Hasil untuk "Anthropology"

Manfred Brath, Jon Petersen, Stefan A. Buehler et al.

Abstract Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Simulator (ARTS) is an open source general purpose radiative transfer model used for a wide range of applications from remote sensing to the interaction of climate and radiation. In the past, it was confined to the microwave and infrared spectral range, as ARTS could not simulate the interaction of solar radiation in the atmosphere. Here we close this gap and extend ARTS to the shortwave range. We introduce a solar source that can be used as a collimated beam source and as background source allowing to resolve the finite solar disc. Additionally, we implemented a new clear sky solver that supports collimated beam sources and solar background sources, and updated the ARTS DISORT interface to utilize DISORT's capability for collimated beam sources. This allows consistent line‐by‐line radiative transfer simulations from the microwave to the ultraviolet range with ARTS. We evaluated the shortwave capabilities of ARTS by comparing it with LBLRTM for clear sky simulations. The root mean square deviation between them is 0.70 Wm−2 for the upward flux at top of the atmosphere and 0.66 Wm−2 for the downward flux at the surface. Simulations of a sunrise as seen from space, of satellite observations and of full spectrum all sky radiative flux illustrate the new capabilities. With the new features, ARTS can be used for a wide range of new applications.

Rawadee Meeprasit, Sujaree Bureekul, Suriyan Saramul

This study investigated the sedimentological characteristics of the Bang Berd-Khao Tham Thong beach system, which is located along the western shore of the central Gulf of Thailand, an area that is minimally disturbed by human activity and is ideal for studying natural coastal processes. Sediment samples were collected from both coastal and marine environments across four sampling periods (July 2022, September 2022, April 2023, and June 2023). The analysis focused on the grain size distribution, sorting, skewness, kurtosis, and sediment composition, revealing a predominance of medium sand in coastal sediments and increased silt and clay contents in marine sediments. The largest sediment particle size is 466.78 microns. Coastal sediments show a well-sorted size distribution, with a mesokurtic kurtosis. In contrast, sediment samples collected from the marine environment exhibit a poorly sorted size distribution, with leptokurtic kurtosis. Most sediment samples also have symmetrical skewness. Coastal sediments displayed characteristics of tidal influence, with some southern coastal areas exhibiting desert-like conditions due to wind action. The marine sediments were a mixture of shallow marine and fluvial depositional environments. Linear discriminant functions and the CM diagram were used to classify the sediment accumulation environments, identifying four main depositional modes: rolling, rolling and suspension, suspension and rolling and graded suspension. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of sediment transport and accumulation processes in coastal and marine environments, with implications for coastal management and climate change adaptation strategies.

Phillip J. Haubrock, Ismael Soto, Irmak Kurtul et al.

Abstract Background Long-term biomonitoring of macroinvertebrates is a popular and valuable approach for assessing the status of freshwater ecosystems, identifying the impact of stressors, and evaluating ecosystem health. Although macroinvertebrate-based biomonitoring can be effective in detecting changes in distribution patterns and community trends over time, crayfish often remain undetected or unreported by biomonitoring efforts despite their importance in maintaining the functioning of aquatic ecosystems. Results By analyzing a comprehensive database of long-term macroinvertebrate time series, we found that most sampling methods and assessment schemes can detect both native and non-native crayfish in running waters if sites are continuously sampled. However, native crayfish were detected to a lesser extent and by fewer methods. Kick-net sampling and assessment techniques prevailed as the most efficient methods for capturing crayfish. However, the substantial number of time series lacking crayfish data calls into question whether these methods are sufficiently comprehensive to encapsulate crayfish populations accurately. The use of other targeted methods such as baited traps or hand catching may provide a more reliable estimate of their presence. Conclusions Given the detrimental impacts of non-native crayfish and the decline in native crayfish populations, we strongly recommend that stakeholders and managers incorporate a combination of these approaches into their monitoring efforts. The use of different taxonomic levels (family vs. genus vs. species level) in estimating biological indices and biomonitoring tools can cause delays in identifying new non-native specie’s occurrences, hindering effective water quality assessment and ecosystem management by governments and stakeholders. Therefore, whenever possible, we call for standardized taxonomic levels for biomonitoring studies and management strategies to accurately address these issues and make recommendations going forward.

Petr Maděra, Petr Vahalík, Salem Hamdiah et al.

