Hasil untuk "Revenue. Taxation. Internal revenue"

Ching-Yun Ko, Pin-Yu Chen

Modern artificial intelligence (AI) models are deployed on inference engines to optimize runtime efficiency and resource allocation, particularly for transformer-based large language models (LLMs). The vLLM project is a major open-source library to support model serving and inference. However, the current implementation of vLLM limits programmability of the internal states of deployed models. This prevents the use of popular test-time model alignment and enhancement methods. For example, it prevents the detection of adversarial prompts based on attention patterns or the adjustment of model responses based on activation steering. To bridge this critical gap, we present vLLM Hook, an opensource plug-in to enable the programming of internal states for vLLM models. Based on a configuration file specifying which internal states to capture, vLLM Hook provides seamless integration to vLLM and supports two essential features: passive programming and active programming. For passive programming, vLLM Hook probes the selected internal states for subsequent analysis, while keeping the model generation intact. For active programming, vLLM Hook enables efficient intervention of model generation by altering the selected internal states. In addition to presenting the core functions of vLLM Hook, in version 0, we demonstrate 3 use cases including prompt injection detection, enhanced retrieval-augmented retrieval (RAG), and activation steering. Finally, we welcome the community's contribution to improve vLLM Hook via https://github.com/ibm/vllm-hook.

Thomas B. Mieling

The coupling between internal degrees of freedom of quantum systems and their overall motion in an external gravitational field plays a central role in multiple extensions of Einstein's equivalence principle to quantum physics. While previous models of such effects were predominantly restricted to linearized gravity and often required quantum particles to follow prescribed world-lines, this letter shows how such phenomena can be understood using generally covariant semi-classical approximations in the framework of quantum field theory in curved space-times. This method provides a unification and generalization of previously established results, but also predicts new effects such as an influence of internal energies on field amplitudes, as well as correction terms to the internal Schrödinger equation that give rise to Berry phases.

El Mehdi Cherradi

We establish a DK-equivalence between the relative category of $π$-tribes and the relative category of locally cartesian closed quasicategories. From this follows one of the internal languages conjecture: Martin-Löf type theory with dependent sums, intensional identity types, and dependent products satisfying functional extensionality is the internal language of locally cartesian closed $(\infty,1)$-categories.

Calum Hughes, Adrian Miranda

We show that for an extensive $1$-category $\mathcal{E}$ with pullbacks and pullback stable coequalisers in which the forgetful functor $\mathcal{U}: \mathbf{Cat}(\mathcal{E})_1 \to \mathbf{Gph}(\mathcal{E})$ has left adjoint, the $2$-category $\mathbf{Cat}(\mathcal{E})$ of internal categories, functors and natural transformations has finite $2$-colimits. In addition, $\mathbf{Cat}(\mathcal{E})$ is extensive, has pullbacks and codescent coequalisers are stable under pullback along discrete Conduché fibrations. Moreover, we give converse results to this.

Louis Shuo Wang, Jiguang Yu

In this work, we propose a stochastic version of the Rosenzweig-MacArthur model solely driven by internal demographic noise, extending classical Lotka-Volterra-type systems focused on external noise. We give a criterion for the existence and uniqueness of autonomous stochastic differential equations (SDEs) on an open submanifold of $\mathbb{R}^{n}$, and the framework allows for a wider choice of Lyapunov functions. In the meantime, the invariance of open submanifolds, which is a biologically feasible result and has been implicitly incorporated into many biological and ecological models, facilitates the application of analytic tools typically suited to $\mathbb{R}^{d}$ and indicates the persistence of predator and prey populations, thus providing a criterion for determining whether a population will become extinct. We apply the well-posedness criterion to our stochastic Rosenzweig-MacArthur model and show the existence and uniqueness of solutions. Furthermore, the asymptotic estimates of solutions are obtained, indicating the at most exponential growth of the population with internal stochasticity. Some numerical experiments are performed, which illustrate the discrepancy between the deterministic and stochastic models. Overall, this work demonstrates the broad applicability of our results to ecological models with constrained dynamics, offering a foundation for analyzing extinction, persistence, and well-posedness in systems where internal randomness dominates. This paper not only promotes the development of stochastic modeling and stochastic differential equations in theoretical ecology but also proposes a rigorous mathematical methodology for studying the predator-prey system with internal stochasticity.

