<p>Evidence from observational records and model simulations suggest that volcanic eruptions can strengthen mid- to high-latitude atmospheric circulation and enhance westerly wind strength, with recent proxy data-model assimilations supporting this. However, assessments of Holocene variability in storminess rarely consider whether major volcanic eruptions could be a possible driver of reconstructed periods of enhanced storminess. This research presents a new reconstruction of past storminess from a coastal peatbog situated in western Ireland spanning the last <span class="inline-formula">∼</span> 7 ka. The record is based on the measurement of the sand content along the core, with XRF core scanning analysis also applied to test whether variations in quartz sand, shell sand and sea spray can be detected by variations in silica, calcium and bromine respectively. Ca measurements were similar to the long-term changes in sand content along the core, however, peaks in sand content were not detected, while Si reflected increases in sand content only within the last millennium when the inorganic content was highest. Br concentrations appear to have been influenced primarily by humification. We also compared sand-based storminess records from northwest Europe. Six multi-decadal to centennial periods with enhanced storminess are common to records from Ireland and Wales during the last 2.5 ka BP, centred at c. 2.25, 2, 1.4, 1.1, 0.5 and 0.2 ka BP, with less agreement between records before this time. The storm periods at 2.8, 2.2–2, 1.1 and 0.5 ka BP are more widespread events and agree with records from Sweden and Scotland. Each of the episodes of increased storminess coincide roughly with major volcanic eruptions during the late Holocene, as well as with periods of enhanced North Atlantic ice-rafting. We hypothesise, therefore, that both enhanced storminess and ice-rafting may have resulted from the climate and environmental impacts of these eruptions, aligning with the findings of recent observational and modelling studies on the climate response to eruptions. Challenges remain, however, in testing this hypothesis, given chronological uncertainties in peatland records and uncertain interpretations of the factors influencing sand deposition. Therefore, to provide an independent assessment of the influence of explosive eruptions on storminess for Ireland's northeast Atlantic position, we draw upon the rich tradition of annalistic record keeping on the island, including many reports of major storms and windy seasons, to develop a windiness index running from the sixth to seventeenth centuries CE. A set of superposed epoch analyses shows that the ice-core-based dates of explosive volcanic eruptions are statistically<span id="page288"/> significantly associated with the dates of documented storms and windy seasons in Ireland, suggesting avenues for future research.</p>
La arqueología pública entiende que para que la investigación de cualquier bien cultural sea completa se tienen que tener en cuenta las pautas de comprensión que subyacen en la relación con los destinatarios de estos bienes. En este sentido, este trabajo pretende analizar los sentimientos y emociones que el Fuerte de San Cristóbal despierta en la sociedad, al entender que se trata de una información valiosa a considerar en el proceso de interpretación de este lugar histórico. Se presenta una propuesta metodológica desde un entorno de programación en R que permite extrapolar sentimientos y emociones que subyacen en textos, en este caso reseñas de Google. No obstante, la propuesta de trabajo es susceptible de ser aplicada a diferentes muestras de datos relacionadas con otros bienes culturales. Desde el punto de vista de los sentimientos, se identifica una polaridad negativa moderada y un predominio de las emociones miedo y tristeza.
This article offers a modernized edition of La zurriaga, a series of «seriojocosas» (more or less burlesque) octaves attributed to Quevedo. The text, dated in 1632 in the burlesque preliminaries, was considered apocryphal by different editors, who proposed the eighteenth century as the time of composition and considered it a mere forgery of the Count of Saceda. Such disqualification implied the total oblivion of these verses, hitherto unknown. The transcription of the work, with limited philological annotation, is preceded by an explanation of the features and content of the factitious volume in which it is preserved, in the Royal Academy of History (Madrid). The analysis of genre, style and date, in relation to Quevedo’s literature, does not allow for the extraction of conclusive evidence about authorship and date, but it does allow for some previous statements about this printed work to be brought into question.
