Hasil untuk "Social pathology. Social and public welfare. Criminology"

Silla Marie Mørch Sievers, Naja Berg Hougaard, Claus Brygger Jacobi

This article explores the temporal navigations of vulnerable unemployed people in two employment interventions based on supported employment (SE) and individual placement and support (IPS), respectively, in a Danish employment service context. Temporal navigations are particularly interesting given active labour market policy (ALMP) assumptions of linearity and progression in the development of the unemployed. The article is based on an analysis of interview data derived from two cases involving 25 unemployed individuals, 14 public employment service (PES) specialists, and four employees working in psychiatric services. The article explores the way in which the unemployed deploy various temporal navigations, such as enacting employed futures, as well as suspending time, thereby circumventing the linearity of standardized employment services. The experience of the vulnerable unemployed is often characterized by being ‘out of sync’ with working society, and most employment interventions are intended to help these individuals become in sync once more. The article argues that to create helpful employment services for vulnerable unemployed, these services must accommodate non-linear experiences of time by taking seriously the subjective temporality of the people they aim to support.

Fazlić Adnan, Deljkić Irma

Eyewitness testimonies are frequently considered crucial in criminal investigations. The impact of the initial description provided by an eyewitness on subsequent identification accuracy remains an understudied area. We employed a slightly modified version of Schooler and Engstler-Schooler's experimental approach to assess whether description quantity and quality are related to lineup identification accuracy. The sample comprised 99 undergraduate students from the University of Sarajevo. More than 50% of our participants made an accurate lineup identification, whereas they recalled and described only the general physical characteristics with minimal detail. No significant relationship between the quantity/quality of descriptions and identification accuracy was observed in terms of the total number of words, total number of details in the description, and individual characteristics that participants mentioned in the description. In other words, neither an extensive nor a detailed description effectively predicts lineup identification accuracy. Finally, our findings suggest that the recognition task is significantly less challenging for participants than the recall and description tasks because descriptions provide a general impression of an individual and lack detailed information. The findings of this study indicate that a more detailed and extensive description does not serve as a reliable indicator of lineup identification accuracy.

Faye S. Taxman, Steven Belenko

Abstract Background Implementation science (IS) is an emerging discipline that offers frameworks, theories, measures, and interventions to understand both the effective organizational change processes and the contextual factors that affect how well an innovation operates in real-world settings. Results In this article, we present an overview of the basic concepts and methods of IS. We then present six studies where IS was used as a means to understand implementation of a new innovations designed to improve the health and well-being of individuals under criminal legal system supervision. Conclusion We discuss how IS has developed new knowledge on how to implement efficacious innovations and suggesting future research needed to further our understanding of implementation and sustainability of innovations in the legal context.

