The article is dedicated to the study of pressing issues in the legal regulation of martial law and ensuring compliance with the norms of international humanitarian law (IHL) in the context of modern armed conflicts, particularly using the example of the Russian-Ukrainian war. Special attention is given to analyzing the situation in Ukraine caused by the full-scale aggression of the Russian Federation, accompanied by numerous violations of IHL norms. The article highlights the shortcomings of existing international mechanisms for control and enforcement, which fail to provide adequate protection for civilians and prisoners of war under current conditions. The author points out that hybrid warfare, combining traditional military actions with unconventional methods such as cyberattacks, economic pressure, disinformation, and the use of proxy forces, challenges the effectiveness of existing international legal norms. The necessity of adapting IHL to address new challenges is emphasized, along with ensuring a balance between protecting national security and the rights and freedoms of citizens during martial law. The article analyzes key scholarly approaches to addressing these issues, including proposals for modernizing both national and international legislation. Particular attention is paid to the role of the Geneva Conventions in regulating the protection of civilians, prisoners of war, the wounded, and medical personnel. The author emphasizes the importance of implementing the provisions of these international instruments into Ukraine’s national legislation. The challenges of law enforcement in hybrid warfare are examined, including the lack of effective mechanisms to regulate cybercrimes, information aggression, and other forms of hybrid actions. Based on the analysis of contemporary research, conclusions are drawn about the importance of digitalizing the processes for recording war crimes, developing modern tools for documenting evidence, and fostering cooperation with international organizations such as the UN and OSCE. The creation of new mechanisms for holding violators of IHL accountable is proposed, including the development of a specialized international tribunal for hybrid crimes. The practical significance of the study lies in formulating recommendations for improving Ukraine’s national legislation to integrate international humanitarian law standards, as well as creating effective international mechanisms for humanizing armed conflicts. The results obtained can be used in further scientific research aimed at developing legal mechanisms to adapt IHL to the realities of modern conflicts, enhancing legal provisions for martial law, and protecting human rights.
L’objectif de la présente étude était d’évaluer l’effet d’une équipe mobile de médiation et d’intervention sociale sur la prise en charge des personnes en situation d’itinérance. L’équipe mobile a été mise en place afin d’offrir une alternative non judiciaire à la gestion des conflits en lien avec des enjeux de cohabitation ou d’utilisation de l’espace public. Pour atteindre notre objectif, nous avons utilisé des données administratives, collectées par un service policier et par l’organisme responsable de l’équipe mobile, afin de créer un groupe expérimental (n = 81) et un groupe témoin (n = 208). Nous avons apparié les observations des groupes expérimental et témoin sur la base de leur score de propension dans le but de reproduire les conditions d’un essai randomisé. Les résultats que nous avons obtenus indiquent que les transports vers l’hôpital sont moins fréquents lorsque l’équipe mobile intervient que lors d’interventions policières. Les résultats montrent aussi que les personnes ayant affaire avec l’équipe mobile ont plus de chances d’être dirigées vers des ressources communautaires, que si elles ont affaire avec les forces policières. Ainsi, les équipes mobiles, composées d’intervenants psychosociaux, semblent efficaces pour gérer les conflits impliquant des personnes en situation d’itinérance dans l’espace public.
Este artigo tem como pano de fundo algumas das inafastáveis intersecções havidas entre a inteligência artificial e os dados pessoais dos quais ela se alimenta, tendo como objetivo primário avaliar se o Direito brasileiro é apto a tutelar, considerado o atual estágio da técnica, os titulares de dados pessoais tratados cotidianamente. Ao ser alinhavado sob os influxos da crítica metodológica, da imaginação jus-sociológica e do método exploratório, a pesquisa permitiu inferir que uma hermenêutica sistêmica pautada pela fundamentalidade do direito à proteção de dados pessoais, o direito subjetivo a inferências razoáveis e a imperiosidade de tratamento de dados inferidos, a autorização inequívoca do titular para o treinamento de algoritmos de inteligência artificial e, ainda, a modulação dos deveres impostos aos agentes de tratamento, tendo em vista a natureza, escala, sensibilidade e eventuais danos havidos nesse processo, são fundamentais à adequada tutela da pessoa humana
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Дослідження інструментів діяльності публічної адміністрації в сучасних євроінтеграційних умовах держави України, стосується важливих питань захисту персональних даних. Україна, як країна-кандидат до членства в ЄС, зобов’язана привести своє законодавство та практику у відповідність до європейських стандартів.
