Hasil untuk "Insurance"

Lawrence Tagg

Workers' Compensation [2] Incident procedure, designated medical providers, information on eligibility and resources for supervisors and payroll liaisons. LEARN MORE [2] Property Insurance [3] CU provides insurance coverage for university property. Here you can find information on incident procedure and types of covered losses. LEARN MORE [3] Automobile Insurance [4] CU provides property damage and liability insurance for CU vehicles. Here you can also find information on rental vehicle coverage and accident procedures. LEARN MORE [4]

S. M. Tiniç

F. Sortino, L. Price

J. Ayanian, J. Weissman, Eric C. Schneider et al.

M. Rosenzweig

S. Folland, A. Goodman, M. Stano

Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Microeconomic Tools for Health Economics Chapter 3: Statistical Tools for Health Economics Chapter 4: Economic Efficiency and Cost Benefit Analysis Chapter 5: Production of Health Chapter 6: The Production, Cost, and Technology of Health Care Chapter 7: Demand for Health Capital Chapter 8: Demand and Supply for Health Insurance Chapter 9: Consumer Choice and Demand Chapter 10: Asymmetric Information and Agency Chapter 11: The Organization of Health Insurance Markets Chapter 12: Managed Care Chapter 13: Nonprofit Firms Nonprofit Firms Chapter 14: Hospitals and Long-term Care Chapter 15: The Physician's Practice Chapter 16: Health Care Labor Markets and Professional Training Chapter 17: The Pharmaceutical Industry Chapter 18: Equity, Efficiency and Need Chapter 19: Government Intervention in Health Care Markets Chapter 20: Government Regulation: Principal Regulatory Mechanisms Chapter 21: Social Insurance Chapter 22: Comparative Health Care Systems and Health System Reform Chapter 23: Health System Reform Chapter 24: The Health Economics of Bads Chapter 25: Epidemiology and Economics: HIV/AIDS in Africa

Roland Bénabou

Jan Dhaene, M. Denuit, M. Goovaerts et al.

In an insurance context, one is often interested in the distribution function of a sum of random variables. Such a sum appears when considering the aggregate claims of an insurance portfolio over a certain reference period. It also appears when considering discounted payments related to a single policy or a portfolio at different future points in time. The assumption of mutual independence between the components of the sum is very convenient from a computational point of view, but sometimes not realistic. We will determine approximations for sums of random variables, when the distributions of the terms are known, but the stochastic dependence structure between them is unknown or too cumbersome to work with. In this paper, the theoretical aspects are considered. Applications of this theory are considered in a subsequent paper. Both papers are to a large extent an overview of recent research results obtained by the authors, but also new theoretical and practical results are presented.

A. Ellul, Chotibhak Jotikasthira, C. Lundblad

H. Alderman, Christina H. Paxson

Jack D Watson, Paul B Perrin, Juan Carlos Arango-Lasprilla

<h4>Purpose</h4>Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can lead to a host of challenges and negatively impacts Native Americans more than any other ethnic group in the U.S. Despite this, little research exists on Native Americans with TBI. The current study examined disparities in global outcome trajectories (overall level of function post-injury) between Native Americans and White individuals in the 5 years following TBI and whether sociodemographic or injury-related characteristics could account for this disparity.<h4>Method</h4>The current study used a sample of 75 Native Americans demographically matched by sex, age, and injury severity to 75 White individuals from the U.S. Traumatic Brian Injury Model Systems (TBIMS) database (n =  150). A series of hierarchical linear models (HLMs) was used to examine longitudinal global outcome trajectories between the two groups.<h4>Results</h4>Native Americans showed lower global outcome scores than their White counterparts with this difference worsening (i.e., growing larger) over time. The difference in scores and the differential movement over time were associated with differences between the ethnic groups in employment at the time of injury, substance use patterns, and type of insurance.<h4>Conclusion</h4>This study highlights the need for identification of and early intervention for risk factors that predict disparities in rehabilitation outcomes and points to the need for greater access to culturally informed care for Native Americans with TBI.

