Hasil untuk "Urbanization. City and country"

Nermen Matter

في السنوات الأخيرة، شهدت المدن المصرية تنفيذ العديد من محاور الحركة المرتفعة، والتي تهدف إلى ربط المناطق العمرانية، وتسهيل حركة النقل وحل مشاكل المرور. ولكنها تسببت في العديد من التحديات الحضرية، عمرانيا تسببت في خلق مساحات عمرانية مفقودة اسفلها ادت الى قطع النسيج العمراني، وبيئيا تحولت تلك المساحات الى مناطق تراكم للمخلفات ومصدراً للتلوث البيئي، واجتماعيا أصبحت تلك المساحات مأوى للمجرمين والمشردين، واقتصاديا بسبب إهدار الأراضي المميزة والذي يتضح من خلال الاستخدام غير الرسمي لتلك المساحات، وإغفال إمكانية تحول هذه المساحات المفقودة إلى مساحات تخدم المحيط الحضري وتحسن من قابلية العيش. يهدف البحث الى صياغة إطار لاستغلال المساحات الحضرية المفقودة أسفل محاور الحركة المرتفعة لتحسين قابلية العيش. وتحويلها من مناطق فاصلة عمرانيا وملوثة بيئيا ومتدنية اجتماعيا ومهدرة اقتصاديا الى نقاط اتصال عمراني ومناطق التقاء سكاني نابضة بالحياة ومتنفس بيئي للمناطق العمرانية المحيطة ونقاط جذب اقتصادي. تبنى البحث مراجعة الأدبيات حول المساحات الحضرية المفقودة وخاصة المساحات المفقودة أسفل محاور الحركة المرتفعة وأهميتها، ودراسة السمات المادية لتصميم المساحات العامة لتحسين قابلية العيش، ومن ثم دراسة الوضع الراهن للمساحات الحضرية الواقعة أسفل محاور الحركة المرتفعة في مصر والتركيز على "حي مصر الجديدة" والذي استقبل مؤخرا العديد من تلك المحاور. وإجراء دراسة تحليلية لبعض من الأمثلة العالمية لاستغلال المساحات الحضرية أسفل محاور الحركة المرتفعة. ومن خلال الدراسة النظرية والتحليل المقارن لحالات الدراسة المحلية والعالمية وضع البحث إطاراً لاستغلال المساحات الحضرية المفقودة أسفل محاور الحركة المرتفعة من خلال دراسة التركيب المادى لتلك المحاور والإمكانات الحضرية للمساحات المفقودة أسفلها وتحديد أصحاب المصلحة المستفيدين لخلق أنماط تنموية مستدامة تتناسب مع تلك المساحات وتحسن من قابلية العيش في المدن المصرية. In recent years, Egyptian cities have witnessed the implementation of several elevated movement axes, which aimed at connecting urban areas and facilitating transportation while addressing traffic issues. However, these axes have posed numerous urban challenges. Urbanistically, they have created lost urban spaces below them disintegration the urban fabric. Environmentally, these spaces have transformed into waste accumulation zones contributing to environmental pollution. Socially, these spaces have become shelters for criminals and homeless individuals. Economically, the unofficial use of these spaces has resulted in the wasteful utilization of valuable land, and overlooking the potential transformation of these lost spaces into areas that contribute to the urban environment and enhance livability. The research aims to formulate a framework for utilizing the lost urban spaces below the elevated movement axes to enhance livability. This involves transforming these spaces from urban separation zones, environmentally polluted, socially deprived, and economically wasted zones into vibrant urban connection points and lively meeting areas, environmental breather for surrounding urban regions and economic attraction points. The research is based on a literature review of lost urban spaces, particularly those below elevated movement axes, and their significance. It studies the physical characteristics for designing public spaces to improve livability. The current status of urban spaces below elevated movement axes in Egypt is examined, with a focus on "Heliopolis" as it has recently experienced the impact of these axes. An analytical study of some global examples of utilizing lost urban below elevated movement axes is conducted. Through theoretical study and comparative analysis of local and global case studies, the research establishes a framework for utilizing lost urban spaces below elevated movement axes. This involves studying the physical composition of these axes, exploring the urban potential of the spaces below them, and identifying stakeholders who stand to benefit, to create sustainable development patterns that align with these spaces and enhance livability in Egyptian cities.

