Hasil untuk "Medicine"

M. Sharpe, L. Archard, J. Banatvala et al.

P. L. Alonso, Graham V. Brown, M. Arévalo-Herrera et al.

Pedro Alonso and colleagues introduce the Malaria Eradication Research Agenda (malERA) initiative and the set of articles published in this PLoS Medicine Supplement that distill the research questions key to malaria eradication.

A. Shang, Karin Huwiler-Müntener, L. Nartey et al.

D. Mara, Jon Lane, Beth Scott et al.

As one article in a four-part PLoS Medicine series on water and sanitation, David Trouba and colleagues discuss the importance of improved sanitation to health and the role that the health sector can play in its advocacy.

M. Bozkurt, I. Virgolini, S. Balogova et al.

H. Choudhury, Manisha Pandey, C. Hua et al.

Herbal medicine, phytomedicine or botanical medicine are synonymous, utilizes plants intended for medicinal purposes. Medicinal use of herbal medicine in the treatment and prevention of diseases including diabetes has a long history compared to conventional medicine. Diabetes is one of the major public health concerns over the world. Diabetes or hyperglycemia is considered to be one of the common public health hazard; optimal control of which is still not possible. Persistent hyperglycemia or uncontrolled diabetes has the potential to cause serious complications such as kidney disease, vision loss, cardiovascular disease, and lower-limb amputations which contributed towards morbidity and mortality in diabetes. There are various approaches to treat and prevent diabetes as well as its secondary complications, one of it is herbal medicines. However, the selection of herbs might depends on several factors, which include the stage of progression of diabetes, types of comorbidities that the patients are having, availability, affordability as well as the safety profile of the herbs. This review focuses on the herbal and natural remedies that play the role in the treatment or prevention of this morbid disorder – diabetes, including their underlying mechanisms for the blood glucose-lowering property and the herbal products already been marketed for the remedial action of diabetes.

S. Ancoli-Israel, Jennifer L Martin, T. Blackwell et al.

M. Luster, S. Clarke, M. Dietlein et al.

R. Lloyd, A. Faigenbaum, M. Stone et al.

C. West, L. Dyrbye, J. Sloan et al.

S. Brown, C. Atkins, Bagley Rs et al.

A. Jutel

A. Ahuja, Bryce W. Polascik, Divyesh Doddapaneni et al.

a Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States of America b Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America c Department of Internal Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America d Department of Internal Medicine, Orlando Regional Medical Center, Orlando, Florida, United States of America e Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America

T. Wyngaert, K. Strobel, W. Kampen et al.

PurposeThe radionuclide bone scan is the cornerstone of skeletal nuclear medicine imaging. Bone scintigraphy is a highly sensitive diagnostic nuclear medicine imaging technique that uses a radiotracer to evaluate the distribution of active bone formation in the skeleton related to malignant and benign disease, as well as physiological processes.MethodsThe European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM) has written and approved these guidelines to promote the use of nuclear medicine procedures of high quality.ConclusionThe present guidelines offer assistance to nuclear medicine practitioners in optimizing the diagnostic procedure and interpreting bone scintigraphy. These guidelines describe the protocols that are currently accepted and used routinely, but do not include all existing procedures. They should therefore not be taken as exclusive of other nuclear medicine modalities that can be used to obtain comparable results. It is important to remember that the resources and facilities available for patient care may vary.

Suvijak Untaaveesup, MD, Thipsukon Amnartpanich, MD, Noraworn Jirattikanwong, MD et al.

Background: Chronic systemic inflammation in individuals with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis (AD) potentially predisposes them to metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Nevertheless, evidence with regard to such association is limited. Objective: To assess the association between metabolic and cardiovascular outcomes and moderate-to-severe AD. Methods: A systematic search was performed through PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and Cochrane for population-based studies that addressed the effects of moderate-to-severe AD on metabolic and cardiovascular outcomes compared with the general population from inception to August 31, 2023. Meta-analysis was performed using the random effects model. The pooled odds ratio (OR) and certainty of evidence for each outcome were reported. Results: We included 11 studies, 4 retrospective cohorts, 1 prospective cohort, 4 cross-sectional, and 2 case-control studies involving 405,170 moderate-to-severe AD patients compared to 4,591,478 unaffected controls. Moderate-to-severe AD was associated with a higher risk of myocardial infarction with an OR (95% CI) of 1.33 (1.07, 1.65), angina 1.33 (1.06, 1.66), heart failure 1.56 (1.28, 1.90), stroke 1.45 (1.21, 1.74), hypertension 1.38 (1.18, 1.63), dyslipidemia 1.27 (1.15, 1.41), and metabolic syndrome 1.24 (1.05, 1.42) with very low certainty of evidence. No significantly increased risk of cardiovascular death with an odds ratio (95% CI) of 1.81 (0.96, 3.44) and diabetes of 1.24 (0.91, 1.68) was observed. High heterogeneity was observed in most studies for all of the outcomes. Conclusion: Our meta-analysis demonstrated a modest but significant association between moderate-to-severe AD and increased susceptibility to metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Initial assessment of cardiovascular and metabolic risk for patients with moderate-to-severe AD should be considered to enable early management strategies.