Societal Impact Statement Conserving frankincense trees (Boswellia) is crucial for both ecological and socio‐economic reasons. Surveying these trees in the field and using remote sensing unmanned aerial vehicles in the Socotra Archipelago, we found that Socotran frankincense trees are threatened by forest fragmentation, overgrazing, and increasingly frequent extreme climate events. A better understanding of the distribution and the threats of these important insular species will improve the conservation policy of the local authorities and benefit local communities in the Socotra Archipelago. At the same time, this work serves as a good practice example to guide conservation efforts for other culturally important threatened tree species around the world, therefore helping to sustain local livelihoods, fostering ecological resilience, and supporting socio‐economic stability. Summary Globally, frankincense trees (Burseraceae: Boswellia) are increasingly under threat because of habitat deterioration, climate impacts, and the olibanum trade. Despite harboring nearly half of the species in the genus, up‐to‐date insights are lacking for the insular endemic frankincense trees of the Socotra Archipelago UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) World Heritage Site (Yemen). We combined georeferencing of individual trees in the field with remote sensing applying unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to evaluate Boswellia distribution and (sub)population sizes in the entire Socotra Archipelago. We counted 17,253 trees across all 11 taxa and we surveyed almost 55% directly in the field, collecting individual information on threats and health indicators. We estimate that the current total population sizes of the relatively common Socotran Boswellia taxa (Boswellia elongata, Boswellia popoviana, and Boswellia ameero) consist of a few thousand mature individuals with fragmented distribution of which a large proportion occurs in highly disjunct relictual stands, while the more range‐restricted species survive only through a few hundred (Boswellia nana and Boswellia samhaensis) to fewer than a hundred trees (Boswellia scopulorum). Our field data show that the Socotran frankincense trees are threatened by fragmentation and overgrazing resulting in a lack of natural regeneration, in combination with effects of extreme climate events (e.g., higher frequency and intensity of cyclones and prolonged drought) and potential future infrastructure developments; the species are less impacted by resin collection. We provide recommendations to strategize urgent protection of the declining Socotran frankincense trees, and we update their conservation status, resulting in an endangered status for seven and a critically endangered status for four taxa.

R. Jiang, G. Zhang, S. Wang et al.

<p>A lightning location system consisting of multiple ground-based stations is an effective means of lightning observation. The dataset from CNLDN (China National Lightning Detection Network) in 2016–2022 is employed to analyze the temporal and spatial lightning distributions and the differences between <span class="inline-formula">+</span>CG (positive cloud-to-ground lightning) and <span class="inline-formula">−</span>CG (negative cloud-to-ground lightning) strokes in China. On the annual scale, lightning activity is most prevalent during the summer months (June, July, and August), accounting for 72.6 % of the year. Spring sees more lightning than autumn, and winter has only a small amount in southeastern coastal areas. During the day, the frequency of lightning peaks at 15:00–17:00 CST (China standard time) and is lowest at 8:00–10:00 CST. For the period with high CG stroke frequency (summer of a year or afternoon of a day), the proportion of <span class="inline-formula">+</span>CG strokes and the discharge peak current are relatively small. Winter in a year and morning or midnight in a day correspond to a greater <span class="inline-formula">+</span>CG stroke proportion and discharge current. Spatially, low latitudes, undulating terrain, the seaside, and humid surfaces are favorable factors for lightning occurrence. Thus, the southeast coastland has the largest lightning stroke density, while the northwest deserts and basins and the western and northern Tibetan Plateau, with altitudes over 6000 m, have almost no lightning. The proportion of <span class="inline-formula">+</span>CG strokes and the peak current are low in the southern region with high density but diverse in other regions. The Tibetan Plateau causes the diversity of lightning activity in China and lays the foundation for studying the impact of surface elevation on lightning. Results indicate that the <span class="inline-formula">+</span>CG stroke proportion on the eastern and southern Tibetan Plateau is up to 15 %, larger than the plain regions. The peak current of <span class="inline-formula">−</span>CG strokes is positively correlated with altitude, but <span class="inline-formula">+</span>CG strokes show a negative correlation, resulting in a large difference in peak current between <span class="inline-formula">+</span>CG and <span class="inline-formula">−</span>CG on the plain and a small difference on the plateau.</p>

Torobekov Bekzhan, Arzybaev Almazbek, Zhusueva Nargiza et al.

The paper considers the formation of the concept of scientific research (SR) of universities with the task of developing an automated tool for evaluating its results. Modern requirements and trends in the organization and management of scientific research work in universities are given. The role of information support and measurement procedures in assessing the results of scientific research are emphasized. The necessity of automating the processes and reporting data of university scientific research is substantiated. An analysis of works and publications on the automation of assessment of research work of universities is provided. Names of university research activity report data are systematized and described. The model of the process of forming the university research reports is presented, which will ensure the effectiveness of information support of scientific research.