Horeieh Rabbani Isfahani

IntroductionCharitable activity has long been favored by different sections of society and provides a suitable ground for women's participation in society. Some historical periods, such as the Safavid period, were the peak of women's activity in this field, and one of its results was the solution to many social challenges. But with time, this growth in women's voluntary charitable participation has been stopped or very slow, which has provided the basis for society not benefiting from this powerful potential. Meanwhile, the global approach to this issue shows its expansion in different countries; As a result, it seems necessary to analyze the understanding and perception of social activists about the factors that contribute to the promotion of this issue. In this article, an attempt is made to answer these questions: What factors contribute to the increase of women's participation in voluntary charitable activities? What are the solutions to increase the presence of women as half of the existing and actual social potential that can be the basis of fundamental changes in society in this field? Research MethodologyTo investigate the understanding and perception of social activists (and not only women) regarding women's charitable activities in Iran, an interview was conducted with 30 women and men from Isfahan city in the age range of 17-54 years and education degree from high school to doctorate. The interviewees were selected from both sexes so that the difference of views in terms of gender was also investigated. This interview is semi-structured and its analysis is done through the thematic analysis method (primary and secondary coding, conceptual order, analysis of results) and compiling the network of themes. To increase the reliability, the codes were entered into Macq da2018 software and the results of research and analysis were examined.The interviewees were selected through targeted sampling according to the qualitative method. To increase the credibility of the research, it has been tried to conduct research from different ages, considering the generational changes in different decades. Also, according to Inglehart's theory about the effect of education level on charitable activities, the level of education from high school to doctorate was considered to take into account the opinions of different educational levels. After each interview, analysis, and coding were done, and after 26 interviews, we reached theoretical saturation, but to ensure that, 4 more interviews were also conducted. Findings Based on the results of the research, 4 main categories under the title of formation platform, interveners, type of activity, and solutions were extracted as effective factors in women's charitable participation, the lack of which is one of the obstacles to promoting women's voluntary participation. Conclusions Regarding the formation platform category, effective factors on women's charitable participation were extracted into two categories of selective codes: common factors and specific factors. Common factors are factors that are similar between women and men and gender differences are not very effective in them, which are in two parts of the core codes: 1-A human-natural factors, and 1-B religious factors, and 2- special factors that are influenced by the characteristics of Gender. Gender difference was not involved in people's innate tendency to do good deeds, and the nature of humans is the factor of tendency towards these activities and provides the ground for doing them in a way that can be seen in the results of the upcoming research; In other words, philanthropy is a special form of love that is rooted in human nature and manifests voluntarily and with the awareness of a human being towards another human being. Among the other factors that were very effective in carrying out charitable activities from the perspective of the interviewees were religious factors and motivations, which were defined under the influence of religious upbringing and norms. This issue originates from the dependence of attitudes on value. In the section on special factors that are based on the effect of gender differences, the results of the research indicate that the innate talent of most women in this field was considered and they expressed the female gender background as very susceptible and a positive factor in doing good work. They stated factors such as genetic conditions, feelings, maternal emotions, more free time, and less concern than men, among the factors affected by gender affecting charitable activities. Another category that is influential in the context of the formation of conditions is the level of familiarity with charitable activities, which is placed under the headings of general-specific familiarity made by the researcher. General awareness means that a person is not completely alien to the activities at the beginning and has a relative understanding of these activities, but special awareness refers to a deep and specialized understanding of these activities. The results of the research confirm that there is almost no one who lacks any kind of awareness and familiarity about performing charitable activities and the need for it, and this refers to the cultural and educational contexts of the society, religious contexts, and orders of the Qur'an and religious elders. The higher the level of familiarity goes from general awareness to specific familiarity, the higher the level of participation and the more effective it is in the process of expanding the platform for the formation of voluntary contributions. Based on the results of the research, women's awareness of charitable activities and related matters was general, and the knowledge of expertise in Iran was low and the need to improve it was evident. In the category of effective factors in women's voluntary charitable activities, they are classified into two categories: A- way of getting to know each other and B- social trust. The way and type of women's familiarity with charitable affairs is one of the effective interventions on the amount of charitable activities of women. Doing these things, which are considered among the most valuable things in society, is the duty of all the educational forces of the society, i.e. family, school, media, and various social institutions. According to the results of the research, almost one-third of the activists expressed their familiarity with the good atmosphere through the media, especially television and social networks. Regarding the impact of the media as the highest level of effectiveness in getting to know women, almost half of the interviewees stated that the impact of the national media was positive and one-third stated that it was insufficient and lacking and weak in this area. The interviewees also mentioned the impact of social networks in increasing women's participation in these matters. Those in favor of the positive effect of television pointed to special programs such as Honeymoon or Khandwaneh in the past years in promoting good deeds and also pointed to the effect of special days of the year such as Muharram and Safar and especially Ramadan. The family is one of the other institutions that influence the participation of good in people, especially girls. The family, in the role of the first and one of the most important social institutions, affects the personality of people (children) in adulthood, and theorists in the field of family sociology, confirming this, believe that the first social institution that is responsible for internalizing or institutionalizing values and norms is the family institution. This is especially seen in the case of girls spending a long time in the family environment. The charitable activity of women and girls is also one such valuable affair, whose basic foundation is provided and institutionalized by the family in many cases directly and indirectly. According to the results of the research, one-fifth of the activists in question had been introduced to charity by their family and had often seen this type of activity from their father or mother. The result of the research is evident. The topic of social trust in charitable contributions is a common concept and being male or female did not have much effect on it. According to the results of the research, functional or thematic trust is more popular among activists, and more than half of the interviewees were inclined to benevolent voluntary activities in official organizations and charities. This is related to the issue of people's capital and social trust in official institutions and shows the level of social trust. On the other hand, some interviewees stated that they did not trust official organizations and were willing to do charitable activities as individuals or informal organizations. They expressed reasons for not trusting these organizations as corruption of these organizations, waste of money, lack of transparency, and lack of accountability of these organizations.

