This paper studies differences in the labor markets for occupations with different automation risk, and how actual automation may induce changes in wages and employment. Usingdata from Colombia between 2009 and 2017, we compute wage disparities by automation risk.We find that 62% of the occupied people in Colombia are at high-risk of automation. Inthe same way, we find that 71% of informal workers are at high-risk, while 56% of formalworkers are. The wage return to education are highest in the less automatable occupations.We then look at the effects of actual education, measured by ICT investment. On wages andemployment, automation increases employment, decreases wages and the wages gap by skill.Education acts as a protection mechanism against new automation technologies.
This paper studies how the correlation with the Nusselt number affects the final result of the efficiency, <i>ε</i>, and exergy efficiency, <i>η</i><sub>ex</sub>, of a chevron-type gasketed plate heat exchanger, which is installed in a typical small solar installation dedicated to single-family housing; the solar fluid is a TiO<sub>2</sub>:SiO<sub>2</sub>/EG:DI hybrid nanofluid with concentrations from 0% to 1.5% vol. The experimental model assumes constant flow of the solar fluid and varies on the domestic hot water side—from 3 lpm to 6 lpm. The inlet temperatures are 30 °C and 60 °C on the cold and hot sides of the heat exchanger, respectively. Of the six analysed correlations that showed similar trends, it is concluded that for the assumed flow conditions, geometry, and chevron angle of the plate heat exchanger, one model is the most accurate. The largest difference between the <i>η</i><sub>ex</sub> values for a given concentration is 3.4%, so the exergy efficiency is not affected by the chosen Nusselt model by very much. However, the choice of correlation with the Nusselt number significantly affects the efficiency, <i>ε</i>; the difference between the values obtained within a given concentration is more than 40% and depends on the Reynolds number and flow. Most research discusses the scenario with the nanofluid as a coolant. This paper considers the opposite situation in which the solar fluid is a hotter working medium that transfers heat to domestic hot water installation.
Engineering machinery, tools, and implements, Technological innovations. Automation
Objective: The purpose of the article is to determine which economic factors, specifically those related to labour and capital, have a more significant impact on the level of industrial automation. This assessment is based on robot density per 10 000 employees in the manufacturing sector.
Research Design & Methods: The empirical insights came from a broad array of statistical data spanning from 2000 to 2022, acquired from reputable international institutions. The study employs a methodological framework that integrates a review of pertinent literature, deductive reasoning, and an in-depth comparative analysis of selected time series. The central element of the research is the application of multiple regression analyses, primarily focusing on data from 2020 for 27 nations progressing in manufacturing automation.
Findings: Analysis of time series data on multifactor, labour, and capital productivity in countries with the highest robot densities shows a complex interplay between labour and capital productivity in the realm of industrial automation. Multiple regression analysis, particularly Model 1, substantiated hypothesis H2, revealing that capital-related factors, specifically gross domestic expenditures on R&D and foreign direct investment, emerged as statistically significant predictors of robot density (RD), both exhibiting positive correlations. This underscores the pivotal role of capital investments and technological advancements in fostering automation. Further analysis using Model 2, aggregating labour and capital variables, reaffirmed the predominance of capital factors in influencing industrial automation. The pronounced positive association between the capital index (CAP) and RD highlights the critical influence of capital-related variables, such as technological innovations and investments, in driving the adoption and density of industrial robots, thereby underscoring the foundational role of capital in the advancement of automation in the manufacturing sector.
Implications & Recommendations: The findings highlight a bidirectional influence between automation and productivity in the manufacturing sector, with capital access and utilization playing a pivotal role in automation disparities across economies. Economies reliant on labour-intensive methods lag in automation, underscoring the insufficiency of abundant labour for promoting automation. Instead, capital availability, particularly through R&D spending and foreign investment, emerges as crucial for advancing industrial automation. This necessitates a strategic realignment, where policymakers and industry leaders must prioritize capital investment and technological innovation as key automation enablers. The study calls for comprehensive strategies that emphasize capital investment, technological innovation, skill development, and quality education to effectively engage in the global automation landscape.
Contribution & Value Added: Contrary to the prevalent focus in existing literature on automation’s impact on socio-economic factors, particularly labour productivity, this research adopts a reverse perspective by examining the influence of labour and capital factors on automation progression. The study’s novel approach, asserting the paramountcy of capital in driving automation, suggests that active participation in the global automation landscape necessitates comprehensive efforts encompassing R&D investment, FDI attraction, workforce skill enhancement, and investment in quality education.
