Hasil untuk "Military Science"

A. Lie, M. Skogstad, H. Johannessen et al.

PurposeTo give a systematic review of the development of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) in working life.MethodsA literature search in MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and Health and Safety Abstracts, with appropriate keywords on noise in the workplace and health, revealed 22,413 articles which were screened by six researchers. A total of 698 articles were reviewed in full text and scored with a checklist, and 187 articles were found to be relevant and of sufficient quality for further analysis.ResultsOccupational noise exposure causes between 7 and 21 % of the hearing loss among workers, lowest in the industrialized countries, where the incidence is going down, and highest in the developing countries. It is difficult to distinguish between NIHL and age-related hearing loss at an individual level. Most of the hearing loss is age related. Men lose hearing more than women do. Heredity also plays a part. Socioeconomic position, ethnicity and other factors, such as smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, vibration and chemical substances, may also affect hearing. The use of firearms may be harmful to hearing, whereas most other sources of leisure-time noise seem to be less important. Impulse noise seems to be more deleterious to hearing than continuous noise. Occupational groups at high risk of NIHL are the military, construction workers, agriculture and others with high noise exposure.ConclusionThe prevalence of NIHL is declining in most industrialized countries, probably due to preventive measures. Hearing loss is mainly related to increasing age.

Laurențiu-Florin CONSTANTINOIU, Lucian DUMITRACHE, Eugen RUSU

In naval operations, a detailed understanding of the operational environment is essential for mission success. At present, environmental assessments within the geospatial, meteorological, and oceanographic (GEOMETOC) domains are significantly improved through the employment of maritime unmanned systems (MUS). These systems are advancing rapidly, delivering information faster while maintaining, or even improving the data quality. However, effective use of these technologies requires not only proficiency in their operation, but also a comprehensive understanding of the characteristic limitations of these systems. This article examines the main systems employed for environmental surveys and outlines the advantages and constraints associated with these platforms and their sensors. This study is derived from observations regarding the utilisation of MUS during a series of experimental activities conducted within the framework of the operational experimentation exercise known as the Robotic Experimentation and Prototyping using Maritime Unmanned Systems (REPMUS) series, covering the period from 2021 to 2025. This exercise, recognised as the largest multinational experimentation initiative, is organised by the Portuguese Navy in collaboration with NATO Center for Marine research and Experimentation (CMRE), Faculty of Porto (FEUP), and European Defence Agency.

David E. Booth

Bien V. Vo, Phon D. Nguyen, Phu M. Nguyen et al.

Introduction/purpose: This article focuses on determining the dynamic characteristics of the automatic firing system through experimental methods. Additionally, the study mentions the impact of ammunition belt stiffness. Methods: The research findings include the displacements of the basic part (bolt carrier) and the ammunition belt of automatic weapons during firing series. To measure and determine these parameters, a high-speed camera model FASTCAM SA1.1, specifically the 675K-C1 variant, was utilized. The elastic force between the belt links was determined using deformation stamps equipped with force-measuring sensors. To validate the reliability of the method, experiments were conducted on the PKMS machine gun. Results: The results obtained show that, when using a tape with a stiffness of 42 [N/mm], the kinematic characteristics of the basic link such as recoil velocity and recoil time change significantly compared to using a tape which has a stiffness of 98 [N/mm]. In particular, the maximum recoil velocity of the base gun can be reduced by ~8% when firing a series of 6 bullets. These results can be applied in calculations and designs to optimize the structure of the ammunition belt and the automatic firing system. Furthermore, these findings can aid in calculating the firing rate of the gun, thus facilitating the operation of automatic weapons. Conclusion: The testing procedure developed in this study serves as a crucial theoretical foundation for evaluating and determining the dynamic characteristics of other automatic weapon systems.