У статті досліджуються інструменти діяльності публічної адміністрації України щодо забезпечення захисту персональних даних в контексті євроінтеграції. Автор стверджує, що публічна адміністрація відіграє ключову роль у цій сфері, адже саме вона володіє персональними даними своїх громадян.
В роботі проаналізовані різні підходи до визначення публічної адміністрації та її інструментів діяльності. Автор робить висновок, що до основних інструментів публічної адміністрації України у сфері захисту персональних даних в контексті євроінтеграції належать: гармонізація законодавства, а саме приведення національного законодавства про захист персональних даних у відповідність до європейських стандартів, зокрема, з Регламентом (ЄС) 2016/679 «Про захист фізичних осіб у зв’язку з обробкою персональних даних і про вільний рух таких даних та про скасування Директиви 95/46/ ЄС (Загальний регламент про захист даних)»; інституційне забезпечення, шляхом створення та функціонування органів державної влади, відповідальних за захист персональних даних, таких як Уповноважений Верховної Ради України з прав людини; кадрове забезпечення через підготовку кваліфікованих кадрів для роботи в сфері захисту персональних даних; інформаційно-технологічне забезпечення шляхом впровадження сучасних інформаційних технологій для захисту персональних даних; міжнародне співробітництво, а саме співпраця з іншими державами та міжнародними організаціями в сфері захисту персональних даних.
Автор наголошує, що публічна адміністрація в Україні при виконанні своїх повноважень у сфері захисту персональних даних зобов’язана неухильно дотримуватися всіх норм чинного законодавства, як національного, так і міжнародного.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
The article defines the importance of speaking competence of judges to ensure compliance with the requirements of current laws and regulations. Special attention is paid to the use of the Ukrainian language in practical judicial activity under the new circumstances of the administration of justice under martial law. The purpose of the article is to confirm modern approaches to deepening the speech competence of specialists in the field of law during martial law. Studying research in the field of speech competence of lawyers has shown that scientists consider various aspects of language expertise of law enforcement officers. The relevance of this research topic is due to the importance of analysis from the point of view of the level of speech competence of court decisions, especially during martial law. To conduct a speech assessment, the texts of four decisions of courts of different jurisdictions during the martial law of 2023, which are freely available, and which were randomly selected, were analyzed. The texts of the resolutions are written in business language with the necessary lexical legal content, clear and balanced. Summarized information on selected court cases according to developed criteria for speech assessment: the city of the court and its level, the date of the decision, statistical characteristics of the content by the number of words, signs and lines, grammatical, spelling, punctuation, stylistic, lexical and speech errors determined by the text of a technical nature. Identified errors are summarized and recommendations are given for the use of correct language forms according to Ukrainian spelling. Increasing the level of speech competence of specialists in the field of law in business writing is one of the important tasks of higher education, which requires the constant attention of scientific and pedagogical workers in the organizational, tactical provision of law enforcement activities during martial law.
Andrea Dotta Brenes, Cristian Salazar Segura, Alonso José Solís Molina
Con el fin de abordar la temática de la paz, se genera el presente escrito, partiendo de la pregunta generadora: “¿Qué es la paz y cómo practicarla?” Dirigida hacia población adulta en condición de discapacidad cognitiva, estudiantes del Programa de Inclusión de Personas con Discapacidad Cognitiva a la Educación Superior (PROIN) de la Universidad de Costa Rica. La discapacidad cognitiva que tienen se considera “leve” o “media”, siendo que no les restringe el desenvolvimiento social ni la autosuficiencia física. Se desarrolló un grupo focal con ocho personas que vieron imágenes ejemplificadoras (incluidas en los anexos), utilizadas para conocer la percepción de los y las participantes, sobre cómo diferencian visualmente qué es paz y qué no lo es. Partiendo de esta base, se desarrollaron discusiones sobre paz, guerra y resolución de conflictos según las perspectivas de las personas participantes. Se exponen las respuestas dadas por las y los estudiantes, así como una expresión final de qué es lo que consideran paz, utilizando dibujos, fotos, imágenes o sus pasatiempos. Se concluye cuáles perspectivas tienen de los temas de interés, cómo abordan en sus cotidianidades las situaciones de conflicto y cómo buscan la paz en sus núcleos familiares y ambientes cotidianos.