Hossein Ebrahimi, Farnaz Rahmani, Khadijeh Ghorbani

Abstract Background Nurses play a significant role in providing care and support to patients in the healthcare system. However, their role can often lead to high stress levels and psychiatric distress. This study aimed to examine the impact of socio-demographic, and work-related characteristics, perceived social support, emotional labor, and presenteeism on psychiatric distress among Iranian nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study examined nurses’ knowledge, attitudes, use, and acceptance of the use of artificial intelligence in nursing care. Methods This was a cross-sectional survey study. A total of 296 nurses were recruited via stratified random sampling from 9 teaching hospitals in a province in the northwestern region of Iran in 2020. The survey package included socio-demographic and work-related questions, the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), the Dutch Questionnaire for Emotional Labor, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and the Stanford Presenteeism Scale. Descriptive and multiple regression analyses were performed to examine the associations between nurses’ psychiatric distress and potential factors. Results The mean age of the participants was 29.3 ± 7.6 years, and they were mostly female (50.3%). Psychiatric distress was reported by more than half of the participants (53.8%). Multiple regression analysis revealed that female sex, rotating shift work, contract employment status, less work experience, lower social support, higher emotional labor, and presenteeism were positively related to nurses’ psychiatric distress and explained 28.2% of the variance in psychiatric distress among nurses. Conclusion This study highlights the significant prevalence of psychiatric distress among nursing staff during the COVID-19 pandemic. Targeted interventions are necessary to improve mental health outcomes in this population. To protect nurses against the negative effects of health crises, healthcare organizations must provide a supportive work environment that prioritizes nurses’ psychological well-being. Providing nurses with basic support, especially for their preferred shift schedules, and offering contract employees the same benefits as permanent employees, including health insurance, retirement plans, and paid leave, can create a sense of stability and support. Additionally, healthcare organizations should invest in workplace initiatives that promote positive mental health, such as stress management programs and team-building activities.

Sarah K. Gharib MMed, Abid M. Sadiq MMed, Faryal M. Raza MMed et al.

Background Vitamin K antagonists (VKA) continue to be the principal anticoagulants for both the treatment and prevention of venous thromboembolism. The use of VKA often requires regular monitoring to avoid over-anticoagulation and prevent thromboembolic complications. The aim was to determine the indication for VKA use and factors associated with suboptimal anticoagulation control among patients in northern Tanzania. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study that examined the anticoagulation data of patients on long-term VKA from 1 st January 2020 to 31 st December 2022. Eligible participants were those on VKAs for at least 7 days and with at least 3 international normalized ratio (INR) results. The level of anticoagulation control was determined through the calculation of the time-in-therapeutic range (TiTR) using the Rosendaal and the percent of INR in therapeutic range methods. Results TiTR was found to be 17% using the direct method and 16% using the Rosendaal formula. 102 tests out of 365 were within the target range (28%). Absence of health insurance (aRR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.06-1.44, P  = .007), alcohol consumption (aRR: 1.37, 95% CI: 1.15-1.62, P  < .001), and prolonged intervals between tests of 14 to 28 days (aRR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.05-1.74, P  = .018) showed association with INR being out of range. Conclusion Patients who achieved target therapeutic anticoagulation control were less than the acceptable 65%. Anticoagulation outcomes were better in patients with frequent INR monitoring and those with health insurance. Alcohol consumption carries a high risk of poor anticoagulation control. Further studies are needed to enforce better INR control.

Samah M. Akab, Hanaa Elsayed Abozeid, Seham A. Elazab et al.