Patrick Cacicedo

O exame criminológico é um polêmico instituto do direito de Execução Penal que frequentemente retorna ao debate, seja em casos de repercussão midiática, seja em tentativas de inseri-lo na legislação penal. O presente artigo analisa criticamente os problemas científicos e político-criminais de sua inserção na Lei de Execução Penal brasileira como mecanismo de Direito Penal de emergência, cujas consequências sobre a liberdade podem ser drásticas e impulsionar ainda mais o processo de encarceramento em massa.

Sarah Deeley, Kyle Fleming

In this paper we aim to explore how, together, an education workforce introduced a change in the way they approached and participated in reflective practice through a Reflection and Action Learning Sessions model. Using quality improvement theory and methodology to aid implementation, they explored individual and collective motivation for change, what it meant for them, and what it meant for the children and young people they were caring for and educating.

Petter Gottschalk

The theoretical goal of this article is to examine the case of a recent benefits fraud scandal among Norwegian parliamentarians, who received various payments they were not entitled to, through the lens of convenience theory. The evidence presented and evaluated comes from the report of the Norwegian auditor general’s internal investigation as well as from various media reports. Among 14 convenience propositions, evidence was found for six of them: greed, status, decay, chaos, justification, and neutralization. An important practical implication of this research is that the independent status of parliamentarians has to be addressed by new measures of guardianship, overview, and control against fraud. Generally, the violation of trust by privileged individuals elected by the people represents a threat to democracy.

Shannon L. Wagner, Romana Pasca

The present project was intended to provide an initial exploratory investigation into the relationship between hostility and world assumptions for a firefighting sample. Specifically, we hypothesized that increased hostility would be associated with more negative assumptions with respect to world benevolence, world justness, and self-worth, and that these variables would also be related to years of service and self-reported mental health. The current study was part of a larger study with firefighters from British Columbia, Canada, and included 186 paid-professional firefighters who completed a series of questionnaires. We demonstrated that, for our firefighting sample, hostility was related to both world benevolence and self-worth across multiple measures, even while controlling for the individual characteristic neuroticism. We did not find any significant relationship with years of service, but world benevolence and self-worth were also important in the prediction of mental health outcomes. These findings may have clinical or occupational intervention implications in therapeutic relationships with firefighters, in that the present project demonstrated a first indication that reduced hostility in combination with increased positivity in world assumptions may help achieve good mental health.

Christine Morley, Kerry Carrington, Vanessa Ryan et al.