Xun Liang, Shichao Song, Zifan Zheng et al.

Large language models (LLMs) often exhibit deficient reasoning or generate hallucinations. To address these, studies prefixed with "Self-" such as Self-Consistency, Self-Improve, and Self-Refine have been initiated. They share a commonality: involving LLMs evaluating and updating themselves. Nonetheless, these efforts lack a unified perspective on summarization, as existing surveys predominantly focus on categorization. In this paper, we use a unified perspective of internal consistency, offering explanations for reasoning deficiencies and hallucinations. Internal consistency refers to the consistency in expressions among LLMs' latent, decoding, or response layers based on sampling methodologies. Then, we introduce an effective theoretical framework capable of mining internal consistency, named Self-Feedback. This framework consists of two modules: Self-Evaluation and Self-Update. The former captures internal consistency signals, while the latter leverages the signals to enhance either the model's response or the model itself. This framework has been employed in numerous studies. We systematically classify these studies by tasks and lines of work; summarize relevant evaluation methods and benchmarks; and delve into the concern, "Does Self-Feedback Really Work?" We also propose several critical viewpoints, including the "Hourglass Evolution of Internal Consistency", "Consistency Is (Almost) Correctness" hypothesis, and "The Paradox of Latent and Explicit Reasoning". The relevant resources are open-sourced at https://github.com/IAAR-Shanghai/ICSFSurvey.

Sumit R. Das, Anurag Kaushal, Gautam Mandal et al.

We study minimum area surfaces associated with a region, $R$, of an internal space. For example, for a warped product involving an asymptotically $AdS$ space and an internal space $K$, the region $R$ lies in $K$ and the surface ends on $\partial R$. We find that the result of Graham and Karch can be avoided in the presence of warping, and such surfaces can sometimes exist for a general region $R$. When such a warped product geometry arises in the IR from a higher dimensional asymptotic AdS, we argue that the area of the surface can be related to the entropy arising from entanglement of internal degrees of freedom of the boundary theory. We study several examples, including warped or direct products involving $AdS_2$, or higher dimensional $AdS$ spaces, with the internal space, $K=R^m, S^m$; $Dp$ brane geometries and their near horizon limits; and several geometries with a UV cut-off. We find that such RT surfaces often exist and can be useful probes of the system, revealing information about finite length correlations, thermodynamics and entanglement. We also make some preliminary observations about the role such surfaces can play in bulk reconstruction, and their relation to subalgebras of observables in the boundary theory.

Wenshuo Guo, Michael I. Jordan, Manolis Zampetakis

We study the problem of learning revenue-optimal multi-bidder auctions from samples when the samples of bidders' valuations can be adversarially corrupted or drawn from distributions that are adversarially perturbed. First, we prove tight upper bounds on the revenue we can obtain with a corrupted distribution under a population model, for both regular valuation distributions and distributions with monotone hazard rate (MHR). We then propose new algorithms that, given only an ``approximate distribution'' for the bidder's valuation, can learn a mechanism whose revenue is nearly optimal simultaneously for all ``true distributions'' that are $α$-close to the original distribution in Kolmogorov-Smirnov distance. The proposed algorithms operate beyond the setting of bounded distributions that have been studied in prior works, and are guaranteed to obtain a fraction $1-O(α)$ of the optimal revenue under the true distribution when the distributions are MHR. Moreover, they are guaranteed to yield at least a fraction $1-O(\sqrtα)$ of the optimal revenue when the distributions are regular. We prove that these upper bounds cannot be further improved, by providing matching lower bounds. Lastly, we derive sample complexity upper bounds for learning a near-optimal auction for both MHR and regular distributions.

Chen Gong, Saihao Huang, Houquan Zhou et al.

Unlike English letters, Chinese characters have rich and specific meanings. Usually, the meaning of a word can be derived from its constituent characters in some way. Several previous works on syntactic parsing propose to annotate shallow word-internal structures for better utilizing character-level information. This work proposes to model the deep internal structures of Chinese words as dependency trees with 11 labels for distinguishing syntactic relationships. First, based on newly compiled annotation guidelines, we manually annotate a word-internal structure treebank (WIST) consisting of over 30K multi-char words from Chinese Penn Treebank. To guarantee quality, each word is independently annotated by two annotators and inconsistencies are handled by a third senior annotator. Second, we present detailed and interesting analysis on WIST to reveal insights on Chinese word formation. Third, we propose word-internal structure parsing as a new task, and conduct benchmark experiments using a competitive dependency parser. Finally, we present two simple ways to encode word-internal structures, leading to promising gains on the sentence-level syntactic parsing task.

