Hasil untuk "History of Spain"

James Iffland

Pura Fernández

The 19th century was a key period in several European countries for the evolution of the concept and legalization of divorce. This article explores the tensions between the Catholic tradition, which regarded marriage as indissoluble, and the liberal movements advocating for individual rights, particularly those of women trapped in abusive marriages. Through a comparative analysis of the socio-legal contexts of France and Spain and their reflection on the professionalization process of female writers (Pilar Sinués, Casta Esteban Navarro, Emilia Pardo Bazán, Julia Codorniu, Rosario de Acuña, Carmen de Burgos), it examines how the debate (or silence) surrounding divorce reveals not only the social structures of the time but also its influence on the formation of female authorial consciousness and its implications for creative practice.

Ezequiel Pascual, Clara Ruvituso

El Festival Horizonte ’82 celebrado en la primavera-verano de 1982 en Berlín occidental fue uno de los mayores eventos culturales centrados en América Latina que tuvo lugar en Europa. Con un despliegue de recursos extraordinarios, Berlín occidental se intentaba posicionar como un espacio de dialogo sur-norte y de apertura en una coyuntura marcada por la etapa final de la Guerra Fría. En el marco de la casi total ausencia de representantes de comunidades indígenas entre los invitados al evento, en este artículo nos proponemos analizar Horizonte ’82 desde la perspectiva analítica de la convivialidad-desigualdad, enfocando en diferentes posicionamientos, entrelazamientos y negociaciones que se desplegaron en torno a la cuestión indígena a partir de intervenciones de etnólogos alemanes y del antropólogo, político y escritor Darcy Ribeiro como “mediador”.

Josep-Oriol Casanovas-Marsal, Elisa Civitani Monzón, M. Pilar Ferrer Duce et al.

Abstract Background Metabolic control and psychological management of paediatric type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) can be challenging over time. Development of an instrument to assess the youth-reported burden could aid in preventing T1DM-associated diseases. Methods The aim of this study was to translate and validate the Spanish version of the Problem Area in Diabetes Survey–Pediatric version (PAID-Peds). A multicentre, cross-sectional translation and linguistic validation study was performed on a sample of 30 participants aged 8–17 years with a minimum 1-year history of T1DM diagnosed at the Miguel Servet University Hospital in Zaragoza (Aragon, Spain), Ramón y Cajal University Clinical Hospital in Madrid (Spain), and Sant Joan de Déu Hospital in Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain). The qualitative validation consisted of translation into Spanish and back-translation into English of the Paid-Peds survey and subsequent administration to the sample population. Data were gathered on parameters related to sociodemographic characteristics and metabolic control. Validity, feasibility, and test-retest reliability were evaluated. Internal consistency was determined using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, test-retest reliability by means of interclass correlation, and paired samples using the Wilcoxon W-test. The study was approved by the ethics and research committees at each participating centre. Results The study assessed 30 children (46.7% female) with an average age of 13.33 ± 2.98 years; mean age at onset was 5.70 ± 3.62 years, and the mean disease duration was 7.63 ± 4.36 years. The mean score on the PAID-Peds survey was 42.88 ± 17.85. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.90. Test-retest reliability measured by interclass correlation coefficient was 0.8 (95% CI: 0.63–0.90). No significant differences in total scores were found between test and retest (Wilcoxon W-test: 289; p = 0.051). Conclusions The Spanish version of the PAID-Peds survey is a feasible, valid, and reliable instrument to assess the youth-perceived burden of T1DM.

Airam Rodríguez, Elizabeth Atchoi, Beneharo Rodríguez et al.

Abstract Rescue programs aiming to mitigate light‐induced mortality of seabird fledglings have reported that fewer birds are grounded (and rescued) during full moon nights. Two non‐mutually exclusive hypotheses have been proposed as explanations: (1) reduction of strandings because birds are less attracted to and disorientated by light pollution during full moon nights; and (2) reduction of fledging activity, that is, chicks avoid departing the colony during nights with increased moonlight. We argue that evidence from rescue programs and other studies supports the first but not the second hypothesis. The evidence supports the conclusion that a higher proportion of fledglings make it safely to sea during full moon nights than during moonless nights. Thus, there is a decrease in the severity of light pollution on seabirds around the full moon.