Xianying Cheng, Ping Wang, Li Cheng et al.

BackgroundCervical cancer incidence and mortality rates in the United States have substantially declined over recent decades, primarily driven by reductions in squamous cell carcinoma cases. However, the trend in recent years remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the trends in cervical cancer incidence and mortality, stratified by demographic and tumor characteristics from 1975 to 2018.MethodsThe age-adjusted incidence, incidence-based mortality, and relative survival of cervical cancer were calculated using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-9 database. Trend analyses with annual percent change (APC) and average annual percent change (AAPC) calculations were performed using Joinpoint Regression Software (Version 4.9.1.0, National Cancer Institute).ResultsDuring 1975–2018, 49,658 cervical cancer cases were diagnosed, with 17,099 recorded deaths occurring between 1995 and 2018. Squamous cell carcinoma was the most common histological type, with 34,169 cases and 11,859 deaths. Over the study period, the cervical cancer incidence rate decreased by an average of 1.9% (95% CI: −2.3% to −1.6%) per year, with the APCs decreased in recent years (−0.5% [95% CI: −1.1 to 0.1%] in 2006–2018). Squamous cell carcinoma incidence trends closely paralleled overall cervical cancer patterns, but the incidence of squamous cell carcinoma in the distant stage increased significantly (1.1% [95% CI: 0.4 to 1.8%] in 1990–2018). From 1995 to 2018, the overall cervical cancer mortality rate decreased by 1.0% (95% CI: −1.2% to −0.8%) per year. But for distant-stage squamous cell carcinoma, the mortality rate increased by 1.2% (95% CI: 0.3 to 2.1%) per year.ConclusionFor cervical cancer cases diagnosed in the United States from 1975 to 2018, the overall incidence and mortality rates decreased significantly. However, there was an increase in the incidence and mortality of advanced-stage squamous cell carcinoma. These epidemiological patterns offer critical insights for refining cervical cancer screening protocols and developing targeted interventions for advanced-stage cases.

Ali Mohammad Mossadeghrad, Shervin Mossavarali, Seyed Hamid Hosseini Neishabouri et al.

Objective: Employees’ management is the process of planning, organizing, directing, and controlling human resources within an organization, which is of great importance and it is necessary to pay attention to its various dimensions, including the provision, distribution, and retention of employees. In the present study, the challenges and problems in the field of personnel are examined and then solutions to reduce these challenges are discussed. Information sources and selected methods for study:  A scoping review was conducted in August 2023 to identify the challenges faced by healthcare workers and suggest appropriate solutions. The search was performed across English-language databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, as well as Persian-language databases SID and Magiran, and search engines Google Scholar and Google. Title and abstract screening were independently carried out by three authors. After the screening and full-text review, data extraction was performed on 104 relevant studies. Data analysis was conducted using the Ritchie and Spencer framework analysis method. Results: A total of 27 challenges related to the healthcare workforce were identified and categorized into three domains: recruitment, distribution, and retention. The most critical challenges included unequal distribution of physicians, workforce shortages, job burnout, and migration of healthcare workers, all of which significantly impact the quality of healthcare services. Regarding workforce recruitment, key strategies included utilizing trainees, training non-specialist staff, and expanding educational capacities. To address distribution disparities, policies such as strengthening family physician programs, telemedicine, and offering financial incentives were proposed. In terms of workforce retention, effective solutions included welfare support, psychological counseling, stress management programs, and work-life balance initiatives. Conclusion: To improve the condition of health workers, policymakers must adopt an integrated, evidence-based approach addressing the three areas of recruitment, distribution, and retention. Moreover, proposed strategies should be contextualized based on each country's economic, social, and cultural conditions and implemented through intersectoral collaboration and sufficient resource allocation to ensure long-term effectiveness.

Masanobu Kogure, Nobuhisa Kanahara, Atsuhiro Miyazawa et al.