Matteo Caglioni

With this volume - Conversations with TeMA - the Journal opens a new editorial line specifically dedicated to promoting and disseminating the discussion between worldwide researchers on specific issues concerning the contents, methods and timing of our work. This first experience is dedicated to a deepening, in an interview formula, on the future of spatial planning in Italy both from a regulatory and technical-disciplinary perspective, also concerning what is happening in other countries. In line with the aims we had set, we decided to involve, in this first phase, both colleagues working in Italian universities and those working in foreign universities and research centres. This contribution is by Matteo Caglioni, Professor of Urban Geography, Université Cote-d-Azur, CNRS UMR 7300 ESPACE

Peter Lacoere, Hans Leinfelder

Since 2011, the European Commission has recommended that member states reduce land take and achieve the ‘no net land take’ objective by 2050. The objective was reinforced in the EU ‘Soil Strategy for 2030’ and is likely to gain further importance in the upcoming Soil Health Law. This paper investigates the feasibility and implementation of a no net land take policy for the Flemish region, Belgium. The new land policy for Flanders was announced in 2016, representing a paradigm shift from spatial growth to final growth boundaries. The paper uses a generic model of the policy-making cycle to assess the implementation of a no net land take policy at the national or regional level. We propose a roadmap of implementation in five cyclical phases for Flanders, but many aspects of this proposed roadmap can be applied to other parts of Europe as well. In the implementation stage, the targeted selection and implementation of land-use instruments is of paramount importance to realise the land-take reduction trajectory. The Flemish case of the so-called Bouwshift shows that development instruments supporting further construction at good locations are politically more popular than protective measures that actually protect soil and landscape but intervene in property rights.

O. Oloke, O. Fayomi, A. Oluwatayo et al.

This study weighed in on the topical issue of climate change impacts and sustainable urban development in developing countries. Climate change is a global challenge that is much discussed at national and international fora. The study reflects on the lot and plight of cities and peri-urban communities in developing countries in the face of lopsided attention on climate change. Extant studies, articles, local and international reports on climate change, urbanization and infrastructure, extant literatures were reviewed to establish the perspective and position of the study. The study examined the global threats of climate change and the local impact of disasters to urban dwellers in developing countries like Nigeria. It further shed light on urbanization process and the state of infrastructure in developing countries. Vulnerability of cities in the areas of infrastructure was brought to the fore with a view to improving the capacity and preparedness against climate change impact. Concepts of climate change, urbanization challenge, urban infrastructure, sustainable development were reviewed to contextualize the study. The study concluded by advocating for positive urbanization to mitigate the effect of climate change and foster sustainable development agenda in developing countries.

Laura Gebhardt, Alexandra König

Die Komplexität und Dynamik realweltlicher Probleme, die in transdisziplinären Projekten adressiert werden, erfordert die Beteiligung aller direkt und indirekt betroffenen Bevölkerungsgruppen am Partizipationsprozess. Allzu häufig führen jedoch Effekte der sozialen Selektivität dazu, dass die Beteiligten meist aus einem sozioökonomisch ähnlichen Milieu stammen (mittelständisch, männlich, einheimisch) und Personen mit Migrationshintergrund, Frauen, Jugendliche und Angehörige der unteren Einkommensschichten eher schwach oder gar nicht vertreten sind. Dadurch droht der Matthäus-Effekt („wer hat, dem wird gegeben“), wenn sich sozioökonomisch starke Personen besonders für ihre Belange einsetzen, während die Interessen (ressourcen-)schwächerer unterrepräsentiert bleiben. Der Beitrag adressiert drei Fragen: 1. Wie kann sichergestellt werden, dass alle Bevölkerungsgruppen bei Partizipationsprozessen erreicht werden? 2. Wie können die Anliegen aller Bevölkerungsgruppen dabei involviert werden? 3. Wie kann die Zivilgesellschaft bei Partizipationsprozessen zu Co-Creatoren ermächtigt werden? Vor dem Hintergrund gemachter empirischer Erfahrungen in den Projekten Reallabor Schorndorf und Reallabor Altmarkkreis werden diese Frage reflektiert. Auf Basis dieser Reflexion werden Handlungsempfehlungen für Forschende und Praxisakteure sowie offene Forschungsfragen abgeleitet.

Wrixon Mpanang'ombe, Adrian Mallory, Elizabeth Tilley

Similar to other poor countries across Africa, Malawi struggles with solid waste management (SWM). Especially considering the high proportion of organic waste, composting is a promising opportunity to tackle the problem. However, composting has had low uptake due to competing fertilizer subsidies, the perceived labour required, and a lack of training and equipment. Considering these issues, this paper presents an analysis of the political dynamics around SWM at markets in Blantyre, Malawi, and to understand how these dynamics may potentially affect the sorting of organic waste in order to improve the production of compost. We find complex systems of both formal and informal management that are deeply linked to the official political structures, creating a diverse array of actors with various vested interests. Implementing a separation program would need community engagement and long-term financial viability to ensure that the project is not abandoned as others have been. This paper contributes to understanding how the complexity of urban governance, combined with party politics, can affect the potential for introducing new models of waste management. It emphasises the importance of understanding both informal and formal management structures before designing interventions.