Les topoi sont à proprement parler des lieux communs. Les convoquer dans un texte suppose d’aménager l’espace discursif non seulement pour que le topos soit reconnu pour ce qu’il est, mais aussi pour que le texte continue de cheminer. Ils permettent en effet au texte de se construire en s’amplifiant car ils créent ponctuellement des espaces poétiques riches d’hypotextes dans lesquels le lecteur est invité à entrer.Autour du locus amoenus comme lieu où l’on pénètre littéralement, nous cherchons des indices textuels et linguistiques susceptibles de signaler une adaptation spatiale spécifique, les signes d’une mutation qui conditionnerait ces franchissements. Pour ce faire, le motif du seuil ayant une fonction hautement structurante, nous déterminons trois niveaux opérants : topographique, textuel et poétique.
History (General) and history of Europe, History of Spain
Airam Rodríguez, José M. Arcos, Vincent Bretagnolle
et al.
Shearwaters and petrels (hereafter petrels) are highly adapted seabirds that occur across all the world’s oceans. Petrels are a threatened seabird group comprising 124 species. They have bet-hedging life histories typified by extended chick rearing periods, low fecundity, high adult survival, strong philopatry, monogamy and long-term mate fidelity and are thus vulnerable to change. Anthropogenic alterations on land and at sea have led to a poor conservation status of many petrels with 52 (42%) threatened species based on IUCN criteria and 65 (52%) suffering population declines. Some species are well-studied, even being used as bioindicators of ocean health, yet for others there are major knowledge gaps regarding their breeding grounds, migratory areas or other key aspects of their biology and ecology. We assembled 38 petrel conservation researchers to summarize information regarding the most important threats according to the IUCN Red List of threatened species to identify knowledge gaps that must be filled to improve conservation and management of petrels. We highlight research advances on the main threats for petrels (invasive species at breeding grounds, bycatch, overfishing, light pollution, climate change, and pollution). We propose an ambitious goal to reverse at least some of these six main threats, through active efforts such as restoring island habitats (e.g., invasive species removal, control and prevention), improving policies and regulations at global and regional levels, and engaging local communities in conservation efforts.
Science, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution
This paper aims to answer the question of why constituent moments are relevant to political theory. It hypothesises the Spanish constitutional debate of 1931 as a case of conceptual innovation in parliamentary politics by arguing that debates in constituent moments entail a special kind of parliamentary argumentation when new political regimes are established. There, all sorts of theoretical, normative, historical, and institutional aspects are discussed to deliberate on the future character and functioning of a political regime. From a methodological point of view, this analysis draws on the revision of arguments and political terms used by MPs during the Spanish constituent assembly of 1931. The first part of the article emphasises the potentiality of constitutional debates for political theory and conceptual history, the two following chapters contextualise the historical and intellectual keys of 1931 Spain, the fourth and final part briefly explains two cases of conceptual controversy around the terms “state” and “sovereignty”. Based on the evidence provided by this study, the article concludes that the Spanish constitutional debate of 1931 is a fertile case to explore conceptual innovation of interwar legal and political theory.
This paper analyses the trajectory of Andres de Losada Sotomayor and his role as agent on the process of transferring the monetary wealth bequeathed by Galician (Spain) origins migrants to their parishes of birth. The notarial documentation produced in order to gave legal support to these monetary transfers reveals a network interaction between Galician-born merchants which otherwise would be very difficult to trace. In this regard, mercantile and family networks arose as a main vector in order to articulate this apparently secondary transfers, but crucial from the inheritors point of view and their rural context.
History (General) and history of Europe, History of Spain
El universo simbólico de la sociedad colonial hispanoamericana representó un amalgamamiento permanente en torno a las lógicas cristianas, indígenas y africanas que nunca fue uniforme. A pesar de que los rituales repetían sus formas, básicamente, los símbolos utilizados no siempre fueron los mismos. No hubo un patrón simbólico, sino una heterogeneidad característica que conformó al cristianismo en esas sociedades. Fue una religión omnipresente y heterodoxa, ajustada a cada circunstancia, logrando una plasticidad que no se propuso, pero que acabó siendo su mejor recurso adaptativo y su gran estrategia de propagación. A través de los santos patronos y vírgenes protectoras invocados ante terremotos, exploraremos aquí la fe y la eficacia simbólica de aquella sociedad.