Віктор ПОЛЮК, Вадим НЕРОБА, Андрій ЧУКАНОВ

Статтю присвячено вивченню сучасних стратегій і підходів щодо розвитку та застосування роботизованих систем озброєння. Оновлення озброєння української армії з використанням роботизованих систем є надзвичайно важливим завданням для протидії російській агресії. Проаналізовано новітні технологічні засоби, такі як безпілотні апарати, розумні сенсори, машинне навчання та штучний інтелект, як перспективні види озброєнь. Однією з перспективних галузей є застосування новітніх роботехнічних систем для вирішення цих завдань. Ці технології сприяють не тільки підвищенню ефективності операцій, але й збереженню життів і полегшенню відновлення нормального життя на цих територіях. Безпілотні апарати та роботи здатні виконувати завдання, які раніше були ризиковими для людини. Вони ефективно виявляють вибухонебезпечні предмети, сприяючи безпеці в регіонах, що пережили окупацію. Роботи оснащено передовими сенсорами та системами обробки інформації, що робить їх більш ефективними у порівнянні з традиційними методами. Зокрема, проаналізовано їхній потенціал у сприянні реконструкції та відновленню мирного життя на цих територіях. Однією з ключових переваг використання робототехніки є збільшення точності та швидкості процесу виявлення вибухонебезпечних предметів. Новітні робототехнічні системи вирізняються можливістю працювати у складних умовах, що робить їх ідеальними на важкодоступних територіях. Автори розглядають етичні аспекти та можливі ризики цього використання, а також надають рекомендації щодо оптимального використання робототехніки для досягнення найкращих результатів і забезпечення безпеки персоналу та мирного населення. У статті висвітлено значущість і перспективи використання новітніх робототехнічних систем для протидії російській агресії, що є важливим кроком у забезпеченні безпеки та стабільності.

Péter Gergő Juhász, Csaba Loibl , Csaba Szeremley

This article discusses the charitable medical activities of the African Hungarian Union (AHU) – a Hungarian not-for-profit organization – in Africa and highlights one of the Ear-Nose-Throat (ENT) missions to Malawi. This paper also reviews food security issues in correlation with health and features the mission’s anaesthetic procedures in details. As an aim, it also tries to draw attention to the positive effects of such medical operations. AHU was established in 2006. Since 2009 the organisation has coordinated XXIV doctors’ missions to different African countries, including the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Mali, Madagascar, Guinea, Uganda and Malawi. These missions were sponsored mainly by AHU and its individual sponsors and companies, as well as the participating doctors, who sometimes devoted not only their precious time but fundraised money to contribute to the budget. The XIX mission was one of the seven special surgical missions. Out of all the recipient countries—due to mainly logistical reasons from AHU’s side—only Malawi ended up in the fortunate situation to host surgical missions. This Medical Mission focused on Ear-Nose-Throat (ENT) surgeries, and general health care. The four Hungarian doctors, together with the local medical staff, performed 35 ENT operations in two operating theatres in two weeks. No postoperative Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission was needed among the patients. Neither surgical nor anaesthesiologic complications occurred during the perioperative period, resulting in an overall very successful medical mission.

Abdelkrim Benahmed, Otbi Bouguenina, Ali Meksi et al.

Introduction/purpose: The dynamic analysis of a seismic response of a concrete vault dam is a complex problem in which the representation of the behavior of the material requires some form of a nonlinear model, especially if the concrete is subjected to a significant stress load of the ground. In the case of large movements of the latter, large cracks may form in some areas of the dam, especially at the base of the dam and near sudden changes in geometry. Methods: This analysis was based on a numerical simulation of the dynamic effect. This work was carried out using the finite element method with the ANSYS 12.1 program. The dam was modelled in two dimensions. Four types of analysis were performed: static analysis, modal analysis, seismic analysis under excitation of two accelerograms (Asnam 1980 and Boumerdes 2003), and spectral analysis. Results: This analysis showed the vulnerability of the Brezina dam to the Boumerdes earthquake with high stresses at the base of the structure. Conclusions: Based on this study, it was concluded that if the Brezina dam suffers an earthquake of a greater intensity than that of Boumerdes, this will cause structural damage and cracks that will compromise the dam's watertightness as well as its durability.

