Hasil untuk "Cartography"

J. Braun

А. Martyn, L. Hunko, O. Chumachenko et al.

У статті обґрунтовані напрями удосконалення методичних засад формування земельних ділянок державної, комунальної власності, на яких розташовані будівлі, споруди. Запропоновано методику формування земельних ділянок державної, комунальної власності, на яких розташовані будівлі, споруди, із урахуванням при формуванні земельних ділянок функціонального призначення, технічних характеристик будівель та споруд, а також місць їх розташування відносно інших об’єктів нерухомості, червоних ліній, територій та об’єктів загального користування, водних об’єктів, територій та об’єктів природно-заповідного фонду, пам’яток культурної спадщини, інших режимоутворюючих об’єктів. Запропоновано встановити єдиний, кількісно вимірюваний підхід до визначення допустимих меж такої ділянки через дві взаємопов’язані величини — ширину базової смуги обслуговування та спеціальний коефіцієнт для кожного класу будівель та споруд. Запропонований підхід до формування земельних ділянок державної, комунальної власності, на яких розташовані будівлі, споруди в цілому спростить роботу розробників документації із землеустрою завдяки єдиному набору кількісних параметрів. В той же час, буде забезпечено зменшення кількості випадків передачі надлишкових площ без торгів і відповідне збільшення пропозиції земель на конкурентному ринку. Ключові слова: формування земельних ділянок, функціональне призначення, будівельні норми.

Decai Jiang, Min Feng, Dezhao Yan et al.

Taluses are widely distributed in alpine regions such as the Tibetan Plateau. Despite their critical environmental and geohazard roles, taluses have only been mapped in limited regions. This study presents an effective approach to identifying taluses by capturing their morphological features using deep learning (DeepLab V3+ with an attention mechanism) and high-resolution satellite images. The approach was applied to 2-m-resolution GaoFen satellite images to map taluses in the source area of the Yellow River in the eastern Tibetan Plateau and compile the first comprehensive talus records of the region. The results obtained were highly accurate, with 88.6% of the F1 score compared to manual interpretations. The mapped taluses covered approximately 3.89 × 103 km2, 3.19% of the region, with the vast majority located at moderate elevations (4,000–5,000 m asl) and moderate slopes (10–35°). The mapped areas are characterized by frequent freeze – thaw cycles, significant terrain ruggedness, and sparse vegetation cover. The results reveal other interesting characteristics of talus distribution regarding lithology, permafrost thermal stability, and precipitation. These findings could provide valuable information about the forces that drive talus formation and improved understanding of taluses in the Tibetan Plateau and globally by combining recent advances in artificial intelligence and Earth observations.

Victoria Vicente Rodrigues Lopes, Nilton Abranches Júnior

This study investigates the vacation courses for the professional development of secondary school Geography teachers, promoted by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) between 1962 and 1971 in the city of Rio de Janeiro. The objective is to analyze the trajectory, curricular content, and impacts of these initiatives on teacher training, as well as their contribution to the consolidation of Geography education within the Brazilian educational context. Methodologically, the study adopts a historical and documentary approach, anchored in the analysis of primary sources such as publications from the Boletim Geográfico, the Revista Brasileira de Geografia, and, most notably, the course materials used in these programs. These initiatives played a significant role in disseminating innovative methodologies, enhancing teacher qualifications, and consolidating Geography as both an academic and school subject. The emphasis on areas such as cartography and statistics, Geography teaching, and Economic Geography highlights the deliberate effort to improve teacher training, equipping educators with the technical and scientific tools necessary for analyzing Brazil’s geographic space in alignment with the educational and political demands of the time. Although these training programs made a substantial contribution to the advancement of geographic education, they were aligned with a technicist and nationalist perspective, limiting the incorporation of critical approaches aimed at analyzing social inequalities and territorial conflicts. The study underscores the intrinsic relationship between science, the state, and ideology in the construction of school knowledge, highlighting the importance of critical reflections on Geography education in Brazil.

Bin Tian, Fangfang Zhang, Fengkai Lang et al.

