Hasil untuk "Law of nations"

Michael Clark, Louis Compton, Nazak Salehi et al.

Abstract Background Inequalities and inequities in health and social care are a significant focus of attention. We need to understand these issues in dementia care as well, particularly given the projections for increases in the number of people being affected by the condition and the related rise in costs to individuals, families, communities and nations. We provide a map of the terrain of research concerning inequalities in dementia diagnosis, care and support in the United Kingdom (UK), and discussion of key issues. Methods We map key literature related to our objective, particularly regarding the characteristics of people protected in law in the UK, plus socioeconomic status and geography (urban/rural) to map contours of the evidence and key issues. We focus on evidence from the UK, but have also drawn on international evidence as insightful for the map. Results The terrain of inequalities in dementia care is complex. Inequality has not tended to be an explicit lens through which researchers have sought to understand dementia care. Literature aligned to the issue chiefly focused on a single characteristic of people, such as ethnicity. Consideration of interactions of people’s characteristics and experiences—an intersectional approach – has not been a significant focus. Consideration has mainly focused on the barriers people face, e.g. obtaining a timely diagnosis and access to appropriate support, with less robust evidence about means of removing these. Conclusion More should be done to understand the systemic barriers creating inequalities in accessing dementia diagnoses, care and support, particularly understanding the related intersections of people’s characteristics and experiences, and how to remove such impediments to accessing high-quality support. Recommendations for research to build a robust evidence-base to help improve dementia policy and planning to address systemic inequalities are provided, including that a stronger ‘inequalities’ lens is used and one that draws on an intersectional understanding of people.

Sebastian Raubitzek, Werner Strasser, Sebastian Ramacher et al.

The European Union is developing the European Quantum Communication Infrastructure (EuroQCI) as a pan-European network to provide secure communication capabilities across Member States, including governmental and critical-infrastructure domains. While the strategic objective is defined at EU level, the required scale and structure of national quantum key distribution (QKD) networks remain largely unspecified. This work addresses the question of how to plan and size national terrestrial QKD networks to support critical infrastructure and public authorities. We propose a reproducible planning methodology that estimates network size, total fiber length, and the number of required QKD components based on a small set of explicit assumptions. The approach is demonstrated for Austria, where a synthetic but structured network model is constructed and evaluated using Monte Carlo simulation. The model focuses on terrestrial QKD infrastructure and explicitly excludes space-based segments. It estimates endpoint counts, trusted repeater node requirements, and hop-length distributions under realistic operational constraints. The Austrian case is then used as a baseline to derive scaling rules for other EU Member States based on population and geographic extent. The results provide first-order planning estimates for national QKD backbone sizes across Europe. These estimates are not intended as deployment designs but as planning-level references that support early-stage cost assessment and infrastructure dimensioning under the EuroQCI framework.

Víctor Fernando Romero Escalante

En América Latina, la Constitución cubana de 1976 era la única que se autodefinía como socialista, lo que daba a entender una ruptura con la tradición liberal que formalmente prevalecía en la región. Con el fin de entender el carácter de dicha carta magna y determinar si realmente tal rompimiento teórico concuerda con la proclama política, en el presente artículo se analiza el proceso constituyente por medio de una perspectiva sociohistórica. Esto ayudará a dilucidar posibles escenarios que le esperan en materia jurídica a la isla para los próximos años.

Morgan M. Fong, Hilary Egan, Marc Day et al.