Despite the existing attention to e-Health implementation, there are several gaps and bottlenecks related to its implementation and policies. Starting from previous research, this paper presents a systematic literature review that we conducted to determine the current state of the art in e-Health implementation and policies, with particular attention to the European area. After the research and filtering of the papers, 49 papers were selected to be carefully examined and compared according to a set of criteria including objective, targeted and implementation compliance. Based on the obtained results, we identified several gaps and suggested recommendations to fill them. Based on the results, the topic has yet to be discussed and deepened, bringing to synthesis the different experiences gained in the field by both operators and researchers.
The aesthetic experience digitalisation influences the capacity of artistry and creativity of the artwork and the quality of participation in arts. Due to cultural differences between post-communist and non-communist countries’ citizens in perception qualities, this research aims to evaluate the influence of the participation form (in-real or digital) in the aesthetic situation by the receivers from post-communist and non-communist societies on artistry and creativity potential in the context of cultural and social sustainability. The quality of participation in five arts types (musical, performing, literary, audio-visual, visual) was evaluated using the same ten criteria. Qualitative data analysis based on an international sample from 38 countries (n = 221) concludes that the participation form in arts determines participation quality level in the aesthetic situation by post-communist and non-communist countries’ receivers differently. There are significant cultural determinants among post-communist and non-communist countries’ citizens between participation in particular arts and between particular forms of participation in particular types of arts. The reasons for these differences cannot be drawn from this research; however, future comparative qualitative research directions are set. The research results, in the context of the political system transformation theory as one of the sustainable development features, should gain the interest of: 1) Art creators looking for the optimal and sustainable way of distributing artworks among receivers from post-communist and non-communist countries; 2) Art managers and marketers for deeper understanding of post-communist and non-communist art receivers’ perspectives and their preferences about participation in arts in-real or digitally towards sustainable development; 3) Art receivers to compare their opinion about the ways of sustainable participation in arts with the preferences of art receivers from post-communist and non-communist countries.
The manufacturing of a granular fertilizer based on organic slurry (OS) and sorptive materials aims to enhance the circular economy. This article describes a technology that was conceived after appraising the chemistry of the anaerobic digestate and wood ash and the synergies of combining both materials. The information available in the literature about similar materials such as cattle slurry and lime was also considered to build a better understanding of the underlying science. The processes and machinery designed were optimized from the points of view of energy and material consumption, cost of storage, transportation and land application. The system was sized to process 1 tonne of OS (97% moisture) in a 10 h batch-shift, consuming 140 kg of wood pellets and 0.55 kW of electricity for the fan blowing preheated air. The results of the market research allowed us to reach the most economically viable routes for the commercialization of granular fertilizers. Based on the financial study, an initial investment of GBP 20,000 is needed to successfully implement the value proposition and business plan. The wide adoption of the composite fertilizer improves the management of the OS and reduces the contamination of air, soil, and water derived from intensive agricultural practices.
Engineering machinery, tools, and implements, Technological innovations. Automation
The article is devoted to the strategies of innovation-oriented development of agricultural enterprises for milk production taking into account the variability of the external and internal environment of their operation. It is proved that the definition of prospects for the development of dairy farming should be based on a strategic approach that allows the most adequate way to respond to the challenges of a dynamic changing environment. It is established that the development of dairy farming can be attributed to the fourth technological way, which provides full mechanization of production processes, but due to its specificity it develops on the basis of a combination of different technological ways: intensive-technocratic, natural-innovative and natural. The results of the analysis of the development of dairy farming are contradictory, because, on the one hand - the natural indicators of production efficiency are increasing, and on the other - the prerequisites for the creation of internal reserves of expanded reproduction are absent. It is calculated that despite the existing positive trends (growth of cow productivity, milk sales prices), the dynamics of the increase in production costs, which occur against the background of declining cattle, including cows, offsets positive changes in economic performance of the industry and agricultural producers. It is argued that the effective development of agricultural enterprises for milk production in the near strategic perspective is possible only if the negative trends are overcome. The constituent elements of the strategy of innovation-oriented development of dairy farming have been developed, which provides for technical and technological renewal of the production potential of agricultural enterprises and the introduction of IT technologies in the management system. Strategic models of dairy cattle breeding development are substantiated: preservation of existing development tendencies, which will be dominated by milk and beef production in private farms with preservation of extensive type of management; priority of milk farms development; priority is the development of large innovation-oriented agricultural enterprises with simultaneous state stimulation of the cooperative form of milk production by farmers and private farms. The components of the innovation-oriented strategy of dairy farming development are systematized, which envisages strengthening the fodder base, increasing the level of animal feeding, introducing complex mechanization and automation of production processes and transferring the industry to the latest technologies, using high-yielding, specialized livestock breeds. wages. Key words: dairy cattle breeding, development strategy, strategic planning, IT technologies, innovations.