Gina Ziervogel , Nicola Pallitt

Climate change is increasingly being seen as a complex problem that requires a change in personal and practical dimensions. To support this, climate change educators need to make use of pedagogic approaches that enable students to engage in relational values of care, empathy and connection alongside understanding the problem and potential responses. Participatory approaches, whereby students engage with members of local communities to understand climate change vulnerability, have the potential to create opportunities for connection between students, communities, universities and society in theory and practice. We describe a student video project that took place in a third-year course Sustainability and the Environment in the Department of Environmental and Geographical Science at the University of Cape Town (UCT), South Africa. Students worked in groups to undertake and film a vulnerability assessment with individuals or organisations around Cape Town in relation to the city’s water crisis. Their group submission, a documentary video, needed to tell a story about social vulnerability and adaptation to the water crisis. Through a carefully scaffolded process, students’ reflections indicated that the vulnerability video process helped them to understand the concept of vulnerability and strengthen their care for and connection to those ‘vulnerable’ to climate impacts. This kind of process-oriented authentic learning experience holds potential for increasing climate change literacy that other educators might consider.

Giselle Larizzatti Agazzi, Raúl Cesar Gouveia Fernandes

Inspirada pela descoberta de algumas correspondências no arquivo de Lisboa, nas quais se lêem a defesa de uma mulher brasileira perante a Inquisição portuguesa, Maria Valéria Rezende publica, em 2019, Carta à Rainha Louca. No romance, a narradora, Isabel, luta para sobreviver à ação violenta dos colonizadores contra mulheres, negros e desfavorecidos, tecendo uma profunda análise das relações sociais estabelecidas no Brasil do século XVIII. A partir da reflexão sobre como a leitura e a escrita formam o esteio da luta feminista contra o patriarcado, que fincou raízes nas terras brasileiras com a chegada dos portugueses, o artigo pretende analisar as relações entre literatura e história, segundo o profícuo diálogo que esta Carta estabelece com alguns temas caros da obra do educador Paulo Freire.

Maria Sílvia Barros de Held

Há várias interseções, em vários aspectos, entre arte, artesanato e design, as quais contribuem para a evolução conceitual de cada um dos setores e, ao mesmo tempo, para a interação entre eles. Neste estudo, levam-se em conta os conceitos referentes à arte, ao artesanato e ao design, suas ambiguidades, inter-relações e conexões em suas respectivas atualizações no decorrer de diferentes épocas, que envolvem ações, termos técnicos e materiais, a partir das transformações sociais e contextualizações. A metodologia utilizada opta por uma síntese e adaptação dos autores Löbach, Munari e Baxter, além de Dijon De Moraes. A imagem, como comunicação visual, tem valores diferentes, segundo o contexto onde ela está inserida, e oferece informações diferentes, da mesma forma que permanecerá com maior ou menor intensidade, condensando-se ou diluindo-se, por um tempo maior ou menor no repertório de imagens das pessoas. Todas essas possibilidades integrativas se oferecem em relação aos elementos já existentes e também às possibilidades de “conexões”. Seu aviso de permanência será aquele de pregnância na memória, ou seja, o tempo real de sua verdadeira existência, não o tempo físico, mas, pelo contrário, o de sua pregnância psicofísica, o que dá consistência às leis da Gestalt, sobretudo no tocante à sua lei básica da pregnância da forma. O criador, com sua comunicação não verbal no universo artístico, também irá utilizar o mesmo recurso como seu arquivo de significados representantativos que traz na memória, em conformidade com o ethos de um corpo coletivo, como define Maffesoli.

Muhamad Mujahidin, Tonny Suhendra, Sapta Nugraha et al.

A penetration of SUTET trajectory in residential areas, causing public health problems and environmental problems. Development of the electrical energy sector, regulation the increasing electricity demand. Distribution electricity from inter-GI generating centers requires SUTET in the air with a voltage above 245kV. The community assesses health impact that operates mostly with the voltage of 500 kV, >1000mA/m2, can cause heart problems, extrasystole rhythms, and ventricular fibrillation Electrical sensitivity. A simple method and integrating the divergence shift flux density a radiation point, a method proposed from Strokes theorem relates the closed line integral vector field to curl surface integral and divergence theorem which relates the surface integral a closed vector field to integral volume and divergence vector field, this experiment electric field produced by the line charge is directed radially away from the line charge, so the direction lines electric field(E), and equipotential surfaces perpendicular to each other. This study is a collection of symptoms hypersensitivity, comprehensively, and a potential difference between two points in the electric field, which has the performance of charge unity in responding to charge from both points the area, the solution is environmental-based management. Ionizing radiation is the dispersion or emission energy when through a medium, absorption process occurs, and radiation energy beam does not induce, results in vector potential having magnitude is inversely proportional the radial distance from the element which is similar to inverse distance dependence scalar potential. In conclusion, take steps to empower the community for residents in the area SUTET.

