Abstract Solar-driven water evaporation system has attracted enormous attention in recent years. This is due to the widespread use of natural sources such as solar energy and water sources as a river, lake, or oceans, and high photothermal conversion efficiency via improving photothermal absorbers, thermal management, and interfacial heating system, etc. In this progress report, advances in the recent development of photothermal materials, design of structures and engineering strategies which include the design principles for high-efficiency light-to-heat conversion, optimization of thermal management, transporting water, interface wettability, salt rejection, and hybrid systems for improving evaporation rate are carefully reviewed. The potential application of this technology in desalination of seawater, purification of water, production of energy, separation of liquids, outdoor removal of paraffin deposited on the wall of oil pipelines, etc. are highlighted. Finally, the prospects and challenges of the future development of solar-driven water evaporation technology are discussed.
The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is characterized by being irregular or nonperiodic and asymmetric between El Niño and La Niña with respect to amplitude, pattern, and temporal evolution. These observed features suggest the importance of nonlinear dynamics and/or stochastic forcing. Both nonlinear deterministic chaos and linear dynamics subject to stochastic forcing and/or to non‐normal growth were introduced to explain the irregularity of ENSO, but no consensus has been reached to date given the short observational record. As a dominant source of stochastic forcing, westerly wind bursts play a role in triggering, amplifying, and determining the irregularity and asymmetry of ENSO, which are best treated as part of the deterministic dynamics or as a multiplicative noise forcing. Various nonlinear processes are responsible for the spatial and temporal asymmetry of El Niño and La Niña, which includes nonlinear ocean advection, nonlinear atmosphere‐ocean coupling, state‐dependent stochastic noise, tropical instability waves, and biophysical processes. In addition to the internal nonlinear processes, a capacitor effect of the Indian and Atlantic Oceans and atmospheric and oceanic teleconnections from extratropical Pacific could also contribute to the temporal and amplitude asymmetry of ENSO. Despite significant progress, most state‐of‐the‐art models are still lacking in simulation of the spatial and temporal asymmetry of ENSO. 1 Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea 2 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA 3 Institute for Geophysics, Jackson School of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA 4 Department of Atmospheric Sciences/IPRC, University of Hawai’i at Ma ̄noa, Honolulu, HI, USA 154 EL NIÑO SOUTHERN OSCILLATION IN A CHANGING CLIMATE determine an atmosphere‐ocean coupled stability for ENSO system (T. Li, 1997b; An & Jin, 2000; Fedorov & Philander, 2000), and for example, depending on the coupling strength, ENSO system becomes a self‐sustained and possibly chaotic oscillator under a strong coupling and a damped oscillator under a weak coupling (An & Jin, 2001). It has been suggested that some decades may be characterized by a self‐sustained, possibly chaotic dynamics, while others show a damped ENSO cycle, excited by stochastic variability (Kirtman & Schopf, 1998). However, a bifurcation between stable and unstable regimes tends to be ambiguous in the presence of noise (e.g., Levine & Jin, 2010). Westerly wind bursts (WWBs) are episodic reversals of the equatorial trade winds with a strength of 5 to 7 ms–1, zonal extent of 20–40 degrees, duration of 5–30 days, and frequency of around 5 to 10 times per year (Harrison & Vecchi, 1997; L. Yu et al., 2003; Seiki & Takayabu, 2007a). These events, a dominant source of stochastic forcing, play a role in triggering, amplifying, and even determining the spatial pattern of ENSO events (Harrison & Vecchi, 1997; Eisenman et al., 2005; Levine & Jin, 2010; Rong et al., 2011; D. Chen et al., 2015; Hayashi & Watanabe, 2017). WWBs were initially considered as additive stochastic forcing (e.g. Moore & Kleeman, 1999), yet it became clear that they depend on the background SST and tend to occur more frequently during a developing El Niño (Verbickas, 1998; L. Yu et al., 2003; Eisenman et al., 2005). These events are thus best treated as part of the deterministic dynamics or as a state‐dependent multiplicative noise forcing, with important implications to amplitude and predictability of El Niño events. El Niño is not a simple mirror image of its opposite phase, La Niña. El Niño’s amplitude is on average greater than that of La Niña (Deser & Wallace, 1987; Burgers & tephenson, 1999; An & Jin, 2004). El Niño is often followed by a La Niña in the following year, but the opposite is much less common (Larkin & Harrison, 2002; M. Chen et al., 2016; An & Kim, 2017). After their mature phase, many La Niñas persist through the following year, but most of El Niños tend to decay rapidly by next summer (Ohba & Ueda, 2007; Okumura & Deser, 2010; Choi et al. 2013; DiNezio & Deser, 2014; An & Kim, 2018). Strong El Niños are mainly loaded over the eastern Pacific with focusing toward the equator, whereas strong La Niñas are mostly loaded over the central Pacific with a wider latitudinal extension (Hoerling et al., 1997; Kang & Kug, 2002; Takahashi et al., 2011; Dommenget et al., 2013). Such amplitude/duration/transition/pattern asymmetries between El Niño and La Niña may not be surprising given the nonlinear internal dynamics and/or selective external impacts (e.g., An & Kim, 2018). Asymmetrical internal nonlinear processes that are responsible for amplitude asymmetry include the vertical ocean temperature profile (Zebiak & Cane, 1986), ocean nonlinear advection (An & Jin, 2004; Su et al. 2010), asymmetric equatorial wind response to SST (Kang & Kug, 2002; Frauen & Dommenget, 2010; Choi et al., 2013), ocean wave response to the wind stress (An & Kim, 2017, 2018), outcropping thermocline nonlinearity (Battisti & Hirst, 1989; Galanti et al., 2002; An & Jin, 2004), state‐dependent stochastic forcing (Jin et al., 2007; Kug et al., 2008; Rong et al., 2011; Levine et al., 2016; Hayashi & Watanabe, 2017), tropical instability wave activity (J. Yu & Liu, 2003; An, 2008a, 2008b), biophysical feedback (Timmermann & Jin, 2002), shortwave feedback (Lloyd et al., 2012), etc. Transition/duration asymmetry has been attributed to a selective capacitor effect of the Indian and Atlantic oceans (Ohba & Ueda, 2007; Okumura & Deser, 2010; An & Kim, 2018), development of subtropical western Pacific atmospheric circulation during decaying phase of ENSO to boost ENSO transition (B. Wang et al., 1999; B. Wang et al., 2001; Y. Li et al., 2007; B. Wu et al., 2010a), and some of aforementioned internal nonlinear processes (Choi et al., 2013; Im et al., 2015; M. Chen et al., 2016; An & Kim, 2017, 2018; M. Chen & Li, 2018). This chapter focuses on the irregularity of ENSO and on its amplitude and evolution asymmetries. In section 7.2, the origin of irregularity will be addressed together with the role of westerly wind burst events. Mechanisms for amplitude asymmetry will be discussed in section 7.3. The cause of evolution asymmetry will be reviewed in section 7.4, and we include conclusion and discussion in section 7.5.
Huiling Chen, Chen Yang, Ali Asghar Heidari
et al.
Abstract Whale optimization algorithm (WOA) is a newly developed meta-heuristic algorithm, which is mainly based on the predation behavior of humpback whales in the ocean. In this paper, a reinforced variant called RDWOA is proposed to alleviate the central shortcomings of the original method that converges slowly, and it is easy to fall into local optimum when dealing with multi-dimensional problems. Two strategies are introduced into the original WOA. One is the strategy of random spare or random replacement to enhance the convergence speed of this algorithm. The other method is the strategy of double adaptive weight, which is introduced to improve the exploratory searching trends during the early stages and exploitative behaviors in the later stages. The combination of the two strategies significantly improves the convergence speed and the overall search ability of the algorithm. The advantages of the proposed RDWOA are deeply analyzed and studied by using typical benchmark examples such as unimodal, multi-modal, and fixed multi-modal functions, and three famous engineering design problems. The experimental results show that the exploratory and exploitative tendencies of WOA and its convergence mode have been significantly improved. The RDWOA developed in this paper is a promising improved WOA variant, and it has better efficacy compared to other state-of-the-art algorithms.
Lava worlds are rocky planets with dayside skins made molten by stellar irradiation. Tidal heating on these shortest-period planets is more than skin deep. We show how orbital eccentricities of just a few percent (within current observed bounds and maintained secularly by exterior companions) can create deep magma oceans. ``Lava tidal waves'' slosh across these oceans; we compute the multi-modal response of the ocean to tidal forcing, subject to a coastline at the day-night terminator and a parameterized viscous drag. Wave interference produces a dayside heat map that is spatially irregular and highly time-variable; hotspots can wander both east and west of the substellar point, and thermal light curves can vary and spike aperiodically, from orbit to orbit and within an orbit. Heat deposited by tides is removed in steady state by a combination of fluid, mushy, and solid-state convection in the mantle. For Earth-sized planets with sub-day periods, the entire mantle may be tidally liquified.