Continuous and accurate acquisitions of surface water distribution are important for water resources evaluation, especially high-precision flood monitoring. During surface water extraction, optical imagery is strongly affected by clouds, while synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery is easily influenced by numerous physical factors; thus, the water extraction method based on single-sensor imagery cannot obtain high-precision water range under multiple scenarios. Here, we integrated the radar backscattering coefficient of ground objects into the Normalized Difference Water Index to construct a novel SAR and Optical Imagery Water Index (SOWI), and the water ranges of five study areas were extracted. We compared two previous automatic extraction methods based on single-sensor imagery and evaluated the accuracy of the extraction results. Compared with using optical and SAR imagery alone, the accuracy of all five regions was improved by up to 1–18%. The fusion-derived products resulted in user accuracies ranging 95–99% and Kappa coefficients varying by 85–97%. SOWI was then applied to monitor the 2021 heavy rainfall-induced Henan Province flood disaster, obtaining a time-series change diagram of flood inundation range. Our results verify SOWI’s continuous high-precision monitoring capability to accurately identify waterbodies beneath clouds and algal blooms. By reducing random noise, the defects of SAR are improved and the roughness of water boundaries is overcome. SOWI is suitable for high-precision water extraction in myriad scenarios, and has great potential for use in flood disaster monitoring and water resources statistics.

Paolo Cavallini, Matteo Ghetta, Ulisse Cavallini

QGIS is the leading free and open source desktop GIS. It is also a complete ecosystem, that allows to build complete workflows, from field data collection to publication on the web. Central to it are QGIS projects, that define data sources, projections, styling and integration, and are reused from mobile to the web without a need to reconfigure them. We describe the main solutions available for data collection and seamless publication over the web: MerginMaps, Qfield, Lizmap, with an example form a water resources project in Gambia.

Petra C. Fay, Fauziah Mohd Jaafar, Carrie Batten et al.

Bluetongue (BT) is a severe and economically important disease of ruminants that is widely distributed around the world, caused by the bluetongue virus (BTV). More than 28 different BTV serotypes have been identified in serum neutralisation tests (SNT), which, along with geographic variants (topotypes) within each serotype, reflect differences in BTV outer-capsid protein VP2. VP2 is the primary target for neutralising antibodies, although the basis for cross-reactions and serological variations between and within BTV serotypes is poorly understood. Recombinant BTV VP2 proteins (rVP2) were expressed in <i>Nicotiana benthamiana</i>, based on sequence data for isolates of thirteen BTV serotypes (primarily from Europe), including three ‘novel’ serotypes (BTV-25, -26 and -27) and alternative topotypes of four serotypes. Cross-reactions within and between these viruses were explored using rabbit anti-rVP2 sera and post BTV-infection sheep reference-antisera, in I-ELISA (with rVP2 target antigens) and SNT (with reference strains of BTV-1 to -24, -26 and -27). Strong reactions were generally detected with homologous rVP2 proteins or virus strains/serotypes. The sheep antisera were largely serotype-specific in SNT, but more cross-reactive by ELISA. Rabbit antisera were more cross-reactive in SNT, and showed widespread, high titre cross-reactions against homologous and heterologous rVP2 proteins in ELISA. Results were analysed and visualised by antigenic cartography, showing closer relationships in some, but not all cases, between VP2 topotypes within the same serotype, and between serotypes belonging to the same ‘VP2 nucleotype’.

M. J. Sherlock, M. Hasan, F. F. Samavati

Globe-based Digital Earth (DE) is a promising system that uses 3D models of the Earth for integration, organization, processing, and visualization of vast multiscale geospatial datasets. The growing size and scale of geospatial datasets present significant obstacles to interactive viewing and meaningful visualizations of these DE systems. To address these challenges, we present a novel web-based multiresolution DE system using a hierarchical discretization of the globe on both server and client sides. The presented web-based system makes use of a novel data encoding technique for rendering large multiscale geospatial datasets, with the additional capability of displaying multiple simultaneous viewpoints. Only the data needed for the current views and scales are encoded and processed. We leverage the power of GPU acceleration on the client-side to perform real-time data rendering and dynamic styling. Efficient rendering of multiple views allows us to support multilevel focus+context visualization, an effective approach to navigate through large multiscale global datasets. The client–server interaction as well as the data encoding, rendering, styling, and visualization techniques utilized by our presented system contribute toward making DE more accessible and informative.

Manoel FERNANDES, David HEESOM, Michael FULLEN et al.