O presente artigo analisa a complexa relação entre jurisdição constitucional, o avanço de movimentos conservadores-reacionários e a proteção dos direitos fundamentais e das minorias em contextos democráticos, principalmente considerando o tão atacado direito à união homoafetiva. A pergunta, portanto, que norteia a investigação é: até que ponto a jurisdição constitucional brasileira protege o direito à união homoafetiva contra tentativas de retrocesso reacionário? A pesquisa se baseou em revisão de literatura e análise de casos legislativos. Os resultados destacam o papel vital da jurisdição constitucional na proteção dos direitos das minorias e a necessidade de equilibrar a autoridade judicial com a representação democrática. Conclui-se que a manutenção do “mínimo civilizatório” requer um compromisso constante com princípios democráticos, direitos humanos e inclusão social, mas não existe respostas definitivas ou mesmo uma proteção contra retrocessos no cenário atual.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, International relations
It is noted that somatic rights, which define human rights to the inviolability of the physical body and medical autonomy, are gaining increasing importance in the modern world. The protection and enforcement of these rights are becoming urgent challenges because they determine the way in which health care is provided and received. It has been established that somatic rights are defined as human rights to the inviolability of the physical body and the right to control it. These rights include the right to privacy of medical information, the right to freely choose medical procedures, as well as the right to confidentiality and protection from any form of medical discrimination. Somatic rights are an important aspect of general human rights and ensure that individuals can make their own decisions about their physical health and medical procedures. It is emphasized that medical law recognizes the right of a person to freedom of choice of medical procedures and treatment, as well as the right to refuse medical intervention. This is related to a person's right to control his physical body and make decisions about it. It also provides protection against any form of medical discrimination based on gender, age, race, religion or other characteristics, which contributes to the observance of the principle of equal opportunities and respect for somatic rights in all areas of medical practice. It is emphasized that reproductive rights include the right to freely choose the number of children, intervals between births, as well as the right to access information and services related to reproductive health. They allow a person to make decisions about their reproductive future according to their own values and beliefs. Medical law includes norms and principles that regulate medical practice, relationships between medical professionals and patients, and also ensure compliance with ethical standards in the medical field.
Laura G. Zaragoza Contreras, Sheiny Sugueysha Beltrán Morales
En el año 2011 se reformó la Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, desde entonces se ordena que todas las autoridades, en el ámbito de sus competencias, tienen la obligación de dar a conocer los derechos de los gobernados de acuerdo con los principios de universalidad, interdependencia, indivisibilidad y progresividad. La responsabilidad que tiene el Estado de promover, implica que los ciudadanos deben recibir información básica en su propia lengua. Esto se aplica a los derechos político-electorales, pues es menester que todos los integrantes de comunidades y pueblos indígenas conozcan adecuadamente las propuestas de campaña de los candidatos políticos para así emitir un voto razonado.
Este artigo é um dos frutos da pesquisa “Maternidade encarcerada sob uma perspectiva comparada” que teve como objetivo analisar o exercício da maternidade em condições de privação de liberdade numa prisão de mulheres em Portugal a partir da experiência no sistema prisional brasileiro. Por meio da metodologia etnográfica- com técnicas combinadas de observação participante, entrevistas, análise documental e projeção de filmes com grupos de conversa- realizei o trabalho de campo junto às mulheres e crianças presas na “Casa das Mães”, no Estabelecimento Prisional de Tires. Neste texto, reúno notas metodológicas que contam sobre minha entrada, percursos e localizações no campo de pesquisa, buscando enquadrá-las dentro de um panorama mais geral dos arranjos de poder na prisão e posicionalidades na produção empírica dos estudos prisionais.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Fattyma Blum Gonçalves, Elias Marques de Medeiros Neto
