Alexey A. Shmelev, Viktor V. Nikiforov, Svetlana N. Fomina
et al.
Introduction. Foot-and-mouth disease is one of the key threats to global animal welfare and international economic relations. Like any other transboundary animal disease, it shall be notified to the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) in accordance with the relevant international standards. By 2016, the largest part of the territory of the Russian Federation (i. e. 50 subjects and 2 federal cities) had been recognized by the WOAH as an FMD-free zone without vaccination. From 2021 to 2023, 4 more zones of the country were granted the status of freedom from foot-and-mouth disease with vaccination. At the end of 2024, only 10 subjects of the Russian Federation, all located within zone Western Siberia – Urals, lacked official recognition.Objective. Descriptive analysis of the animal health situation in the Russian Federation from 2021 to 2024: substantiating success of the Rosselkhoznadzor’s systematic approach to regionalization in accordance with the WOAH Terrestrial Animal Health Code.Materials and methods. Various information sources were used to collect and analyze materials on the animal health situation in Russia, including the USSR archives, veterinary reports, and the WOAH statistics.Results. FMD situation was analyzed in 10 subjects of the Russian Federation bordering on the Republic of Kazakhstan, with an emphasis on FMD control measures, regionalization and zoning. This section focuses on distribution of statuses across Russia’s administrative subjects and the historical records on the disease outbreaks. It also outlines regulatory and surveillance measures implemented by the Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance (the Rosselkhoznadzor) to manage the FMD status in various regions, taking into account the prophylactic measures implemented in place. The paper describes these measures and their results step-by-step, showing a dynamic improvement of the FMD surveillance system.Conclusion. On 29 May 2025, at the 92nd WOAH General Session of the World Assembly of Delegates, Zone Western Siberia – Urals was officially recognized as a foot and-mouth disease-free zone with vaccination. This decision completes the process of structuring the territory of the Russian Federation into 6 zones. The WOAH-granted disease-freedom statuses confirm efficacy of the preventive and surveillance measures, which is crucial to ensure global epizootic stability. These accomplishments result from the efforts jointly taken by the Rosselkhoznadzor and its subordinate institution the Federal Centre for Animal Health.
(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2024 9(1), 423-442 | Article | (Table of Contents) I. Introduction. – II. The legal principles governing EU coordination in international law-making fora: a weakness or a strength of Member States' external sovereignty? – III. The case of the Maritime Labour Convention: the journey of human rights from the EU to China via international law. – III.1. The Conven-tion and the EU's role in its elaboration. – III.2. The EU's rationale for uploading human rights standards into international law: a rights-oriented approach. – III.3. The impact of the Maritime Labour Conven-tion in China. – IV. Conclusion. | (Abstract) This Article presents two arguments and explores the relationship between them. First, the principles governing coordination between the EU and its Member States in multilateral fora (mainly, sincere co-operation and unity in the EU's representation) serve to increase the Member States' influence in inter-national law-making. Thus, there is a trade-off between the autonomy of Member States to determine their own positions in multilateral fora, and their capacity to influence such fora: the lesser the former, the greater the latter. Second, such an influence can be used by the EU and its Member States to pro-mote human rights laws abroad, “uploading” high standards into multilateral treaties, which are subse-quently “downloaded” by third states through ratification and implementation. Therefore, there is a link between the mentioned EU external relations law principles (which are a “condition” for a success-ful promotion) and the obligation to promote values set in arts 3(5) and 21 TEU (which provides the “direction” of the promotion). Consequently, when Member States complain about excessive EU intru-sion into their autonomy through common positions in multilateral fora, they should bear in mind that they are not only bound by the above-mentioned legal principles, but that their obligation to promote certain values abroad is also at stake. The case of the EU's influence on the Maritime Labour Conven-tion and its impact on Chinese law and policy is used to illustrate the arguments.
Since the war in Gaza began, there has been a growing chorus calling for using nuclear weapons. This raises the question: Should those individuals calling for the use of nuclear weapons in Gaza be prosecuted for violating the statute of incitement to genocide under Article III of the Genocide Convention of 1948 or are these statements simply a case of free speech? Are these individuals advocating for nuclear war or inciting? Is calling for the use of nuclear weapons, the same as calling for genocide? This article will attempt to answer these questions focusing on the relationship between nuclear weapons and incitement to genocide.
Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, International relations
The article focuses on the issues of bilateral relations between Estonia and Finland in the 1920s and 1930s in the context of modern foreign policy and military cooperation between two countries. The authors consider these relations in terms of modern threats to Russia's security in the northwest and Finland's entry into NATO. Close attention is given to the current military-political situation in the region. A set of methods of comparative studies in political and historical dimensions was implemented. The purpose of the study is to show the continuity of models of military-political cooperation in the Baltic region. The authors came to the conclusion that in the third decade of the 21st century the renewal of the previous model of cooperation between Estonia and Finland and its qualitative development in the context of the NATO strategy in the Baltic theatre are possible. Currently the only obstacle to deepening Finnish-Estonian cooperation in the military-political sphere is Russia's active position. The actualisation of discussions about historical experience of interactions with Russia will inevitably lead to drawing the lessons from 1939‒1948 for Tallinn and Helsinki. This can provide the pragmatisation of interactions between Russia, Finland, and Estonia in the long term.
The nuclear playground in Southern Asia is marked by an exceptional level of complexity. A number of players; their disparate thinking on how to establish deterrence; nuclear dyads that elongate into strategic chains; inter-twining of nuclear issues with conventional, space, cyber realms; disparities in military capabilities; historical animosities accentuated by unresolved territorial conflicts; divides that spawn ideologies, religions and civilizational issues; all make for an immensely complex situation. The consequent regional nuclear dynamics has fair potential for crisis and arms race instability. As a way to address the regional nuclear challenges, the paper explores the character of Pakistan–India and China–India nuclear dyads along three specific axes: drivers of conflict; points of commonalities, similarities and differences; and implications of these for their nuclear stockpiles. Armed with this understanding, it then offers some policy recommendations to address the concomitant dangers.
Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, International relations
Roberto Eduardo Castillo Pizarro, Fernando Luiz Araújo Sobrinho
A Região de Planejamento do Sudoeste Goiano passa por importantes transformações espaciais a partir da década de 1970 com a introdução das técnicas e tecnologias da modernização da agricultura a qual introduz as lavouras de grãos (arroz, soja e milho), impactos socioambientais e novas relações capital e trabalho. A industrialização da agricultura concretizou a cadeia produtiva de grãos e seus derivados semielaborados como farelo e óleo de soja, rações e ampliação da capacidade de armazenamento. O agronegócio concretiza-se no espaço da região no final da década de 1990 com a instalação de unidade agroindustrial de empresa multinacional brasileira e impôs novas relações no campo por meio do sistema de produção integrado de aves e suínos. Todos os processos de transformações do campo do Sudoeste Goiano foram resultados das ações das políticas e financiamentos públicos.
Tras la acción muy decepcionante durante el periodo de Donald Trump, cuando el medio ambiente, y en particular el asunto del cambio climático, han sido no solamente abandonados sino también retrocedidos, con el gobierno de Joe Biden hay una oportunidad para recuperar lo perdido y avanzar sustancialmente en la materia. El asunto del cambio climático tiene un aspecto internacional u otro nacional. El primero se relaciona con el grado de compromiso de los EE.UU. con el mundo y el multilateralismo, mientras que el segundo básicamente con la promoción de los sectores económicos de la industria de energía fósil versus los sectores a favor de la energía renovable. El plan Biden se basa en la idea de que la recuperación de la economía y la competitividad, así como el empleo e incluso la justicia social, están conectados entre sí y solo pueden ser logrados en el marco de un amplio proyecto económico y de inversión verde. El texto evalúa las condiciones políticas con las que contará el nuevo gobierno
Trata-se de resenha da obra: Andrés Núñez, Enrique Aliste, Alvaro Bello, Mauricio Osorio editores (2017) Imaginarios geográficos, prácticas y discursos de frontera Aisén-Patagonia desde el texto de la nación. GEOlibros, Instituto de Geografía Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Ñire Negro Santiago, Chile. 330 pp.
International relations, Colonies and colonization. Emigration and immigration. International migration