The Arctic Ocean is currently experiencing, at the forefront of global concerns, the pressures of climate change and global pollution. To boost our ability to understand the state of this ecosystem, its evolution in this context and its resilience, the Tara Ocean Foundation has built the Tara Polar Station (TPS), intended to become a permanent observatory of the central Arctic Ocean. The objective of this initiative is threefold: to deepen our knowledge of the foundations of life in an ice-covered polar ocean, to better understand the dynamics of the coupled ocean-ice-atmosphere system and the role of living organisms, and to identify long-term trends in the main characteristics of the Central Arctic Ocean ecosystem resulting from global change. In this article, we describe the vision that guided the development of the Tara Polaris scientific programme, and more specifically the first of ten transpolar drifts that will be undertaken over the next 20 years aboard the TPS (Tara Polaris I, II, III, etc.). The research activities of the Tara Polaris I expedition will be grouped under four specific but interrelated themes: biosphere-atmosphere interactions, epi- and mesopelagic life in an ice-covered ocean, life in sea ice, and pollution. In addition, a theme that cuts across all environmental compartments and disciplines, and is implemented on all Tara Polaris expeditions, is the establishment of an observatory that will monitor the main sentinels of this ecosystem. This umbrella article introduces these different themes, which are then described in more detail in four other articles in this Special Feature, in addition to an article describing the technical characteristics of the TPS.
The safety and reliability of autonomous ships are critical for the successful realization of an autonomous maritime ecosystem. Research and collaboration between governments, industry, and academia are vital in achieving this goal. This paper conducts a bibliometric review of the research on the risk, safety, and reliability of autonomous ships aiming to provide researchers and maritime stakeholders with a structured overview of the topics, development trends, and collaboration networks in this research field. 417 papers published between 2011 and 2022 were identified covering 940 authors, 31 countries, and 227 journals. Three main themes were determined in this research domain: “ safety engineering and risk assessment for decision making ” , “ navigation safety and collision avoidance ” , and “ cybersecurity risk analysis ” . Meanwhile, it was identified that research on cybersecurity in autonomous shipping is moving to overlap with safety, which requires future co-analysis methods. Additionally, the analysis of the most cited 30 papers suggests that further research is needed in the topics of unmanned machinery operation risks, online risk tools, system-theoretic safety analysis, human factor, and the determination of suitable risk acceptance criteria for safety assessment of autonomous ships. Furthermore, the analysis revealed that the development of unambiguous COLREGs regulation is crucial for the development of safe collision avoidance algorithms for MASS. It was identified that the publication by Fan et al., (2020) is a key publication in this research field, while the journals of Ocean Engineering, Reliability Engineering & System Safety, and Safety Science are the key journals publishing on autonomous ship safety and reliability.
S. Darvishpoor, Amirsalar Darvishpour, Mario A. Escarcega
et al.
This paper reviews a majority of the nature-inspired algorithms, including heuristic and meta-heuristic bio-inspired and non-bio-inspired algorithms, focusing on their source of inspiration and studying their potential applications in drones. About 350 algorithms have been studied, and a comprehensive classification is introduced based on the sources of inspiration, including bio-based, ecosystem-based, social-based, physics-based, chemistry-based, mathematics-based, music-based, sport-based, and hybrid algorithms. The performance of 21 selected algorithms considering calculation time, max iterations, error, and the cost function is compared by solving 10 different benchmark functions from different types. A review of the applications of nature-inspired algorithms in aerospace engineering is provided, which illustrates a general view of optimization problems in drones that are currently used and potential algorithms to solve them.
To solve the problem of misjudgment and loss of valid information caused by a large amount of irrelevant information in aquaculture long text, a joint extraction method of entity relations based on N-Gram fusion was proposed. Firstly, the multi-model fusion algorithm is used to extract the text matrix feature map based on BERT initialization, and then the cascading BiLSTM is used to extract the deep features. After that, the features of the long text slice matrix preprocessed by fusion N-Gram algorithm are extracted layer by layer, and the relative and absolute positions of slice matrix are modeled. The experimental results on the self-constructed aquaculture long text data set and SKE public data set show significant improvements compared with the benchmark model. The experimental results show that this method can fully acquire and process the semantic information in aquaculture long text, and effectively improve the accuracy and integrity of entity relation extraction.
This study examines both the local and global structural strength of a 3D finite element model (FEM) representing the three cargo holds of a 47600-DWT chemical tanker. Vessels of this type require a detailed assessment of their structural behavior under extreme loading conditions as well as routine operational demands. The analysis of stress distribution and structural strength enables the identification of critical areas within the hull,
providing essential insights for enhancing the vessel’s structural integrity and overall performance.