Background: Harnessing advanced computing for scientific discovery and technological innovation demands scientists and engineers well-versed in both domain science and computational science and engineering (CSE). However, few universities provide access to both integrated domain science/CSE cross-training and Top-500 High-Performance Computing (HPC) facilities. National laboratories offer internship opportunities capable of developing these skills. Purpose: This student presents an evaluation of federally-funded postgraduate internship outcomes at a national laboratory. This study seeks to answer three questions: 1) What computational skills, research skills, and professional skills do students improve through internships at the selected national laboratory. 2) Do students gain knowledge in domain science topics through their internships. 3) Do students' career interests change after these internships? Design/Method: We developed a survey and collected responses from past participants of five federally-funded internship programs and compare participant ratings of their prior experience to their internship experience. Findings: Our results indicate that participants improve CSE skills and domain science knowledge, and are more interested in working at national labs. Participants go on to degree programs and positions in relevant domain science topics after their internships. Conclusions: We show that national laboratory internships are an opportunity for students to build CSE skills that may not be available at all institutions. We also show a growth in domain science skills during their internships through direct exposure to research topics. The survey instrument and approach used may be adapted to other studies to measure the impact of postgraduate internships in multiple disciplines and internship settings.

Ayush Pandhi, Bryan M. Gaensler, Ziggy Pleunis et al.

We present 2-4 GHz observations of polarized radio galaxies towards eight fast radio bursts (FRBs), producing grids of Faraday rotation measure (RM) sources with sky densities of 9-28 polarized sources per square degree. Using a Bayesian interpolation framework, we constrain Galactic RM fluctuations below ~ 1 degree squared angular scales around the FRB positions. Despite the positions of all eight FRBs far from the Galactic plane, we constrain previously unresolved small-scale Galactic RM structures around six of the eight FRBs. In two of these fields, we find potential changes in the sign of the Galactic RM that are not captured by previous, sparsely sampled RM grid observations. Our Galactic RM estimate towards the FRBs differs between a few rad m^-2 up to ~ 40 rad m^-2 from the all-sky Galactic RM map of Hutschenreuter et al. (2022). Extrapolating our results to the known population of polarized FRB sources, we may be incorrectly interpreting the host galaxy RM for ~ 30% of the FRB source population with current RM grid observations. Measuring small-scale Galactic RM variations is crucial for identifying FRBs in low density and weakly magnetized environments, which in turn could serve as potent probes of cosmic magnetism. This framework of reconstructing continuous Galactic RM structure from RM grid observations can be readily applied to FRBs that fall in the sky coverage of upcoming large-sky radio polarization surveys of radio galaxies, such as the Very Large Array Sky Survey (VLASS) and the Polarization Sky Survey of the Universe's Magnetism (POSSUM).

Mark O. Riedl, Deven R. Desai

As AI becomes more "agentic," it faces technical and socio-legal issues it must address if it is to fulfill its promise of increased economic productivity and efficiency. This paper uses technical and legal perspectives to explain how things change when AI systems start being able to directly execute tasks on behalf of a user. We show how technical conceptions of agents track some, but not all, socio-legal conceptions of agency. That is, both computer science and the law recognize the problems of under-specification for an agent, and both disciplines have robust conceptions of how to address ensuring an agent does what the programmer, or in the law, the principal desires and no more. However, to date, computer science has under-theorized issues related to questions of loyalty and to third parties that interact with an agent, both of which are central parts of the law of agency. First, we examine the correlations between implied authority in agency law and the principle of value-alignment in AI, wherein AI systems must operate under imperfect objective specification. Second, we reveal gaps in the current computer science view of agents pertaining to the legal concepts of disclosure and loyalty, and how failure to account for them can result in unintended effects in AI ecommerce agents. In surfacing these gaps, we show a path forward for responsible AI agent development and deployment.

Eleonora Bottini, Itziar Gómez Fernández, Paolo Passaglia et al.

Cette contribution analyse l’état du droit public comparé dans différents pays relevant de la tradition romano-germanique (Allemagne, Espagne, France et Italie), sous la forme de réponses à des questions concernant les rapports de cette discipline avec le droit privé comparé, le rôle qui lui est propre au sein des universités, ainsi que son impact sur le droit positif et sur la jurisprudence.