Izabela Leal

This essay aims at establishing the relations between the avant-garde movements that took place in Lisbon and Barcelona in the late 1940s, having as a basis the year of 1948. In Lisbon, the year was marked by Mário Cesariny’s break with the Surrealist Group of Lisbon and the formation of a new group called The Surrealists. In Barcelona, that same year, we have the emergence of the Catalan avant-garde group Dau Al Set, which had Joan Brossa as one of its founding members, as well as the release of a magazine by the same name. It is interesting to note that these late avant-garde movements developed in highly unfavorable political contexts, in Portugal during the Salazar dictatorship and in Spain under the Franco regime. As such, I intend to discuss the interventional and resistance aspects represented by these two artistic movements.

Juan Andrés García Martín

This paper analyzes the media coverage that the Spanish weekly press did of one of the key moments of the Spanish Transition to democracy: the appointment of Adolfo Suárez as Prime Minister by King Juan Carlos I on July 1976. This task will be carried out through a qualitative content analysis of the economic, political, and satirical press of the time. The aim is to approach the role of the Spanish weekly press to the process of political change, to find out the informative differences between the different period-icals we are considering and their positioning towards the appointment of the new prime minister.

Alena Rudolfová

P. Lamb, R. Peppler

N. Cross

Design research is alive and well, and living in an increasing number of places. I find encouraging evidence for this in the grwoth of research-based journals in the design world over the last ten to fifteen years. or example, Design Studies was launched in 1979, Design Issues, first appeared in 1984; the Journal of Design History in 1988; Research in Engineering Design in 1989; and Languages of Design in 1992. These are not the only ones; and therehave been others, of course, in other languages, such as Temes de Disseny (Catalan and Spanish), 1986; Revue Sciences et Thechniques de la Conception (French), 1992; FormDiskurs (German), 1996.

D. Perez

Benjamin M. Cherry, N. Korde, M. Kwok et al.

Miguel García-Fernández

Miguel García-Fernández

E. González-Jiménez, Pedro A. García, M. J. Aguilar et al.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To evaluate at what age parous and nonparous women were diagnosed with breast cancer. Factors taken into account for parous women were whether they had breastfed their children, and if so, the length of the lactation period. Other factors considered for both groups were obesity, family histories of cancer, smoking habits and alcohol consumption. BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer in younger women in Western countries. Its growing incidence as well as the increasingly early age of diagnosis led us to carefully analyse its possible causes and the preventive measures to be taken. This is a particularly important goal in epidemiological research. DESIGN A retrospective study of the clinical histories of patients diagnosed with breast cancer at the San Cecilio University Hospital in Granada (Spain). METHODS In this study, we analysed 504 medical records of female patients, 19-91 years of age, who had been diagnosed and treated for breast cancer from 2004-2009 at the San Cecilio University Hospital in Granada (Spain). Relevant data (age of diagnosis, period of lactation, family history of cancer, obesity, alcohol consumption and smoking habits) were collected from the clinical histories of each patient and analysed. A conditional inference tree was used to relate the age of diagnosis to smoking habits and the length of the lactation period. RESULTS The conditional inference tree identified significant differences between the age of the patients at breast cancer diagnosis, smoking habits (p < 0·001) and lactation period if the subjects had breastfed their children for more than six months (p = 0·006), regardless of whether they had a family history of cancer. CONCLUSIONS Our study concluded that breastfeeding for over six months not only provides children with numerous health benefits, but also protects mothers from breast cancer when the mothers are nonsmokers. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE Nurses play a crucial role in encouraging new mothers to breastfeed their children, and this helps to prevent breast cancer.

Charles Musser

Octavio Ruiz-Manjón

D. Eltis, H. Klein

S. Stern

D. Olson, L. Simonsen, P. Edelson et al.