The article summarizes and systematizes the features of innovative activity of food industry enterprises in Ukraine. The dynamics of the volume and structure of expenditures of food industry enterprises on innovations is analyzed. The importance of implementing marketing innovations, which are a priority for EU companies, has been clarified. In Ukraine, preference is given to technological and product innovations that give the fastest results. It is proved that the level of innovative activity of Ukrainian food industry enterprises is insufficient to ensure the development of the industry on the basis of an innovative model and effective modernization. Sources of financing of innovative activity of food industry enterprises in Ukraine are characterized. It is established that the key source of funding for innovative development is the own funds of enterprises, which account for more than 80% of all resources. The problems of innovation development in Ukraine are identified: political instability, lack of rule of law, difficulties in obtaining financial resources, low rates of introduction of information and communication technologies. The advantages of introducing innovations in the food industry are clarified: increase of labor productivity due to automation of production; improving product quality; expansion of product markets; increasing the competitiveness of products. The main results of innovation implementation are clarified: increase of assortment; improving product quality; preservation and expansion of traditional markets; growth of production capacities, reduction of expenses. The priority tasks of the state regulation of innovative development for the near future are determined: stimulation of innovative activity; improving the system of protection of intellectual property rights; development of the state strategy of innovative development of the food industry; preservation and development of human resources.
At present a rapid development of additive technologies for the growth of metal and alloy products takes place. Each additive technology has its own rational field of application and its own characteristic set of advantages and disadvantages. The most promising technologies are new 3DMP-technologies of wire sedimentation/welding deposition by a method electric arc welding in combination with subtractive machining technologies (additive-subtractive technologies). The application of 3DMP-technologies in comparison with common and some powder technologies results in the considerable decrease of production costs and substantial increase of growth productivity, for them it is characteristic a high coefficient of initial material beneficial use. The advantage in use of additive-subtractive technologies (AST) consists in a possibility of the alternative use of additive and subtractive transitions at the formation of a part within the limits of one technological operation in a full compliance with the principle of community and constancy of technological bases. But AST peculiarity requires a complex solution of interrelated engineering and scientific problems including those in the field of design of products, material machining, engineering procedure automation and CAD systems. For instance, in consequence of that the realization of 3DMP-technology is possible only under conditions of complete process automation, in the presence of a subtractive module having 3-5 controlled coordinates, for the equipment on the whole the NC system is necessary which controls the execution unit displacement along six coordinate axes and more.
In the process towards smart city, the concept of public transportation has evolved as a set of socio-material entanglements by highlighting the social impacts. This research offers a community-based approach to identify criteria for the design towards inclusive mobility by setting a validation model to measure and extract collected stakeholders’ data. The study provides a thematization of optimizing strategies to address mobility in future smart city actions towards sustainable community development, aiming to inspire further research in Italy and beyond.
Abstract In this paper, we consider the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) in the creative economy of music production. One sector in particular, audio post-production, is experiencing rapid change due to AI and various other forms of automation. This spells major changes, now and in the future, for skills, employment and work. Many accounts on the role of machine automation in occupational instability—specifically, reductions in human employment—have focused on the manufacturing (assembly lines) and service (financial, legal and administration) sectors: so-called blue- and white-collar jobs. However, there are as yet only limited forays into the possible consequences of AI in the creative economy, in particular on ‘no-collar jobs’. Creative occupations were previously understood to be immune from the disruptions of AI due to the high levels of intuition, affective knowledge, ‘gut instinct’, and other human ‘assets’ difficult to replicate by complex algorithms and intelligent machines. Drawing on empirical research on AI in audio post-production, this article contends that there are conflicting notions of the possible impacts of these new innovations on human expertise and digital skills. The article highlights change underway in this profession of audio mastering as workers in the creative industries collaborate and compete with AI-driven technological innovation.
The experience of electric power system operation indicates the unevenness of power consumption and the need to minimize peak loads. Regulatory documents contain the main directions of electric power industry development, aimed at strengthening the role of electric energy consumers in the regulation of schedule power system load. To stimulate the consumers, the electricity and capacity prices are increasing every year. At the same time, the level of competition among industrial enterprises increases every year. The main tool of competitive advantages is innovation. Industrial enterprises have considerable untapped reserves for the regulation of power consumption. The articles dwells upon the technologies of organizational energy saving, developed with the account of the influence of technological, electrical and economic factors. For the practical implementation of developed methods a high level of shop automation is required alongside with the energy-oriented planning of production process, using methods of short-term and long-term forecasting of power consumption. The technical effect of the proposed solution is to minimize the maximum power consumption and equalize the load graph.