Dynamics, structure and function are geoecological characteristics that define landscapes. These characteristics help explain landscape processes, such as floods. This article analyses geoecological variables to understand flood dynamics in the original historical district of Petrópolis City (Brazil). Concepts and techniques of historical cartography and GIScience were used to analyse geoecological variables in three river basins (Quitandinha, Palatino and Piabanha) within the study area. Each basin had a river island which was excavated and removed. The Quitandinha River Basin had the largest river island (965 m2), the highest Edification Index (44.12%) and the most favourable geomorphological indices for the occurrence of floods. Hence, the basin recorded 93% of flood events within the three basins. Multiple geoecological variables influence flood dynamics. In this urban landscape, changes in the drainage network, intensified by disorderly urbanization and geomorphological processes, are extremely important in understanding flooding processes

Nemer Ricardo Amaral Ferreira, João Carlos Chaves

Estruturas artificiais (pontes, edifícios, barragens, etc.) ou naturais (placas litosféricas, superfícies com risco de desmoronamento, vulcões, etc.) sempre estarão sujeitas a mudanças em suas dimensões, tanto na forma, como no tamanho ou na posição devido a ação humana ou da própria natureza. Por isso estas estruturas merecem acompanhamento ao longo do tempo, ajudando na identificação de problemas e portanto contribuindo com que acidentes possam ser evitados. Para Kuang (1996) qualquer medida, mesmo aquelas com instrumentos de tecnologias mais recentes, há de se considerar erros inerentes ao processo de medição, os quais são causados por fatores instrumental, do meio ambiente ou de limitação humana. Estes erros, portanto, devem ser eliminados ou minimizados, para que se tenha maior confiabilidade nos dados coletados em campo e que servirão de análise para estudo das variações dimensionais de uma estrutura. Analisar a acurácia das observações com o equipamento que se está trabalhando, portanto, é necessário no controle de estruturas. Esta pesquisa tem o objetivo de apresentar a acurácia de observações coletadas com uma Estação Total Robótica (ETR) com a finalidade de modelar erros que comprometam a investigação de deslocamento, usando como referência Kuang (1996). As precisões angulares e lineares informadas pelo fabricante do equipamento foram a base para o chamado processo de análise de acurácia das observações a priori. Nesta fase, equacionou-se os erros de acordo com suas fontes. No caso da estação total suas observáveis (direções e distâncias) têm suas fontes de erros. As direções sofrem influências dos erros de pontaria, de nivelamento e de leitura, ou seja, os chamados erros internos (relativo ao instrumento ou ao observador) e, também, dos erros externos (relativo a outros fatores) que são o erro de centragem e da refração atmosférica. Os erros que afetam a medida linear também são divididos em componentes internos (o erro zero, o erro cíclico e o erro de medida da fase) e externos (refração atmosférica). Na sequência, conforme Kuang (1996), aplicou-se a análise de acurácia das observações a posteriori para a determinação da variância em função do erro verdadeiro e modelada dos erros vistos anteriormente. Foi realizado um experimento para analisar os resultados de acordo com os procedimentos de modelagem executados. Neste experimento um deslocamento simulado na ordem da dezena do centímetro (medida feita com um paquímetro) foi detectado por cálculos a partir dos dados obtidos pela ETR com erro na ordem do milímetro e com diferença na ordem do décimo do milímetro em relação a equipamentos que foram considerados como referência e que também coletaram dados nesta simulação. Assim, nesse trabalho entende-se ter elencado as influências dos erros sistemáticos e aleatórios nas observações coletadas com o equipamento utilizado. Importante enfatizar que a essência deste estudo vale para qualquer tipo de equipamento, em qualquer trabalho que se busque acurácia das observações.

Marta Padilla-Ruiz, Carlos López-Vázquez

We are immersed in the Big Data era, where there is a large amount of heterogeneous data, both in time and spatial scales. This data starts to be streamed in real time from different devices and sensors, well illustrated by the new concept of Smart Cities. Conflation processes play an important role in this scenario, defined as the procedure for the combination and integration of different data sources, improving the level of information of the result. It also allows to update geographical databases (GDB), conflating different kind of sources where one of them is more accurate or updated than the other. Regarding geometric conflation, the procedure involves transforming features from one data source to another, minimizing the geometric discrepancies between them. Accuracy has to be taken into account in these processes, and the results need to be measured and evaluated in order to have a better understanding of product quality. In this paper, conflation evaluation process is described along with the different metrics and approaches to assess its accuracy.

Rosana Cristina Grecchi, Gabriel Bertani, Kleber Trabaquini et al.