Markus Hesse

Rezension

K. Krishnaveni, P. Anilkumar

Abstract. Indian cities, like several other developing cities around the world, are urbanizing at an alarming rate. This unprecedented and uncontrolled urbanization may result in urban sprawl, which is characterized by low-density impervious surfaces, often clumsy, extends along the fringes of metropolitan areas with unbelievable pace, disperse, auto-dependent with environmentally and socially impacting characteristics. The ill-effects of urban sprawl in developing countries scenario is a bit complicated compared to that of developed countries because of uncontrolled population growth and haphazard urbanization. This paper attempts to investigate the capabilities of remote sensing and GIS techniques in understanding the urban sprawl phenomenon in a better way compared to time- consuming conventional methods. An overview of the enormous potential of remote sensing and GIS techniques in mapping and monitoring the Spatio-temporal patterns urban sprawl is dealt with here. The spatial pattern and dynamics of the urban sprawl of Kozhikode Metropolitan Area (KMA, Kerala, India) during the period from 1991 to 2018 using the integrated approach of remote sensing and GIS are attempted here. Index derived Built-up Index (IDBI) which is a thematic index-based index (combination of Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI), Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) and Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI)) is used for the rapid and automated extraction of built-up features from the time series satellite imageries. The extracted built-up areas of each year are then used for Shannon’s entropy calculations, which is a method for the quantification of urban sprawl. The results of IDBI and Shannon’s entropy analysis highlight the fact that there occurs an alarming increase in the built-up areal extent from 1991 to 2018. The urban planning authorities can make use of these techniques of built-up area extraction and urban sprawl analysis for effective city planning and sprawl control.

A. Chanda, Sourav Das, Sourav Bhattacharyya et al.

H. Breukelman, H. Krikke, A. Löhr

The potential and scale of cities enable economic growth and the improvement of citizens’ access to jobs, education, healthcare, culture, public utilities and services. Solid waste management (SWM) is one of the key services provided by cities. Its operations are complex, very visible to the general public, and impacted by strong financial, societal, and political constraints. Performances in developing countries, however, are not positive. United Nations research shows urban collection services covering no more than 39% of the population in low-income countries. Why are many cities in developing countries not able to use their increasing wealth and scale for basic SWM services such as city cleaning, collection, and sustainable landfilling? This paper provides a review of literature on this question over the last decade. It shows that research is mostly on symptoms and has not led to a deeper diagnosis of causes. Lack of resources, infrastructure, awareness, and institutional strength are often pinpointed as causes but, in fact, they should be addressed as symptoms. These symptoms should be designated as dependent variables in a complex causal network with systemic feedbacks, hindering or neutralizing attempts to improve performances if not properly dealt with. Research should concentrate more on assessing the relations between urbanization, urban processes, and urban governance that shape the performance of urban solid waste management. System dynamics modeling may provide new approaches for this diagnosis.

A. Dewan, Y. Yamaguchi, Mohammad Ziaur Rahman

A. Mishra

Developing countries are embarking on ‘smart city’ programmes to rejuvenate their cities as engines of economic growth, applying smart solutions and managerial innovations. However, they ignore the powerful externalities of cities and are far from adopting ‘smart’ ways of financing urban infrastructure and services based on known theories and international practices. This article combines the Henry George Theorem (HGT) from Urban Economics and Mohring–Harwitz Theorem (MHT) from Transport Economics to suggest a robust strategy of financing infrastructure in cities. While the HGT emphasizes the taxation of urban land value, the MHT advocates the pricing of congestion externalities. The article suggests that if ‘beneficiaries pay’ and ‘congesters pay’ principles are combined, cities in developing countries like India can generate adequate revenues to service long-tenor debt incurred for core infrastructure facilities. It presents a toolbox of instruments to finance urban infrastructure.