BackgroundMost genetic analyses that have attempted to identify a locus or loci that can distinguish patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) from those who respond to treatment (non-TRS) have failed. However, evidence from multiple studies suggests that patients with schizophrenia who respond well to antipsychotic medication have a higher dopamine (DA) state in brain synaptic clefts whereas patients with TRS do not show enhanced DA synthesis/release pathways.Patients and methodsTo examine the contribution (if any) of genetics to TRS, we conducted a genetic association analysis of DA-related genes in schizophrenia patients (TRS, n = 435; non-TRS, n = 539) and healthy controls (HC: n = 489).ResultsThe distributions of the genotypes of rs3756450 and the 40-bp variable number tandem repeat on SLC6A3 differed between the TRS and non-TRS groups. Regarding rs3756450, the TRS group showed a significantly higher ratio of the A allele, whereas the non-TRS group predominantly had the G allele. The analysis of the combination of COMT and SLC6A3 yielded a significantly higher ratio of the putative low-DA type (i.e., high COMT activity + high SLC6A3 activity) in the TRS group compared to the two other groups. Patients with the low-DA type accounted for the minority of the non-TRS group and exhibited milder psychopathology.ConclusionThe overall results suggest that (i) SLC6A3 could be involved in responsiveness to antipsychotic medication and (ii) genetic variants modulating brain DA levels may be related to the classification of TRS and non-TRS.

Haim Shmuely, Yekaterina Shvartsman, Rita Berdinstein et al.

Abstract Purpose During the last few decades, the increased use of various types of antibiotics in the general population caused a significant change in regional Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) antibiotic resistance. Our aim is to study the changes in H. pylori resistance in patients who had undergone an esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) and susceptibility testing and found positive for H. pylori. The study was conducted in a university affiliated hospital between 2013–2020. Methods A cross-sectional study was performed on all consecutive patients who had undergone an EGD and tested positive for H. pylori at the Kaplan Medical Center, Israel. The study period was divided into two sub-periods: 2013–2016 and 2017–2020. Data on age, sex, comorbidities, previous treatments, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing for six antimicrobial agents were compared. Results The resistance rates of H. pylori to clarithromycin and dual resistance to clarithromycin and metronidazole were found significantly higher during the late period. Multivariable analysis showed that the later period, older age, and diabetes mellitus were independent predictors for antimicrobial resistance. Conclusions Our study has shown that there is an increasing resistance of H. pylori to clarithromycin and metronidazole while its susceptibility is unaffected with time to other antibiotics. More recent cross-sectional studies with larger samples are warranted in order to evaluate the changes in the resistance patterns of H. pylori to various antibiotics with time.

Rehanguli Maimaitituerxun, Wenhang Chen, Jingsha Xiang et al.

Abstract Background Depression and diabetes are major health challenges, with heavy economic social burden, and comorbid depression in diabetes could lead to a wide range of poor health outcomes. Although many descriptive studies have highlighted the prevalence of comorbid depression and its associated factors, the situation in Hunan, China, remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the prevalence of comorbid depression and associated factors among hospitalized type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients in Hunan, China. Methods This cross-sectional study involved 496 patients with T2DM who were referred to the endocrinology inpatient department of Xiangya Hospital affiliated to Central South University, Hunan. Participants’ data on socio-demographic status, lifestyle factors, T2DM-related characteristics, and social support were collected. Depression was evaluated using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-depression subscale. All statistical analyses were conducted using the R software version 4.2.1. Results The prevalence of comorbid depression among hospitalized T2DM patients in Hunan was 27.22% (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 23.3–31.1%). Individuals with depression differed significantly from those without depression in age, educational level, per capita monthly household income, current work status, current smoking status, current drinking status, regular physical activity, duration of diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, stroke, fatty liver, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy, insulin use, HbA1c, and social support. A multivariable logistic regression model showed that insulin users (adjusted OR = 1.86, 95% CI: 1.02–3.42) had a higher risk of depression, while those with regular physical activity (adjusted OR = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.30–0.77) or greater social support (adjusted OR = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.11–0.34) had a lower risk of depression. The area under the curve of the receiver operator characteristic based on this model was 0.741 with a sensitivity of 0.785 and specificity of 0.615. Conclusions Depression was moderately prevalent among hospitalized T2DM patients in Hunan, China. Insulin treatment strategies, regular physical activity, and social support were significantly independently associated with depression, and the multivariable model based on these three factors demonstrated good predictivity, which could be applied in clinical practice.