The Civil Process Code promulgated in 2015 brought, at the beginning of the normative text, the fundamental rules applicable to the process, as well as the predictability of the application of the diploma to processes of others branches of law – administrative, electoral and labor – demonstrating its importance to the national legal system and the necessary synergy to the system. The fundamental rules listed as the principles of inertia, due process, publicity, good faith, cooperation and contradictory and broad defense will be the subject of analysis in this study. While the themes of subsidiary application of the fundamental rules of civil process code and specifically the administrative process contained in Law 12.846/2013 and the relationship with those fundamental rules will also be analyzed, concluding that the Civil Process Code is an instrument of unique relevance to the national legal system, with its consequent applicability to the administrative process in respect of the natural characteristics of this particular procedure.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
L’objectif de cet article est de cristalliser de manière pragmatique les enjeux et perspectives de la reconnaissance faciale en sciences criminelles pour acquérir une meilleure connaissance des limitations et des opportunités offertes par ces technologies, essentielles à leur application au sein du système judiciaire. Nous postulons que cette réflexion doit s’inscrire dans une approche interdisciplinaire qui intègre l’utilisation d’algorithmes en considérant les spécificités de la criminologie et de la science forensique. Cet éclairage permet d’établir un bilan de l’utilisation de la reconnaissance faciale en le scindant en questions fondamentales. Quelles sont les images utilisées en reconnaissance faciale ? Comment sont-elles comparées ? Quels objectifs la reconnaissance faciale sert-elle ? Où est-elle mise en oeuvre et par quels acteurs ? Cette subdivision permet de mieux situer les enjeux et limites de la reconnaissance faciale, ainsi que les perspectives de développement et de recherche. Sur le plan des données elles-mêmes, l’enjeu principal concerne leur qualité originale puis sa dégradation potentielle aux stades de collecte et de sauvegarde des images, qui influencent leur utilisation ultérieure. Pour ce qui est des méthodes, les enjeux se cristallisent autour du manque de standardisation et de transparence, aussi bien lors de tâches exécutées par l’être humain que par un système automatique. Concernant les objectifs des tâches de reconnaissance faciale dans les domaines civil et judiciaire, les enjeux gravitent autour de la protection de la sphère privée et des libertés individuelles. Enfin, les principaux défis soulevés par son utilisation comme moyen de preuve au tribunal concernent la communication, ainsi que la standardisation et la validation méthodologique.
Las tres corrientes ideológicas más importantes: iusnaturalismo, iuspositivismo y neoconstitucionalismo presentan problemas si las adoptamos en soledad, todo parece acontecer, que en los últimos años se está intentado con cierto éxito, resaltar los puntos convergentes de dichas teorías para el beneficio del ser humano.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, Social sciences (General)
O artigo trata do sistema de justiça e da proteção dos direitos humanos das pessoas LGBTI, sustentando que tal tarefa integra os deveres institucionais do sistema de justiça e salientando o efeito benéfico do cumprimento desta tarefa às instituições de justiça. Estrutura-se em duas partes, elaboradas a partir de revisão de normas legais e literatura especializada. Na primeira parte, tomam-se os standards do sistema universal e do sistema interamericano de direitos humanos sobre os direitos LGBTI. Na segunda parte, são consideradas as consequências jurídicas e institucionais desses standards para os ordenamentos jurídicos nacionais, bem como os efeitos salutares à legitimidade democrática e ao aperfeiçoamento da atividade dos órgãos e atores do sistema de justiça. Conclui-se que a legitimidade democrática de um ordenamento jurídico e a qualidade de um sistema de justiça podem ser medidas de acordo com o grau de conhecimento e de compromisso que suas instituições e integrantes tem diante dos direitos humanos universais de indivíduos e grupos discriminados.
Resumen: El artículo propone profundizar un enfoque de la interseccionalidad poco desarrollado dentro de los estudios jurídicos: la interseccionalidad estructural. A través del análisis de dos casos de esterilización forzosa del TEDH, referidos a dos grupos interseccionales distintos (mujeres gitanas y mujeres con discapacidad), la contribución tiene como fin subrayar el interés que conlleva la investigación sobre las dinámicas de poder en los casos de desigualdad compleja. En ambos casos emergen algunos elementos críticos comunes a la configuración del derecho y de su interpretación a la hora de enfrentarse al solapamiento de múltiples categorias de discriminación.
Abstract: This paper tries to reflect on one of the approaches of intersectionality, which is less developed in legal studies: the structural one. Through the analysis of two cases of forced sterilization before the ECtHR that involved different intersectional groups (Roma women and disable women), the paper aims at underlining the importance of focusing on power dynamics when tackling complex inequality. In both cases, it emerges a number of critical elements, which are common to the law’s configuration and to its interpretation when it comes to deal with overlapping categories of discrimination.