O bioma Cerrado brasileiro, reconhecido como um dos hotspots de biodiversidade do Planeta, vem recebendo grande destaque no amplo contexto das mudanças globais, em virtude das transformações sem precedentes no uso e cobertura da terra (LULC), como uma das regiões naturais onde ocorreram as maiores taxas de expansão de terras cultivadas nas últimas décadas no País. Entretanto, informações consistentes sobre o uso e cobertura da terra nessas regiões e sua dinâmica temporal ainda são escassas. A área de estudo selecionada compreende uma bacia hidrográfica localizada na Chapada dos Parecis, que representa significativamente o processo de antropizações ocorridas no estado de Mato Grosso nas últimas décadas. A fi m de compreender as transformações ocorridas no uso e cobertura da terra nesta área foi utilizado um método de classificação baseada em objeto (OBIA) para mapear LULC para quatro anos (1981, 1991, 2001 e 2011), com base em imagens Landsat. Posteriormente informações sobre as mudanças históricas foram obtidas via um método pós-classificação para os diferentes intervalos de tempo (1981-1991, 1991-2001 e 2001-2011). Os resultados indicam que entre 1981 e 2011 a área de estudo perdeu aproximadamente 3.722 km2 de vegetação natural. Em 1981, cerca de 97,8% da área ainda se encontrava coberta pela vegetação de Cerrado e esse percentual foi reduzido para 59,6% em 2011. Destaca-se que, do percentual de vegetação natural remanescente em 2011, 29% são protegidos como terras indígenas e, desta maneira, o percentual remanescente fora dessas áreas protegidas é muito mais baixo (~31%). A taxa de mudança foi maior entre 1991 e 2001 (-2.8% y-1).

Carla Nardinocchi, Gianfranco Forlani

Estrazione di particolari di interesse cartografico da immagini aeree

Kruczyk Michał

This paper investigates information potential contained in tropospheric delay product for selected International GNSS Service (IGS) stations in climatologic research. Long time series of daily averaged Integrated Precipitable Water (IPW) can serve as climate indicator. The seasonal model of IPW change has been adjusted to the multi-year series (by the least square method). Author applied two modes: sinusoidal and composite (two or more oscillations). Even simple sinusoidal seasonal model (of daily IPW values series) clearly represents diversity of world climates. Residuals in periods from 10 up to 17 years are searched for some long-term IPW trend – self-evident climate change indicator. Results are ambiguous: for some stations or periods IPW trends are quite clear, the following years (or the other station) not visible. Method of fitting linear trend to IPW series does not influence considerably the value of linear trend. The results are mostly influenced by series length, completeness and data (e.g. meteorological) quality. The longer and more homogenous IPW series, the better chance to estimate the magnitude of climatologic IPW changes.

Jordan Branch

Jeremy D DeBarry, Jessica C Kissinger

We characterize the prevalence, distribution, divergence, and putative functions of detectable two-copy paralogs and segmental duplications in the Apicomplexa, a phylum of parasitic protists. Apicomplexans are mostly obligate intracellular parasites responsible for human and animal diseases (e.g. malaria and toxoplasmosis). Gene loss is a major force in the phylum. Genomes are small and protein-encoding gene repertoires are reduced. Despite this genomic streamlining, duplications and gene family amplifications are present. The potential for innovation introduced by duplications is of particular interest. We compared genomes of twelve apicomplexans across four lineages and used orthology and genome cartography to map distributions of duplications against genome architectures. Segmental duplications appear limited to five species. Where present, they correspond to regions enriched for multi-copy and species-specific genes, pointing toward roles in adaptation and innovation. We found a phylum-wide association of duplications with dynamic chromosome regions and syntenic breakpoints. Trends in the distribution of duplicated genes indicate that recent, species-specific duplicates are often tandem while most others have been dispersed by genome rearrangements. These trends show a relationship between genome architecture and gene duplication. Functional analysis reveals: proteases, which are vital to a parasitic lifecycle, to be prominent in putative recent duplications; a pair of paralogous genes in Toxoplasma gondii previously shown to produce the rate-limiting step in dopamine synthesis in mammalian cells, a possible link to the modification of host behavior; and phylum-wide differences in expression and subcellular localization, indicative of modes of divergence. We have uncovered trends in multiple modes of duplicate divergence including sequence, intron content, expression, subcellular localization, and functions of putative recent duplicates that highlight the role of duplications in the continuum of forces that have shaped these genomes.

J. Speake, S. Axon

E. Farmer

M. Rescorla

Lorenzo Becchi

FOSS4G 2010 FOSS4G is "the conference" for Open Source Geospatial Software and on september 2010 will meet in Barcelona, Spain. At FOSS4G you will meet all kind of actors: Free Software developers and any kind of representatives from companies, institutions and the academic world. The spatial industry is undergoing rapid innovations and the open source spatial community is one of the forces driving the change.