Leonardo Serrano Rodrigues, Jônatas Augusto Cursiol, Cristiano Roque Antunes Barreira

This study aimed to understand the experiences of professional mixed martial arts (MMA) fighters in the psychological transition between fight and violence, based on their own reports. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with an intentional sample of five participants and their analysis was carried out from a phenomenological perspective. The intentional crossing of experiences allowed the identification of five categories: maintaining focus vs. losing your head; maintenance of the technique vs. loss of the technique; feeling good vs. embarrassment; desire to test yourself vs. aggression; desirable retaliation vs. disproportionate retaliation. The results of this study indicate that the intensification of the combative exchange that leads to the transition from the first to the second item of each category is the key element in the subjective transition between fight and violence.

Vadim Fetisov, Vladimir Pshenin, Dmitrii Nagornov et al.

Emissions of volatile organic compounds into the atmosphere when loading oil or petroleum products into tankers are strong environmental pollutants. Given the increase in oil transport by sea and the development of Arctic routes, humanity faces the task of preserving the Arctic ecosystem. Vapor recovery units can limit the emissions of volatile organic compounds. However, it is necessary to estimate the emissions of oil and petroleum products vapors. This article offers two methods for estimating emissions of volatile organic compounds. In the analytical method, a mathematical model of evaporation dynamics and forecasting tank gas space pressure of the tanker is proposed. The model makes it possible to estimate the throughput capacity of existing gas phase discharge pipeline systems and is also suitable for designing new oil vapor recovery units. Creating an experimental laboratory stand is proposed in the experimental method, and its possible technological scheme is developed.

Amanaiara Conceição de Santana Miranda

Este resumo refere-se à resistência docente na educação na rede pública em Salvador. A partir da escrevivência (EVARISTO, 2017) – escrita a partir das experiências vividas –, constrói-se a narrativa deste trabalho. Os relatos presentes no texto referem-se a uma atuação docente entrelaçada com as vivências, não havendo, portanto, a separação entre o pessoal e a atividade política (DAVIS, 1976). Entende-se que as experiências possibilitam a formação do sujeito, por isso a construção do sujeito é vista como dialética, pois a razão dialética, como afirma Sartre (2002), constrói-se no mundo e através do mundo. O sujeito, sobretudo no que diz respeito aos alunos da educação básica na rede pública, constrói-se a partir das relações com o mundo. E, diante da diferença e da intolerância a essas diferenças, as crianças reivindicam o respeito as suas estéticas, bem como aos seus desejos. Diante dessas diferenças e de um padrão esperado pela sociedade, mas ao qual as crianças não se enquadram, elas veem-se como um ser inadaptado, com confusões mentais (PIRES, 2010). Então, tomando a vivência como sumo da escrita, tais situações são relatadas no artigo a partir de cenas e fatos que possibilitam a reflexão quanto ao contexto escolar, principalmente no que diz respeito a gênero e raça. Toma-se como objetivo, portanto, na atuação como professora, problematizar tais questões em sala, obtendo a transformação educacional na primeira infância, através de discussões que abarquem a existência do preconceito na sociedade. Entende-se que a educação básica em rede pública deve ser contemplada com discussões embasadas e com profissionais qualificados, como doutoras/es, por exemplo, lecionando e resistindo nessas redes de ensino. Busca-se atuar na docência como um sujeito localizado crítico (HARAWAY, 1995), conhecendo a realidade e a problematizando, a fim de criar, diante das intolerâncias, uma sociedade igualitária. Palavras-chave: Experiência. Educação infantil. Resistência. Relações de gênero.