Cunzhi Zhao, Xingpeng Li

Typically, a large portion of microgrid generating capacity is from variable renewable resources that are greatly impacted by the environment and can be intermittent as well as stochastic. This would result in uncertainty of microgrid net-load, and negatively affect the grid reliability. A two-phase real-time energy management strategy for networked microgrid is proposed in this paper to address microgrid internal fluctuation internally, which enables a microgrid to become grid-friendly. The proposed strategy is based on coordination between the real-time dispatch (RTD) phase and the real-time control (RTC) phase. In the RTD phase, model predictive control (MPC) is used to optimally dispatch microgrid resources in the current time interval while considering near future situations. The RTC phase addresses microgrid internal net-load fluctuation with fast-acting batteries, which aims to maintain a constant tie-line power flow between the main grid and the microgrid for the current dispatch interval. Numerical simulations conducted on ten different net-load scenarios can demonstrate the performance of the proposed two-phase energy management strategy that will enable a microgrid to operate as a controllable asset with static electricity consumption or production in an economic dispatch interval from the perspective of the bulk grid operator.

Huai-Yu Wang, Liang-Jun Zhai, Meichun Qian

The internal energies, including transverse and longitudinal parts, of quantum Heisenberg systems for arbitrary spin S are investigated by the double-time Green's function method. The expressions for ferromagnetic (FM) and antiferromagnetic (AFM) systems are derived when one component of magnetization is considered with the higher order longitudinal correlation functions being carefully treated. An unexpected result is that around the order and disorder transition points the neighboring spins in a FM (AFM) system are more likely longitudinally antiparallel (parallel) than parallel (antiparallel) to each other for S<=3/2 in spite of the FM (AFM) exchange between the spins. This is attributed to the strong quantum fluctuation of the systems with small S values. We also present the expressions of the internal energies of FM systems when the three-component of magnetizations are considered.

J. Echendu, Adekunle J. Idowu, A.D. Adejumo et al.

In this work we evaluate the effects of the single-tier tax system (STS) at its current rate in comparison to the proposed dual-tier tax system (DTS) in the National Petroleum Fiscal Policy in Nigeria on project economic performance. We also expound on the arguments between two schools of thought (single tax and dual tax proponents) toward understanding the rationale underlying the divergent viewpoints. The methodological approach applies the discounted cash flow modeling framework to evaluate the performances of terrain-based projects using selected metrics, such as internal rate of return, discounted payout, net present value, and government take (GT) under the two tax systems. This approach calibrates the unit technical cost for typical deepwater projects in Nigeria and imposes the current and proposed fiscal terms. Varying cost treatment options and alternative allowables//incentives are investigated in the modeling framework using global best practices. We conclude that whichever tax system is adopted, it is possible to achieve equivalent economic metrics. However, the DTS presents a better, more flexible option over the STS because one of the split rates—especially the hydrocarbon resource tax—could serve as an instrument to incentivize investment, promote conservation, and expand the resource base through technology innovation more easily without denying the mineral owner an outright revenue through taxation. In a classical case such as Nigeria, in which the national fiscal budget is largely financed using hydrocarbon revenue, the DTS seemingly offers a better option for revenue sharing among the stakeholders—the resource owners and the Federal Government—than the current single upstream tax system. Our discussion in this paper bridges the gap between the divergent viewpoints on the taxation system in Nigeria by proffering a pathway. We suggest that the overall objectives of stakeholders could be achieved using either STS or DTS metrics if the mechanics in designing the fiscal system is better understood. This will lead to progressive application in achieving divergent expectations.