Prior to the COVID-19 global pandemic, domestic and family violence (DFV) had been recognised globally as an epidemic in its own right. Further, research has established that during times of crisis and/or after disasters, rates of DFV can escalate. The COVID-19 pandemic has been no exception, with emerging research from around the world confirming that the public health measures and social effects associated with COVID-19 have increased the frequency and severity of DFV in various countries. In contributing to this evolving body of literature, this paper reports on the findings of a national research project that examined the impact of the COVID-19 global pandemic on DFV in Australia. This nationwide survey of service providers indicates the public health responses to COVID-19 such as lockdowns and travel restrictions, while necessary to stem the pandemic, have had profound effects on increasing women’s risk and vulnerability to domestic violence, while at the same time making it more difficult for women to leave violent relationships and access support. However, this vulnerability is not evenly distributed. The pandemic pushed marginalised voices further underground, with many unable to seek help, locked down with their abuser. Our survey sought to amplify the experiences of culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) communities; Indigenous communities; lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, queer, + (LGBTIQ+) communities; women locked down with school-age children; those already in violent relationships; and those whose first experience of domestic violence coincided with the onset of the pandemic. For logistical and ethical reasons, we could only access their voices through the responses from the domestic violence sector.

Ye Phyo, Ajay M.V. Kumar, Khine Wut Yee Kyaw et al.

Background: Emergence of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) in the past decade has the potential to undermine the global tobacco control efforts and undo the successes achieved to date. There are also concerns that e-cigarettes may become a gateway for future tobacco use and its use is increasing globally. There is no published evidence on this issue from Myanmar. Hence, we aimed to assess prevalence of e-cigarette use among tobacco smokers and its associated socio-demographic factors in six states and regions of Myanmar. Methods: This was a secondary analysis of data collected as part of a programme evaluation conducted by the National Tobacco Control Programme of Myanmar in 2018, which involved sampling 100 smokers from each state/region. We used modified Poisson regression to measure associations. Results: There were 629 tobacco smokers included in the programme evaluation. Among them, 246 (39.2%, 95% CI: 24.0%–56.7%) smokers reported that they had heard of e-cigarettes and 73 (11.6%, 95% CI: 5.1%–24.3%) reported having ever used e-cigarettes. There was no e-cigarette use among female smokers. The prevalence of e-cigarette use was significantly higher among males, students, young adults aged 18–29 years, heavy smokers (greater than 20 cigarettes per day) and those who lived in the Mandalay region. Conclusion: Our study provides preliminary evidence about e-cigarette use in Myanmar and fills an important knowledge gap. One limitation was small sample size, which is reflected by wide confidence intervals around the estimate. We recommend a national survey to obtain precise and nationally representative information.

Zaheera Jinnah

This article explores precarity as a conceptual framework to understand the intersection of migration and low-waged work in the global south. Using a case study of cross-border migrant domestic workers in South Africa, I discuss current debates on framing and understanding precarity, especially in the global south, and test its use as a conceptual framework to understand the everyday lived experiences and strategies of a group that face multiple forms of exclusion and vulnerability. I argue that a form of negotiated precarity, defined as transactions which provide opportunities for survival but also render people vulnerable, can be a useful way to make sense of questions around (il)legality and (in)formality in the context of poorly protected work, insecure citizenship and social exclusion. Precarity as a negotiated strategy shows the ways in which people interact with systems and institutions and foregrounds their agency. But it also illustrates that the negative outcomes inherent in more traditional notions of precarity, expressed in physical and economic vulnerability, and discrimination in employment relations, mostly hurt the poor. This suggests the importance of an intersectional approach to understanding precarity in labour migration studies.

Roland Kadefors

Tijs Laenen, Bart Meuleman

In light of the ever‐growing shift towards activation in European welfare states, the present article examines the relationship between citizens’ welfare generosity (i.e., support for social rights) and welfare conditionality (i.e., support for social obligations) with regard to the unemployed. Using data from the 2014 Belgian National Elections Study, we found that generosity and conditionality appear to be two sides of the same coin. The two factors are negatively correlated, and most of their respective attitudinal drivers are quite similar in strength, yet opposite in direction. In addition to self‐interest and conventionally recognised ideational beliefs, such as egalitarianism and individualism, beliefs about welfare deservingness – an explanatory factor that has remained understudied in the field – are particularly influential in shaping people’s welfare preferences. A stronger emphasis on criteria of deservingness such as control, attitude and reciprocity considerably lowers support for social rights and strengthens support for social duties.