Sayed Mohamed Ahmed, Mujahid Mohsin, Syed Muhammad Zubair Ali

Abstract The laser technology has made remarkable progress over the past couple of decades. It is being widely employed in diverse domains, such as holography, space sciences, spectroscopy, medical sciences, micro and power electronics, industrial engineering, and most distinctively, as directed energy military weapons. Owing to their active transmissions, laser systems are similar to microwave radars to some extent; however, unlike conventional radars, the laser operates at very high frequencies thus making it a potent enabler of narrow-beam and high energy aerial deployments, both in offensive and defensive roles. In modern avionics systems, laser target indicators and beam riders are the most common devices that are used to direct the Laser Guided Weapons (LGW) accurately to the ground targets. Additionally, compact size and outstanding angular resolution of laser-based systems motivate their use for drones and unmanned aerial applications. Moreover, the narrow-beam divergence of laser emissions offers a low probability of intercept, making it a suitable contender for secure transmissions and safety-critical operations. Furthermore, the developments in space sciences and laser technology have given synergistic potential outcomes to use laser systems in space operations. This paper comprehensively reviews laser applications and projects for strategic defense actions on the ground or in space. Additionally, a detailed analysis has been done on recent advancements of the laser technology for target indicators and range-finders. It also reviews the advancements in the field of laser communications for surveillance, its earlier state of the art, and ongoing scientific research and advancements in the domain of high energy directed laser weapons that have revolutionized the evolving military battlefield. Besides offering a comprehensive taxonomy, the paper also critically analyzes some of the recent contributions in the associated domains.

Honggu Kang, Jingon Joung, Jinyoung Kim et al.

Recognizing the various and broad range of applications of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) for personal, public and military applications, recent un-intentional malfunctions of uncontrollable UAVs or intentional attacks on them divert our attention and motivate us to devise a protection system, referred to as a counter UAV system (CUS). The CUS, also known as a counter-drone system, protects personal, commercial, public, and military facilities and areas from uncontrollable and belligerent UAVs by neutralizing or destroying them. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of the CUS to describe the key technologies of the CUS and provide sufficient information with wich to comprehend this system. The first part starts with an introduction of general UAVs and the concept of the CUS. In the second part, we provide an extensive survey of the CUS through a top-down approach: i) the platform of CUS including ground and sky platforms and related networks; ii) the architecture of the CUS consisting of sensing systems, command-and-control (C2) systems, and mitigation systems; and iii) the devices and functions with the sensors for detection-and-identification and localization-and-tracking actions and mitigators for neutralization. The last part is devoted to a survey of the CUS market with relevant challenges and future visions. From the CUS market survey, potential readers can identify the major players in a CUS industry and obtain information with which to develop the CUS industry. A broad understanding gained from the survey overall will assist with the design of a holistic CUS and inspire cross-domain research across physical layer designs in wireless communications, CUS network designs, control theory, mechanics, and computer science, to enhance counter UAV techniques further.

Tine Molendijk, W. Verkoren, A. Drogendijk et al.

ABSTRACT The concept of moral injury, referring to the psychological impact of having one’s moral expectations and beliefs violated, is gaining a firm place in research on military trauma. Yet, although moral injury has the recognized potential to extend the understanding of trauma beyond the individualizing and pathologizing focus of the clinical realm, most studies nevertheless focus on clinical assessment, diagnosis and treatment. This review aims to contribute to a better understanding of contextual dimensions of moral injury. To this end, it complements current theory on moral injury with a systematic review of literature relevant to contextual factors in moral injury. It draws together insights from psychology, philosophy, theology and social sciences into spiritual/existential, organizational, political and societal dimensions of moral injury. Thus an interdisciplinary theoretical foundation is created for context-sensitive research and interventions.

Валентин Мазур, Михайло Стрельбіцький, Максим Філіппов et al.

У статті проаналізовано та надано рекомендації щодо процесів визначення спроможності відділу Державної прикордонної служби України виконувати завдання за призначенням. На прикордонне відомство покладаються все нові функціональні обов’язки у сфері охорони та захисту державного кордону. Нового розвитку повинні набувати і підходи щодо раціонального використання наявних трудових (людських) ресурсів та визначення конкретних меж службового навантаження посадових осіб підрозділів ДПСУ. Головною метою визначення спроможності відділу прикордонної служби з виконання завдань за призначенням є дослідження достатньої та необхідної чисельності персоналу та забезпечення найбільш повного та раціонального використання трудових ресурсів. При плануванні діяльності відповідно до керівних нормативно-правових актів необхідно розрахувати фактичну кількість робочих днів у плановому періоді, середню тривалість службового часу на добу та реальний (ефективний) фонд робочого часу відповідно до посади, яку обіймає прикордонник. З метою аналізу спроможності відділу прикордонної служби до виконання завдань за призначенням пропонується використовуватиметодику підрахунку службового навантаження посадових осіб, завершальним етапом якої є формування необхідних для виконання завдань за призначенням сил та засобів відділу прикордонної служби. Співвідношення між розрахованими та наявними силами та засобами відділу прикордонної служби визначає спроможність прикордонного підрозділу виконувати завдання за призначенням. На основі дослідження на прикладі посади начальника відділу прикордонної служби підсумовано, що визначений керівними документами обсяг службового навантаження розрахований на 3 зазначених посади. За такого результату рекомендується проаналізувати якісну та кількісну компоненту та здійснити перерозподіл або делегування окремих повноважень начальника підрозділу охорони кордону.