Wind streaks are common and important phenomenon in marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL), presenting as a weak spatial-quasiperiodic signal in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery. The literature on wind streaks in SAR imagery always focuses on sea surface wind retrieval rather than the relationship between wind streak wavelength and MABL. The objective investigation of the relationship requires automatic and precise wavelength extraction. However, it is a challenging task as the wind streaks are weak signals submerged in intense speckle noise on SAR images, and other phenomena (e.g., waves) can interfere with the extraction at the same time. We proposed an automatic method for extracting wind streak wavelength in SAR imagery. The method comprises a power spectrum density-based extraction algorithm and a subsequent quality control procedure. The algorithm extracts the wind streak wavelength from the one-dimensional power spectrum across the streak direction. This approach differs from conventional methods that rely on the noisy two-dimensional power spectrum of SAR images. The quality control procedure is to eliminate the interference from waves further. We extracted the wind streak wavelengths in 4445 SAR images using the method. Then, we systematically analyzed the wavelength trends regarding the MABL environment parameters and checked the trends using the Mann–Kendall significant test. The results show that the wavelength increases as the parameters (sea surface temperature, sea surface air temperature, air humidity, boundary layer height, and vertical derivatives of temperature and humidity) increase. This finding indicates that thermodynamic instability could be significant in the occurrence of wind streaks.
An advanced enhanced oil recovery (EOR) method was investigated, employing a surfactant–polymer (SP) system in combination with a viscosity reducer for application in a heavy oil reservoir within the Haiwaihe Block, Liaohe Oilfield, in China. Significant advantages were observed through the combination of LPS-3 (an anionic surfactant) and OAB (a betaine surfactant) in reducing interfacial tension and enhancing emulsion stability, with the optimal results achieved at the ratio of 9:1. The BRH-325 polymer was found to exhibit superior viscosity enhancement, temperature resistance, and long-term stability. Graphene nanowedges were utilized as a viscosity reducer, leading to a viscosity reduction in heavy oil of 97.43%, while stability was maintained over a two-hour period. The efficacy of the combined system was validated through core flooding experiments, resulting in a recovery efficiency improvement of up to 32.7%. It is suggested that the integration of viscosity reduction and SP flooding could serve as a promising approach for improving recovery in mature heavy oil reservoirs, supporting a transition toward environmentally sustainable, non-thermal recovery methods.
Long-term observation and data collection are necessary to understand the impact of the accelerated melting of Arctic sea ice on marine ecosystems in the Arctic. However, traditional ocean observation methods that rely on fixed or drifting buoy stations can only sparsely observe distributed locations. Furthermore, studies by drones and Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) are restricted by range and duration due to their limited onboard energy. In this study, we propose and investigate a conceptual design for a Self-sustaining Autonomous System (SAS) to address these challenges. The system combines Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) and AUV technologies on a Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV) platform. We chose a Small Waterplane Area Twin Hull (SWATH), driven by wind power through its sail, as the support platform for the self-sustaining system because of its superior stability and structural design advantages. As the wind-driven SWATH moves through the ocean, a turbine installed underwater between the hulls will produce sufficient energy for onboard sensors and mission support. This study aims to conduct a feasibility study on the proposed conceptual design scheme and calculate the primary parameters associated with design components to verify the feasibility of the overall project. The results indicate that using the motion of a wind-driven sailboat to generate power from the turbine beneath the SWATH to support the long-term Arctic Ocean monitoring mission is feasible. As a self-sustaining platform, wind energy and marine current energy will be applied in this design to achieve the purpose of long-term monitoring in the Arctic Ocean. A dimensionless formula has been developed to estimate the minimum sail area required for varying sizes of SWATH in combination with a wind-driven power system.
Abstract Cancer stem cells (CSCs) constitute a highly plastic and therapy-resistant cell subpopulation within tumors that drives tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, and relapse. Their ability to evade conventional treatments, adapt to metabolic stress, and interact with the tumor microenvironment makes them critical targets for innovative therapeutic strategies. Recent advances in single-cell sequencing, spatial transcriptomics, and multiomics integration have significantly improved our understanding of CSC heterogeneity and metabolic adaptability. Metabolic plasticity allows CSCs to switch between glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and alternative fuel sources such as glutamine and fatty acids, enabling them to survive under diverse environmental conditions. Moreover, interactions with stromal cells, immune components, and vascular endothelial cells facilitate metabolic symbiosis, further promoting CSC survival and drug resistance. Despite substantial progress, major hurdles remain, including the lack of universally reliable CSC biomarkers and the challenge of targeting CSCs without affecting normal stem cells. The development of 3D organoid models, CRISPR-based functional screens, and AI-driven multiomics analysis is paving the way for precision-targeted CSC therapies. Emerging strategies such as dual metabolic inhibition, synthetic biology-based interventions, and immune-based approaches hold promise for overcoming CSC-mediated therapy resistance. Moving forward, an integrative approach combining metabolic reprogramming, immunomodulation, and targeted inhibition of CSC vulnerabilities is essential for developing effective CSC-directed therapies. This review discusses the latest advancements in CSC biology, highlights key challenges, and explores future perspectives on translating these findings into clinical applications.