dogan, and Taspinar, 2018) to determine if $W$ is endogeonus and used the maximum likelihood estimation (Qu and Lee, 2015). The key finding is that the significance and positive effects of physical capital externalities and spatial externalities (technological interdependence) in Ertur and Koch (2007) were no longer found with the exogenous $W$, but still they were with the endogenous $W$ models. I also found an empirical strategy on which economic distance to use when the data recently has been under heavy shocks of the worldwide financial crises during year 1996-2010.

Katja Rietzler

Abstract In the coalition agreement, the new federal government holds out the prospect of a “decade of investment for the future”. It thus recognises that considerable additional investment-related government spending is necessary to overcome the investment backlog in Germany and promote the socio-ecological transformation. Based on current studies, a total of 600 to 800 billion euros over ten year seems plausible, with a significant share accruing at the municipal level. The new government addresses important problems of municipal finances including significant regional disparities, but further measures are needed to enable all local communities to invest sufficiently.

M. Mallory, L. Lindesmith, R. Baric

The World Health Organization estimates that global vaccination programs save 2 to 3 million lives per year by priming the immune system to protect against pathogenic threats that pose significant global health and economic burdens (Fig 1, A). In addition to individual protection, vaccination programs also rely on population or ‘‘herd’’ immunity: immunization of large portions of the population to protect the unvaccinated, immunocompromised, and immunologically naive by reducing the number of susceptible hosts to a level less than the threshold needed for transmission. For example, immunization of greater than 80% of the global population against smallpox virus reduced transmission rates to uninfected subjects to a point low enough to achieve eradication of the virus. Similarly, although the extent of coverage needed is pathogen specific, poliovirus is now targeted for eradication, with only Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Nigeria documenting endemic viral infections. Despite the success of select vaccination programs (Fig 1, B), societal and biological factors, including the inability of population groups to generate protective immunity in response to vaccination, are a challenge for achieving herd immunity. The unvaccinated, including the very young and aged and those who are immunocompromised because of infection, congenital conditions, or medical history, must be protected by passive immunity. For example, unvaccinated female subjects benefit from human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination of their male partners because HPV strains 16 and 18 are linked to 70% to 80% of cases of cervical cancer. Although both male and female subjects can be infected with HPV, female subjects are more likely to experience detrimental oncogenic effects, including loss of reproductive capabilities. The vaccination of female and male subjects in young populations with attenuated vaccines of the circulating HPV strains has decreased transmission of these specific HPV viruses to young unvaccinated female subjects in Scotland andAustralia. Thus vaccination of the potential carriers within the population can promote disease prevention in the unvaccinated.

A. R. Baghirzade, B. Kushbakov

In the article we made an attempt to reveal the contents and development of the concept of economic clusters, to characterize the specificity of the regional cluster as a project. We have identified features of an estimation of efficiency of state participation in the cluster, where the state is an institution representing the interests of society.

مهر آفاق پهلوان روی, بهاره ناصری

نیروی انسانی به عنوان با ارزش‌ترین سرمایه یک سازمان و جامعه محسوب می­شود؛ لذا از دیرباز کشورها بر روی این نیروی با ارزش سرمایه­گذاری کرده و سعی در بارور نمودن آن دارند. بنابراین، هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی رابطۀ بین اینرسی سازمانی و نوآوری با توجه به نقش میانجی اشتیاق شغلی کارکنان تأمین اجتماعی زاهدان می­باشد. روش پژوهش توصیفی پیمایشی مبتنی بر مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری است. جامعه آماری این پژوهش شامل کلیۀ کارکنان اداره کل سازمان تأمین اجتماعی زاهدان به تعداد 500 نفر است. با استفاده از جدول مورگان، حجم نمونه آماری 217 نفر تعیین شد و نمونه‌گیری با استفاده از روش نمونه گیری تصادفی انجام شد. ابزار گردآوری داده‌ها، پرسشنامه اینرسی سازمانی هاگ (2014)، پرسشنامه نوآوری جیمنز و همکاران (2011) و پرسشنامه اشتیاق شغلی سالوناوا و شوفلی(2002) می‌باشد. روایی صوری و محتوایی از طریق تحلیل عاملی تأییدی مورد تأیید قرار گرفت. پایایی پرسشنامه‌ها با استفاده از آزمون آلفای کرونباخ به ترتیب برابر با 81/0، 85/0، 87/0 محاسبه شد که حاکی از پایایی مناسب ابزار پژوهش است. داده­های به دست آمده، با استفاده از نرم افزارهای SPSS 20 و Smart PLS  به روش مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. نتایج نشان داد متغیر میانجی اشتیاق شغلی در رابطۀ بین اینرسی سازمانی بر نوآوری معنادار است.