Mihaela BUŞE

  The Arctic region, on one hand, an area situated so far from the European Union and, on the other hand, an environment so hostile to life, is în the spotlight of the world's powers. The resources, so necessary for the nations, ‒ the riches în the depths of the soil and în the ocean ‒, the potential of tourism and the importance of shorter transport routes aroused the interest of some actors în the region. The European Union has developed a policy for the Arctic region. Are the European Union՚s concerns strictly related to security and the economy or is there a much wider horizon of goals to be achieved?   Keywords: The Arctic region; European Union; globalization; climate change; threat; international security.  

Pan Li, Pan Li, Zhengmao Lu et al.

BackgroundTocilizumab (TCZ), an interleukin-6 receptor antibody, has previously been used for treating patients with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but there is a lack of data regarding the administration timing of TCZ.ObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate the timing and efficacy of TCZ in the treatment of patients with COVID-19.MethodsLaboratory-confirmed patients with COVID-19 with an elevated interleukin-6 (IL-6) level (>10 pg/ml) were offered TCZ intravenously for compassionate use. Clinical characteristics, laboratory tests, and chest imaging before and after the administration of TCZ were retrospectively analyzed.ResultsA total of 58 consecutive patients who met the inclusion criteria and with no compliance to the exclusion criteria were included. Of these 58 patients, 39 patients received TCZ treatment, and 19 patients who declined TCZ treatment were used as the control cohort. In the TCZ-treatment group, 6 patients (15.4%) were in mild condition, 16 (41.0%) were in severe condition, and 17 (43.6%) were in critical condition. After TCZ treatment, the condition of 27 patients (69.2%) improved and 12 (30.8%) died. Compared with the improvement group, patients in the death group had higher baseline levels of IL-6 (P = 0.0191) and procalcitonin (PCT) (P = 0.0003) and lower lymphocyte percentage (LYM) (P = 0.0059). Patients receiving TCZ treatment had better prognoses than those without TCZ treatment (P = 0.0273). Furthermore, patients with a baseline IL-6 level of ≥100 pg/ml in the TCZ-treatment group had poorer clinical outcomes than those with an IL-6 level of <100 pg/ml (P = 0.0051).ConclusionThe administration of TCZ in an early stage of cytokine storm (IL-6 level < 100 pg/ml) may effectively improve the clinical prognosis of patients with COVID-19 by blocking the IL-6 signal pathway.

Carlos Enrique Álvarez Calderón, Felix Antonio Duque Cruz

Ante la posible reducción del gasto en defensa propio de los periodos de “posconflicto”, surge la necesidad de buscar alternativas para la sostenibilidad de las Fuerzas Militares en el futuro inmediato, para garantizar el mantenimiento de sus equipos y la estabilidad laboral de su personal, ya que estos pueden verse obligados a migrar hacia otras actividades, perdiendo la alta inversión en capacitación y equipos que durante años ha realizado el Estado. Una de estas alternativas es la participación de las Fuerzas Militares de Colombia en operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz (OMP) multidimensionales de la ONU, dada su amplia experiencia en conflictos armados internos, que requieren el acompañamiento en tareas como la creación de instituciones de gobernanza, el monitoreo de derechos humanos, y el desarme, desmovilización y reintegración de combatientes, entre otros.

Rodrigo Mezú

Por mucho tiempo se ha enseñado en las aulas de clase que el mejor remedio para el desarrollo económico es la fortaleza democrática. En ese sentido, entre mayores libertades sociales mayor sería la oportunidad en el crecimiento de una nación. No obstante, con el rápido desarrollo de los tigres asiáticos, donde la democracia no es el común denominador, la visión del desarrollo se volcó, no necesariamente a la fortaleza democrática sino también a la estructura de las instituciones. Aunque la democracia podría seguir siendo el ingrediente principal para lograr ese anhelado y occidentalizado desarrollo económico (Lipset, 1959a,b), no necesariamente es la única variable por considerar para determinar tal avance; más bien, el tipo de instituciones ayudan a establecer incentivos y crear mejores condiciones para alcanzar ese “despegue” en lo político y lo económico. De ahí que, la democracia, en el largo plazo, permitiría abrir el paso al desarrollo, no sin desconocer la importancia de la historia en cada país, lo que al final determina las propias singularidades de su desarrollo.