D. Gubler

Chen Wan, Shiliang Su

G. L. Kiddle, D. McEvoy, D. Mitchell et al.

Pacific Island Countries (PICs) are often cited as being the most vulnerable to the future impacts of a changing climate. Furthermore, being located in the ‘Pacific Rim of Fire’, PICs have long been exposed to the impacts of a range of natural and climate-related extreme events—such as earthquakes and cyclones—and are considered to be amongst the most vulnerable countries to natural disasters. The physical vulnerability of Pacific towns and cities is further exaggerated by development deficits, geographical isolation, weak governance, and complex issues of land tenure. This paper, based on substantive project experience in the Pacific region by each of the authors, reviews the resilience challenges facing Melanesian cities in the context of rapid urbanization and global environmental change. It then sets this in the context of the global ‘New Urban Agenda’ which was launched at Habitat III in Quito at the end of 2016, setting out the critical implementation challenges and opportunities for enhancing urban resilience in the Pacific.

G. Fink, I. Günther, K. Hill

I. Hegazy, Wael Seddik, Hossam Samir Ibrahim

In developing countries, most cities suffer from numerous problems associated with the processes of their urban management and development. These problems have a great influence on the environmental performance of those cities. Egyptian cities are no exception to such cities. Recently, Egypt has been undergoing rapid urbanization and industrialization. It is claimed that there have been various undesired effects on the environment resulting from these development processes. In fact, it could be said that development processes, as a result of national policy over the past 3 decades, are associated with a wide range of problems and impacts on the environment. In this respect, sustainability has been the most trending issue in developing urban communities all over the world. Great efforts have been made through sustainable urban design to enhance the quality of life. Furthermore, it is advocated that to make these communities sustainable, a comprehensive management of their systems is essential. This research advocates that green mechanisms within urban management in Egypt would offer appropriate solutions for their problems. This research casts light on one of the recent green urban management evaluation mechanisms. The African Green City Index is adopted in this research to examine the environmental performance of three new cities in Egypt, and the commitment made to reducing the environmental impact associated with their urban development. The research concludes with the identification of green policy proposals for improving the selected cities’ environmental performance and urban management. These proposals could be considered as initiatives and guidelines for other Egyptian cities and could pave the way for identifying appropriate policies for enhancing the quality of green city urban systems within the Egyptian context.

Stefan Greiving, Florian Hurth, Christina Gollmann et al.

Currently, spatial planning contributes to the management of flood risks by keeping flood-prone area free of further development. This approach does not contribute to the reduction of flood risks which are mainly related to already built-up areas. For reducing flood risks, threatened settlement and infrastructure have to be protected or retreated from flood-prone areas. This paper discusses managed settlement retreat. First, the present role of spatial planning in flood risk management is investigated by means of a literature survey and an analysis of the practice of spatial planning in all major territorial states. Moreover, existing examples for managed settlement retreat from Germany and other countries are analysed. Managed settlement retreat can be conceptualized as a proactive or reactive planning strategy in order to reduce flooding risk. The paper presents the results of a gaming simulation of a proactive settlement retreat in Saxonia (Germany). This test proved the applicability of managed settlement retreat in context or urban renewal. Here, a close cooperation between urban development, regional planning and water management is seen as a success factor.

M. McHale, S. Pickett, O. Barbosa et al.

Urbanization continues to be a transformative process globally, affecting ecosystem integrity and the health and well being of people around the world. Although cities tend to be centers for both the production and consumption of goods and services that degrade natural environments, there is also evidence that urban ecosystems can play a positive role in sustainability efforts. Despite the fact that most of the urbanization is now occurring in the developing countries of the Global South, much of what we know about urban ecosystems has been developed from studying cities in the United States and across Europe. We propose a conceptual framework to broaden the development of urban ecological research and its application to sustainability. Our framework describes four key contemporary urban features that should be accounted for in any attempt to build a unified theory of cities that contributes to urban sustainability efforts. We evaluated a range of examples from cities around the world, highlighting how urban areas are complex, connected, diffuse and diverse and what these interconnected features mean for the study of urban ecosystems and sustainability.

Heinrich Mäding

The paper provides a historical review and appraisal of the 1961 report by the Expert Committee Responsible for Spatial Planning (SARO), which is judged to have had great significance for the start-up phase of federal spatial planning in Germany. The focus of the analysis is on a detailed evaluation of the text according to five key questions concerning its suitability as a policy advice document. Looking back to the policy advice demands of the time, the extent to which the text fulfilled the task allocated to the committee is assessed. Looking forwards, the political resonance of the text is outlined using important spatial planning documents of the years up to 1975. It is concluded that the suitability of the text for providing policy advice is limited by a number of factors. Criticisms include the use of the carrying capacity concept as a benchmark and the insufficient elaboration of the strategy in both material and procedural terms. Nonetheless, the political resonance of the document was positive and the report represented an important step towards the Spatial Planning Act of 1965.