V. Gorshkov, I. Gusev, P. Dokukin et al.

Major results of researches conducted by Russian geodesists in 2019-2022 on the topics of the International Association of Geodesy (IAG) of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) are presented in this issue. This report is prepared by the Section of Geodesy of the National Geophysical Committee of Russia. In the report prepared for the XXVII General Assembly of IUGG (Germany, Berlin, 11-20 July 2023), the results of principal researches in geodesy, geodynamics, gravimetry, in the studies of geodetic reference frame creation and development, Earth's shape and gravity field, Earth's rotation, geodetic theory, its application and some other directions are briefly described. For some objective reasons not all results obtained by Russian scientists on the field of geodesy are included in the report.

Evelyn Milagros Chilo Gutiérrez

El presente trabajo aborda un escenario particular de la clásica tensión entre constitucionalismo y democracia, aquella que propone la existencia de límites materiales a la potestad de reforma constitucional. La temática plantea sin duda una serie de perplejidades en torno a aspectos como la naturaleza jurídica de la potestad de reforma constitucional, la defensa de los límites materiales implícitos cuando el texto constitucional no los ha reconocido de forma explícita, la competencia y la legitimidad de las cortes constitucionales para su control, el parámetro normativo en mérito al cual se realizaría este control, entre otros. En tal contexto, este artículo propone brindar un análisis de dichas cuestiones a partir del derecho comparado, exponiendo los casos de Alemania, Estados Unidos y Colombia, países que han brindado diferentes respuestas al tema de los límites materiales a la potestad de reforma constitucional en función de sus textos y sistemas constitucionales propios, y cuyos argumentos resultan de relevancia para la teoría constitucional.

Rouhollah Tavallaee

With the outbreak of corona-virus (COVID-19) in the world along with other challenges, governments and nations are provided with new serious opportunities with important considerations in an equal situation for all of them. As a multifaceted phenomenon, corona-virus prevalence is much more significant than other simple medical conditions. It involves several dimensions including dynamism, complicated, extensiveness, variety, and depth. It can accelerate or slow down grand global trends including the impressive trend of smart virtualization by the multinational nongovernmental specialist companies for realization of the global village. Hence, at present, numerous scientific researches regarding various aspects of crisis management, including health and biology, economics, technology, culture and sociology, ethics, spirituality, politics, security, inter nationality and law, as well as the future of corona-virus and the post-corona world are being held on the phenomenon of corona-virus prevalence by universities and scientific centers in the world. These scientific researches and experiments by individuals and institutions, all together, are creating new knowledge in various scientific fields. Therefore, it seems necessary to concentrate on knowledge management in the crisis of corona-virus prevalence. Knowledge offers a firm foundation for intelligent, correct, and timely behavior at individual, group, organizational, national, and global levels. Conscious and systematized reflection on the lessons learned from the corona-virus outbreak, as well as the proper methods discovered, makes it possible for people to take the best advantage from the knowledge they have gained with difficulty. Furthermore, it seems necessary to design and apply the architecture of knowledge gained by the corona-virus prevalence to enable step-by-step processing and knowledge transformation in different fields through an interdisciplinary approach (just as knowledge products are processed), and to ensure that the acquired knowledge is provided to the end-users and are used appropriately. Based on a review and meta-analysis of theoretical literature relating to the main approaches to knowledge management cycles, knowledge management cycle in the corona-virus outbreak crisis can be presented in the following three main stages: 1) Acquisition or creation of the knowledge derived from corona; 2) Targeted distribution or general sharing of knowledge derived from corona; 3) Understanding and applying the knowledge derived from corona.

Saad Abbas Kadhim Alsaadi, Rasyikah Md Khalid, Wan Siti Adibah Wan Dahalan

The right to water has passed through many steps until it has received a full legal adoption in the international human rights law and international water law. However, there are many parties which feel that the right to water should not stand on its own as it complicates the present legal framework for international human rights. This paper examined, based on qualitative research approach, several impediments in legislating water as a human right within the purview of relevant international human rights conventions, taking into account the United Nations (UN) Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development Goals No. 3: Good Health and Well-being and Goal No. 6: Clean Water and Sanitation. The study indicates that human rights notions have been gaining influential rule in international water law, notably human right to water, which has been recognized by the UN General Assembly and the Human Rights Council (HRC). This study however concludes that despite efforts to deny the legal basis of the right to water as one of the soft law, this right remains as a basic human right and should be respected by all countries.  