Waldemar Kitler

Złożony i wielopłaszczyznowy charakter misji, celów i zadań państwa w dziedzinie bezpieczeństwa sprawia, że ich podmiotowym (organizacyjnym) odpowiednikiem powinien być jednolity, kolektywny i uporządkowany zbiór elementów, zdolny do skoordynowanego działania we wszystkich warunkach i okolicznościach funkcjonowania państwa. Zbiór elementów, na którym opisujemy dowolny system, a takim zbiorem może być również państwo, składa się z wielu odrębnych organizacji, które jednak razem wzięte organizacji nie tworzą. A dzieje się to za przyczyną m.in. i tego, że organizacje te, podlegając prawu państwowemu, działają tylko w zakresie swoich właściwości, odrębnie od siebie, a nawet ze sobą „konkurują”, choć na szczęście na ogół współpracują. Nie wytwarzają jednak produktu w myśl jednolitego celu, co sprawia, że nie tworzą razem jakiejś celowej organizacji wyższej natury. Można jednak, ze zbioru różnych podmiotów, jakim jest państwo, wyodrębnić celowo określony układ elementów, który charakteryzować będą występujące między nimi sprzężenia i wzajemne powiązania wyrażające jakieś uporządkowanie, służące realizacji misji z zakresu bezpieczeństwa narodowego. Jest to możliwe przez zapewnienie odpowiedniej koordynacji, która jest rolą organów administracji publicznej. Ta jednak, aby mogła tej roli podołać musi, zgodnie z zasadą jej działania na podstawie prawa i w ramach prawa, posiadać stosowne kompetencje (uprawnienia i obowiązki), które mogą jej przysługiwać na mocy aktów prawa obowiązującego w państwie. Jednak ustalenie owych kompetencji nie będzie z kolei możliwe bez uświadomienia sobie istoty bezpieczeństwa narodowego oraz tworu powołanego w celu jego zapewnienia, tj. systemu bezpieczeństwa narodowego. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie zasadniczych (wybranych) wniosków z dotychczasowych badań autora dotyczących problematyki obecnego stanu i koncepcji zbudowania systemu bezpieczeństwa narodowego RP

S. Gass, C. Harris

N. Mikaeili, S. Einy, R. Tagavy

Aims: Due to low psychological well-being level in veterans with the post-traumatic stress disorders, the symptoms are exacerbated in them. The aim of the study was to predict the psychological well-being in the veterans with post-traumatic stress disorders, based on the personality parameters including self-compassion, sense of coherence, and the thought-action fusion. Instrument & Methods: In the descriptive correlational study, 120 veterans with post-traumatic stress disorders, hospitalized in Isar Psychiatric Hospital in Ardabil, were studied as available subjects in 2016. Data was collected using the psychological well-being questionnaire, self-compassion scale, the sense of coherence scale, and the revised thought-action fusion scale. Data was analyzed by SPSS 17 software using Pearson correlation coefficient test and step-wise regression analysis. Findings: The psychological well-being in the veterans with post-traumatic stress disorders significantly and positively correlated with the sense of coherence and the self-compassion, while it significantly and negatively correlated with the thought-action fusion (p<0.05). In addition, 63%, 49%, and 67% of variance of psychological well-being scores in the veterans with post-traumatic stress disorders were predicted by the sense of coherence, thought-action fusion, and the self-compassion, respectively (p<0.001). Conclusion: High sense of coherence and high self-compassion, as well as low thought-action fusion, improve psychological well-being in the veterans with post-traumatic stress disorders.

Ramoshweu Solomon Lebelo, Oluwole Daniel Makinde, T Chinyoka

In this article, we look at spontaneous combustion due to exothermic chemical reaction taking place within a stockpile of combustible material. The model includes mass and energy balance equations in a spherical domain. The complicated chemical reaction is simplified by considering a one-dimensional process. The differential equations governing the problem are solved using semi-implicit finite difference method. The effects of kinetic parameters embedded within the system are analyzed and the results are expressed graphically and discussed accordingly.