Arvid Lone, Erik Paulsen

The main objective of this study was to gain insight into young people's experiences with positive emotional relationships with staff in residential care. Because positive relationships have been shown to be of great importance for the outcomes of treatment, this study's main objective was to obtain insight into what the young people found important in such relationships with staff members, and also how close they felt that these relations were. Eight young people living in a social pedagogy-based Norwegian treatment collective were interviewed regarding their emotional relationships with the treatment staff. Our findings reveal three dimensions of importance for the youths: emotional involvement from staff; an ability to put the youth in centre of attention: and finally an experience of subject-subject relations between staff and youths in an environment without use of physical restraint. These dimensions were in many ways connected to the fact that core staff live-in with the youth, and the resulting continuity and trust this engenders. The youths all reported that they had experienced emotional relations they characterised as containing love.

Juliana Iglesias Melim

O presente artigo problematiza sobre a relação entre trabalho e formação profissional dos assistentes sociais na contemporaneidade. Para tal, sinaliza os processos de precarização que atingem essas duas dimensões e aborda a expansão da graduação a distância em Serviço Social como expoente máximo da precarização na formação profissional.

Edistia Maria Abath Pereira de Oliveira, Helena Lúcia Augusto Chaves

Resumo: Esta reflexão destaca elementos da trajetória de 80 anos do Serviço Social no Brasil, balizados nos códigos de ética, como expressão da dinâmica processual em que a profissão foi concebida, reconceituada e renovada. O objetivo é ressaltar o status de maturidade da profissão, fundamentada no pensamento marxiano e no Projeto Ético-Político profissional, embora contraditoriamente ainda existam resquícios de sua origem, marcada pelo neotomismo e por práticas de ajustamento e ajuda social.

Sandra Carolina Bautista-Bautista, Isabel Cristina Bedoya-Calvo

Las investigaciones en Colombia sobre construcción de paz desde la perspectiva de las mujeres son escasas, en particular en la especificidad de mujeres rurales, aunque muchas de las experiencias son protagonizadas en dicho ámbito. En este artículo se hace una revisión documental de diversos estudios que han abordado el tema y que se agrupan en tres campos: 1) la discusión sobre el movimiento social de mujeres por la paz; 2) los aportes de las mujeres a la construcción de paz desde los contextos particulares y 3) la participación de las mujeres en procesos de paz. Posteriormente, se exponen los principales hallazgos teóricos, conceptuales y metodológicos. Finalmente, en las conclusiones se ratifica que no existen investigaciones que teórica y analíticamente reflexionen sobre la triada construcción de paz-mujer-ruralidad y que, por el contrario, hay una serie de desafíos que invitan a profundizar en este campo de cara a los procesos de implementación de acuerdos de paz.

Joan Linio

Thomas Bujon

Fran Ansley

<p>This article questions the meanings and expression of "citizenship" in the context of new Latina and Latino migration into the southeastern United States-a region long marked by legally policed racial systems and now experiencing the varied shocks of globalization. Focused on a legislative campaign that won access to a state-issued driver's licence for undocumented migrants in Tennessee in spring 2001, the article explores some of the tensions that emerged on the road to this unlikely victory and raises questions for the immigrants' rights movement in the US about the costs and gains that may follow from different ways of framing its demands. The dominant frame this particular campaign adopted was a pragmatic and politically acceptable call to improve traffic safety, one that reflected a conscious choice to downplay issues of rights, justice or global perspective. Yet the article also reports that the campaign in fact created and used opportunities for activists to raise issues related to migrant rights. It also made a dramatic, albeit temporary, improvement in the daily lives of migrants in the state. The article then sketches three citizenship norms that current struggles might prefigure. These three norms are: the full right to international mobility of human beings; the right to identity; and duties of citizenship in a globalizing world.</p>