Abstract Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients are prone to osteoporosis (OP) and they had significant oxidative stress. The relationship between oxidative stress (OS) and bone mineral density (BMD) in CKD is not entirely clear. The investigation of this relation is of pronounced importance in decreasing the occurrence of osteoporosis among CKD cases. Objectives To evaluate the association between BMD and OS in CKD patients. Methods We performed a case-control study, including 150 adults with CKD (stage 1–5 according to Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) classification, 2024) and 150 healthy controls. CKD patients were further subdivided to 3 subgroups based on estimated glomerular filtration rate: stage 1–2, stage 3–4 and stage 5. BMD at the lumbar spine (LS), femur neck (FN), and distal radius (DR) were measured using DEXA. Vitamin D and OS biomarkers including; 8-Hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured. Paraoxonase1 (PON1) as a biomarker of antioxidant response was assessed. Statistical analysis was performed using the appropriate tests. Results The CKD cases showed lower BMD T-Scores than healthy controls. Moreover, LS, DR, and FN BMDs were significantly different between CKD stages. Post hoc analyses showed higher LS, DR, and FN T-Scores in Stage I-II vs. Stage III-IV and Stage V. However, no significant differences were noted between stage III-IV and stage V for all sites. Significant increase in OS biomarkers (8-OHdG and MDA) while decreasing antioxidant activity (PON-1) with CKD severity were observed. There was a significant positive correlation between PON1and BMD while 8-OHdG and MDA had a negative correlation with BMD. We also observed significant positive correlations between 8-OHdG and MDA with alkaline phosphatase and phosphorus, while these markers had significant negative correlations with vitamin D and calcium. PON1 had a significantly positive correlation with vitamin D & calcium. Conclusion CKD patients suffer of OS. OS positively correlated with CKD severity. There is a negative relation between OS and BMD in CKD. OS might participate in the occurrence of OP in CKD.

Savannah Parr, Nicole Brinton, Ellen Tingey et al.

Dietetics entrepreneurship in the USA has been scarcely researched. The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of entrepreneurial dietitians by discovering the process of becoming one, the barriers to starting a business in dietetics, and the skills and resources necessary. Semi-structured interviews were conducted. Inclusion criteria included: participants 18 years or older, holding the Registered Dietitian Nutritionist (RDN) credential, living and practicing in the United States, and spending at least 15 hr per week on a dietetics-related entrepreneurial venture. Recruitment was conducted through purposive sampling through social media. Ultimately, 24 dietitians were interviewed virtually. Data were analyzed using a qualitative case study design. After data immersion, the case description framework was determined, and case descriptions were written for each participant. From the case descriptions, 20 uniform categories were identified to organize the data into word tables . Three themes (Getting Started, Business in Action, and Resources) represent the data. Dietitians commonly become entrepreneurs in the pursuit of autonomy, professional fulfillment, and financial growth. The primary barriers were lack of business knowledge, difficulties with legal decisions, and credentialing with insurance. The primary resources used to start a business were the internet, mentors, and business coaches. Participants reported high job satisfaction. Successful entrepreneurial dietitians in the USA faced challenges and overcame them highlighting the importance of education and mentorship.

Rajkamal Iyer, M. Puri

Tai-yin Wu, A. Majeed, K. Kuo

A. S. Macdonald, A. J. Cairns, H. Waters et al.

C. Biener, M. Eling, Jan Hendrik Wirfs

Jingjing Cao, Yuan Ren, Chenglong Zhao et al.

Unaffordable medical treatment and inflated drug prices have become a challenging issue for lawmakers worldwide. To reduce the financial burden and standardize the pharmaceutical market, the Chinese government has issued several detailed regulations, including the measures of drug recruitment and procurement in one and volume purchasing to not only ensure the high quality of approved drugs but also lower the cost of the production and sell procedure. In this work, to have a thorough overview of the enforcement of these regulations, we attempted to critically analyze the data of our hospital’s centralized procurement of drugs from 2019 to 2022. We identified some concerns, such as the difficulty in determining the “quantity” of drug procurement, out-of-stock of collectively procured drugs, difficulty in managing the preallocation of associated funds, incomplete centralized procurement systems, etc. Therefore, it is essential to promote a multidimensional strategy, including the combination of the medical insurance reform and drug centralized procurement policies, strict controlling of the forecast quantity of drugs to ensure stable drug supply, improvement of the relevant policies for retaining the surplus of centralized procurement drug medical insurance funds, secureness of the drug procurement system platform, and available reference and guidance for subsequent centralized quantity procurement of drugs.