I. Tiutiunyk, Iana Kobushko

Introduction. The level of the tax burden in Ukraine remains one of the highest in the world. It is a threat to the stable functioning of economic entities and the development of the business sector. The current state of development of tax legislation in Ukraine does not stimulate economic entities to legalize their activities and to legalization their financial flows. The complexity and internal contradiction of legislative acts, the peculiarities of the calculation and payment of taxes affect the decision-making of economic entities on tax evasion. In the context of the growing need to increase tax revenues to budgets of all levels without the use of additional tax pressure, identification of all possible schemes for minimizing tax payments and eliminating the conditions for their use are the most important tasks of the tax system. Purpose. The article aims to investigate modern instruments for minimizing tax burden by economic entities and determining the effects of their application. Results. According to the results of the study, the main causes of tax evasion, methods and mechanisms of using the instruments of minimizing the tax burden have been determined. The effects of their application have been investigated. The analysis of the most common schemes for avoiding taxation has been carried out. It is established that most of them are based on the imperfection of the existing simplified taxation system. The results of the study have showed that the use of instruments for minimizing tax burden leads to a reduction in fiscal flows, a deterioration of the economic environment, the emergence of negative macroeconomic effects. Among the negative macroeconomic effects, we can distinguish the following ones: the deformation of the balance of payments, withdrawal of capital from the country, the formation of additional pressure on the exchange rate, destructive impact on the formation of multi-sectoral priorities of customs and tax policy of the country, deepening of corruption schemes. The necessity of development and application of effective tools for counteraction to tax evasion for timely identification of the unlawful actions of business entities has been proven. It should be done with the aim to increase the level of financial security and to strengthen the competitiveness of Ukraine's economy.

D. Bazeia, M. A. Marques, R. Menezes

We investigate the presence of magnetic monopoles in a model that extends the non Abelian model originally studied by 't Hooft and Polyakov with the inclusion of an extra neutral field. The investigation includes modifications of the dynamics of the gauged fields, and the main results unveil a route to construct solutions that engender internal structure and live in a compact space.

Miklós Vincze, Tamás Bozóki

Interfacial internal waves in a stratified fluid excited by periodic free-surface perturbations in a closed tank are studied experimentally. Barotropic-baroclinic energy conversion is induced by the presence of a bottom obstacle. The connection between horizontal surface velocities and internal wave amplitudes is investigated, the developing flow patterns are described qualitatively, and the wave speeds of internal waves are systematically analyzed and compared to linear 2- and 3-layer theories. We find that, despite of the fact that the observed internal waves can have considerable amplitudes, a linear 3-layer approximation still gives fairly good agreement with the experimental results.

Selcuk Cakmak, Ferdi Altintas, Ozgur E. Mustecaplioglu

The concept of internal friction, a fully quantum mechanical phenomena, is investigated in a simple, experimentally accessible quantum system in which a spin-1/2 is driven by a transverse magnetic field in a quantum adiabatic process. The irreversible production of the waste energy due to the quantum friction is quantitatively analyzed in a forward-backward unitary transform of the system Hamiltonian by using the quantum relative entropy between the actual density matrix obtained in a parametric transformation and the one in a reversible adiabatic process. Analyzing the role of total transformation time and the different pulse control schemes on the internal friction reveal the non-monotone character of the internal friction as a function of the total protocol time and the possibility for almost frictionless solutions in finite-time transformations.

Gwendolyn E. Barnes, Alexander Schenkel, Richard J. Szabo

We systematically study noncommutative and nonassociative algebras A and their bimodules as algebras and bimodules internal to the representation category of a quasitriangular quasi-Hopf algebra. We enlarge the morphisms of the monoidal category of A-bimodules by internal homomorphisms, and describe explicitly their evaluation and composition morphisms. For braided commutative algebras A the full subcategory of symmetric A-bimodule objects is a braided closed monoidal category, from which we obtain an internal tensor product operation on internal homomorphisms. We describe how these structures deform under cochain twisting of the quasi-Hopf algebra, and apply the formalism to the example of deformation quantization of equivariant vector bundles over a smooth manifold. Our constructions set up the basic ingredients for the systematic development of differential geometry internal to the quasi-Hopf representation category, which will be tackled in the sequels to this paper, together with applications to models of noncommutative and nonassociative gravity such as those anticipated from non-geometric string theory.

Raphael Stuhlmeier

We give an explicit solution describing internal waves with a still water surface, modelling the dead water phenomenon, on the basis of the Gerstner wave solution to the Euler equations.