Tatyana Belyaev

The aim of this article is to describe how the interdisciplinary approach to teaching English, based on some aspects of content and language integrated learning (CLIL) methodology, is implemented by combining environmental science, sustainable development, and the English language. The paper introduces an English as a Second Language (ESL) course book designed for students of Environmental Monitoring, who study biomonitoring within the framework of an experimental CLIL course. At the end of each topic students present a project which proves their acquisition of professional and language knowledge. As a result, students obtain professional competence in a wide range of skills. More importantly, this goal is achieved without extending the curriculum.(original abstract)

Christina Wasson

Helder Ferreira Isayama, Victor Andrade de Melo

“Licere: Revista do Programa de Pós-Graduação Interdisciplinar em Estudos do Lazer/UFMG” é um periódico trimestral, lançado em 1998, dedicado a discutir a temática lazer em suas múltiplas dimensões, a partir de uma ótica multidisciplinar. Nesse artigo não pretendemos fazer uma apresentação dos “números” que marcam sua trajetória (acesso, artigos recebidos, artigos recusados etc.), mas sim entabular uma refl exão sobre seus caminhos, que têm relação com a própria conformação dos Estudos do Lazer no Brasil. O olhar que lançamos é fruto não só de nossa experiência como editores, mas também do que observamos como autores e pareceristas de outras revistas, notadamente daquelas relacionadas às Ciências do Esporte, com as quais Licere possui relações em função de coincidências históricas.

Lauriola Vincenzo M.

Nature-economy relations also are the result of economics’ concepts, ideas and paradigms. Heterodox economic views and paradigms are urgently needed to foster shifts towards the planet’s future sustainability paths. Elinor Ostrom, 2009 Nobel economics laureate, stands as one of the authors whose long neglected views are most inspiring in subverting mainstream paradigms on property regimes and natural resource management. Challenging the tragedy of the commons orthodoxy, she shows humans are able to escape the prisoner’s dilemma, as well as the public vs private property, and state vs market modern dichotomy in natural resources’ management models, by recognizing common property as a third option, and re-inventing the commons as indeed diverse and resilient institutions to foster more sustainable economy-nature relations. Brazil’s indigenous territories are cited as a living example of commons’ sustainability, although increasingly threatened by economic growth.

P. A. Troch, G. Carrillo, M. Sivapalan et al.

Budyko (1974) postulated that long-term catchment water balance is controlled to first order by the available water and energy. This leads to the interesting question of how do landscape characteristics (soils, geology, vegetation) and climate properties (precipitation, potential evaporation, number of wet and dry days) interact at the catchment scale to produce such a simple and predictable outcome of hydrological partitioning? Here we use a physically-based hydrologic model separately parameterized in 12 US catchments across a climate gradient to decouple the impact of climate and landscape properties to gain insight into the role of climate-vegetation-soil interactions in long-term hydrologic partitioning. The 12 catchment models (with different paramterizations) are subjected to the 12 different climate forcings, resulting in 144 10 yr model simulations. The results are analyzed per catchment (one catchment model subjected to 12 climates) and per climate (one climate filtered by 12 different model parameterization), and compared to water balance predictions based on Budyko's hypothesis (<i>E/P</i> = &varphi; (<i>E</i>_p/<i>P</i>); <i>E</i>: evaporation, <i>P</i>: precipitation, <i>E</i>_p: potential evaporation). We find significant anti-correlation between average deviations of the evaporation index (<i>E</i>/<i>P</i>) computed per catchment vs. per climate, compared to that predicted by Budyko. Catchments that on average produce more <i>E</i>/<i>P</i> have developed in climates that on average produce less <i>E</i>/<i>P</i>, when compared to Budyko's prediction. Water and energy seasonality could not explain these observations, confirming previous results reported by Potter et al. (2005). Next, we analyze which model (i.e., landscape filter) characteristics explain the catchment's tendency to produce more or less <i>E</i>/<i>P</i>. We find that the time scale that controls subsurface storage release explains the observed trend. This time scale combines several geomorphologic and hydraulic soil properties. Catchments with relatively longer subsurface storage release time scales produce significantly more <i>E</i>/<i>P</i>. Vegetation in these catchments have longer access to this additional groundwater source and thus are less prone to water stress. Further analysis reveals that climates that give rise to more (less) <i>E</i>/<i>P</i> are associated with catchments that have vegetation with less (more) efficient water use parameters. In particular, the climates with tendency to produce more <i>E</i>/<i>P</i> have catchments that have lower % root fraction and less light use efficiency. Our results suggest that their exists strong interactions between climate, vegetation and soil properties that lead to specific hydrologic partitioning at the catchment scale. This co-evolution of catchment vegetation and soils with climate needs to be further explored to improve our capabilities to predict hydrologic partitioning in ungauged basins.