Wooyoung Chin

We revisit the moment method to obtain a slightly strengthened version of the usual semicircular law. Our version assumes only that the upper triangular entries of Hermitian random matrices are independent, have mean zero and variances close to $1/n$ in a certain sense, and satisfy a Lindeberg-type condition. As an application, we derive another semicircular law for the case when the sum of a row converges in distribution to the standard normal distribution, including the case where all matrix entries may have infinite variance. The appendix, making up the majority of the paper, provides for those new to the subject, a rigorous exposition of most details involved, including also a proof of a semicircular law that uses the Stieltjes transform method.

R. Padmanabhan, Alok Shukla

A binary mean operation m(x,y) is said to be compatible with a semigroup law *, if * satisfies the Gauss' functional equation m(x,y) * m(x,y) = x * y for all x, y. Thus the arithmetic mean is compatible with the group addition in the set of real numbers, while the geometric mean is compatible with the group multiplication in the set of all positive real numbers. Using one of Jacobi's theta functions, Tanimoto has constructed a novel binary operation * corresponding to the arithmetic-geometric mean agm(x,y) of Gauss. Tanimoto shows that it is only a loop operation, but not associative. A natural question is to ask if there exist a group law * compatible with arithmetic-geometric mean. In this paper we prove that there is no semigroup law compatible with agm and hence, in particular, no group law either. Among other things, this explains why Tanimoto's novel operation * using theta functions must be non-associative.

Ali Lavasani, Daniel Bulmash, Sankar Das Sarma

We consider in depth the applicability of the Wiedemann-Franz (WF) law, namely that the electronic thermal conductivity ($κ$) is proportional to the product of the absolute temperature ($T$) and the electrical conductivity ($σ$) in a metal with the constant of proportionality, the so-called Lorenz number $L_0$, being a materials-independent universal constant in all systems obeying the Fermi liquid (FL) paradigm. It has been often stated that the validity (invalidity) of the WF law is the hallmark of an FL (non-Fermi-liquid (NFL)). We consider, both in two (2D) and three (3D) dimensions, a system of conduction electrons at a finite temperature $T$ coupled to a bath of acoustic phonons and quenched impurities, ignoring effects of electron-electron interactions. We find that the WF law is violated arbitrarily strongly with the effective Lorenz number vanishing at low temperatures as long as phonon scattering is stronger than impurity scattering. This happens both in 2D and in 3D for $T<T_{BG}$, where $T_{BG}$ is the Bloch-Grüneisen temperature of the system. In the absence of phonon scattering (or equivalently, when impurity scattering is much stronger than the phonon scattering), however, the WF law is restored at low temperatures even if the impurity scattering is mostly small angle forward scattering. Thus, strictly at $T=0$ the WF law is always valid in a FL in the presence of infinitesimal impurity scattering. For strong phonon scattering, the WF law is restored for $T> T_{BG}$ (or the Debye temperature $T_D$, whichever is lower) as in usual metals. At very high temperatures, thermal smearing of the Fermi surface causes the effective Lorenz number to go below $L_0$ manifesting a quantitative deviation from the WF law. Our work establishes definitively that the uncritical association of an NFL behavior with the failure of the WF law is incorrect.

Jaime Labastida

Scott Vander Wiel, Sarah Burke-Spolaor, Earl Lawrence et al.