En la Brevísima relación de la destruición de las Indias, Bartolomé de Las Casas “inventa” un sujeto indígena como “criatura de Dios” y súbdito de Castilla. Reprobando la violencia de la conquista, este texto defiende y reafirma la naturaleza humana del amerindio. Además, y esto es acaso lo más actual de su alegato, inaugura en el Nuevo Mundo la construcción ética del otro, la discusión teórica y la praxis defensora de los derechos humanos, los tópicos centrales de la moderna literatura de testimonio. Asimismo, aunque la Brevísima relación inicia la “leyenda negra” de España, también busca preservar sus intereses. En efecto, Las Casas escribió las páginas más duras contra una de las “Españas” –conquistadores y encomenderos–, pero también apeló con esperanza y pasión a la “España” que podía detener el genocidio: el monarca y su poder. Negación y afirmación, la ambigüedad ideológica lascasiana intenta extirpar el mal en América e impedir la eventual destrucción del Imperio: el castigo divino.
Cuando se diseñaron la arquitectura y las reglas de procedimiento de la Liga de las Naciones en 1919, los representantes de los países de la América hispana fueron excluidos. Por ello, no extraña que hubiera habido varios intentos por parte de representantes de estos Estados de incluir ideas y conceptos desde la perspectiva del Nuevo Mundo. En este texto se analizan los motivos, las ideas, el lenguaje y la actuación de los representantes hispanoamericanos en los primeros años de la Liga de las Naciones. Se parte de la tesis de que el concepto de la hispanidad era el referente de este grupo. El primer esfuerzo colectivo (apoyado por la delegación española) en esta direcciónfue la petición, en la primera Asamblea en Ginebra, de aceptar el español como idioma oficial. La discusión que se llevó a cabo alrededor de la propuesta hispanoamericana demostró el funcionamiento de la Asamblea ginebrina como campo político para negociar el prestigio y el poder a nivel mundial.
Abstract
When the League of Nations was negotiated in 1919, Hispanic American delegates were excluded. Therefore it was not surprising that Latin American representatives tried on several occasions to incorporate their own perspectives and concepts into the League’s architecture. Their motivation and their ideas inspiring cooperation during the first years of the existence of this body are to be analyzed in this essay. The thesis of this article is that the concept of Hispanidad was taken as a point of reference for Hispanic American cooperation practice. The first attempt of this group (including Spain) to work together was a petition during the Geneva Assembly 1920 in order to accept Spanish as an official language within the League framework. The discussion around the Hispanic American project showed that the Assembly functioned as a political field where prestige and power could be negotiated on a global level.
Loin des funérailles somptueuses de l’aristocratie et des familles royales européennes, l’étude des funérailles dans la zone caribéenne dans les chroniques dites « primitives » des Indes oblige à distinguer deux registres : d’une part les funérailles des caciques ou princes indigènes dont les chroniqueurs chrétiens captent de façon irrégulière un certain nombre de rituels qui vont très vite se dissoudre dans la dynamique coloniale, et d’autre part l’enregistrement de la mort des capitaines espagnols, dans le cours violent de la conquête. Dans les deux cas, il semble que la chronique soit le lieu des impossibles funérailles. Se pose alors la difficulté d’unifier histoire collective et mémoire individuelle au sein de l’entreprise « providentielle » de l’Espagne.
History (General) and history of Europe, History of Spain
In Castile, in the 14th century, the relationship that existed between the king and his favourites, known as the royal favour, underwent a process of consolidation and development, to the extent that the royal favourites became key figures in the political life of the kingdom and directly influenced the decisions of the monarch. While the king remained the centre of power, his court became more and more complex and access to him became more restricted, thus strengthening the role of the favourites. The reign of Pedro I is an ideal period for the study of the figure of the favourite in the Late Middle Ages.
History (General) and history of Europe, History of Spain