Statistical interpretation of sparsely sampled event rates has become vital for new transient surveys, particularly those aimed at detecting fast radio bursts (FRBs). We provide an accessible reference for a number of simple, but critical, statistical questions relevant for current transient and FRB research and utilizing the negative binomial model for counts in which the count rate parameter is uncertain or randomly biased from one study to the next. We apply these methods to re-assess and update results from previous FRB surveys, finding as follows. 1) Thirteen FRBs detected across five high-Galactic-latitude (> 30$^\circ$) surveys are highly significant $(p = 5\times 10^{-5})$ evidence of a higher rate relative to the single FRB detected across four low-latitude (< 5$^\circ$) surveys, even after accounting for effects that dampen Galactic plane sensitivity. High- vs. mid-latitude (5 to 15$^\circ$) is marginally significant $(p = 0.03)$. 2) A meta analysis of twelve heterogeneous surveys gives an FRB rate of 2866 sky$^{-1}$ day$^{-1}$ above 1 Jy at high Galactic latitude (95% confidence 1121 to 7328) and 285 sky$^{-1}$ day$^{-1}$ at low/mid latitudes (95% from 48 to 1701). 3) Using the Parkes HTRU high-latitude setup requires 193 observing hours to achieve 50% probability of detecting an FRB and 937 hours to achieve 95% probability, based on the ten detections of (Champion et al. 2016) and appropriately accounting for uncertainty in the unknown Poisson rate. 4) Two quick detections at Parkes from a small number of high-latitude fields (Ravi et al. 2015; Petroff et al. 2015) tentatively favor a look long survey style relative to the scan wide HTRU survey, but only at $p = 0.07$ significance.

Sachio Hirokawa, Eisuke Ito

Shannon(1951) and Yavuz(1974) estimated the entropy of real documents. This note drives an upper bound of entropy from the parameter of the power law.

Thomas Neumann

On 18 September 2014 the Secretariat of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) and the department of law at Aarhus University hosted a joint conference to take stock of the recent changes in the field of international commercial law in the Nordic and Baltic region. The region had long been a place of numerous reservations against the full and unrestricted application of the 1980 UN Sales Convention (CISG). When Finland decided to withdraw one of its reservations in the spring of 2012, a change in the legal framework for international commercial businesses was a fact. The withdrawal by Finland was followed by withdrawals by Sweden, Denmark, Latvia, Lithuania and Norway. Hence, the need to reconsider the legal framework surrounding international business was born. This is a summary report of the conference held at Aarhus University on Thursday the 18th of September 2014 covering various commercial law aspects relating to globalisation, the role of the CISG, legal traditions, uniformity in text and application, formation of contracts, battle of forms, form requirements, validity issues, withdrawal of reservations, contract drafting and visualisation, and INCOTERMS. The full Audiovisual Conference Book is available online at CISGNordic.net.

Wu-Yi Hsiang, Eldar Straume

Newton's deduction of the inverse square law from Kepler's ellipse and area laws together with his "superb theorem" on the gravitation attraction of spherically symmetric bodies, are the major steps leading to the discovery of the law of universal gravitation (Principia, 1687). The goal of this article is to revisit some "well-known" events in the history of science, and moreover, to provide elementary and clean-cut proofs, still in the spirit of Newton, of these major advances. Being accessible to first year university students, the educational aspect of such a coherent presentation should not be overlooked.

Geoffrey C. Bower, Sera Markoff, Andreas Brunthaler et al.

We report the detection of the two-dimensional structure of the radio source associated with the Galactic Center black hole, Sagittarius A*, obtained from Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) observations at a wavelength of 7mm. The intrinsic source is modeled as an elliptical Gaussian with major axis size 35.4 x 12.6 R_S in position angle 95 deg East of North. This morphology can be interpreted in the context of both jet and accretion disk models for the radio emission. There is supporting evidence in large angular-scale multi-wavelength observations for both source models for a preferred axis near 95 deg. We also place a maximum peak-to-peak change of 15% in the intrinsic major axis size over five different epochs. Three observations were triggered by detection of near infrared (NIR) flares and one was simultaneous with a large X-ray flare detected by NuSTAR. The absence of simultaneous and quasi-simultaneous flares indicates that not all high energy events produce variability at radio wavelengths. This supports the conclusion that NIR and X-ray flares are primarily due to electron excitation and not to an enhanced accretion rate onto the black hole.