Hasil untuk "History of Great Britain"

Luke Malone, Daithí Kearney

The interplay between music and animation in Cartoon Saloon’s folklore trilogy serves to construct, visually and sonically, mythological worlds that are rich in symbolic meaning and distinctively Irish in character. This paper critically engages with the animated myth and music of three feature films – The Secret of Kells (2009), Song of the Sea (2014), and Wolfwalkers (2020) – stories that combine hand-drawn Celtic-inspired artwork with music compositions that demonstrate the influence of Irish traditional music. A critical reflection on the artistic motifs and music that inspired these works demonstrates how the Irish-based company Cartoon Saloon has reworked folklore for modern audiences and reflects diverse influences on Irish art and music. Drawing from a variety of ancient and medieval styles, from megalithic iconography to illuminated manuscripts, the international team at Cartoon Saloon demonstrate the potential of animated film to visually construct fantastic worlds that maintain a sense of Irishness relevant to contemporary Ireland and an international audience. Similarly, in seeking to provide an affective soundtrack to stories of otherworldly beings, composers draw on contemporary musical practice in and beyond Irish traditional music. To this end, the involvement of Irish musicians informs the development of the soundtrack and indigenous developments in the music scene that reflect an increasingly diverse society. In exploring the relationship between music and animation, this paper demonstrates how creative innovation reflects and transforms traditional culture to appeal to a broad modern and international audience.

Muhammed Adil Yatkin, Mihkel Korgesaar, Jani Romanoff et al.

Current neural network (NN) models can learn patterns from data points with historical dependence. Specifically, in natural language processing (NLP), sequential learning has transitioned from recurrence-based architectures to transformer-based architectures. However, it is unknown which NN architectures will perform the best on datasets containing deformation history due to mechanical loading. Thus, this study ascertains the appropriateness of 1D-convolutional, recurrent, and transformer-based architectures for predicting deformation localization based on the earlier states in the form of deformation history. Following this investigation, the crucial incompatibility issues between the mathematical computation of the prediction process in the best-performing NN architectures and the actual values derived from the natural physical properties of the deformation paths are examined in detail.

Komala Subramanyam Cherukuri, Pranav Abishai Moses, Aisa Sakata et al.

Oral histories are vital records of lived experience, particularly within communities affected by systemic injustice and historical erasure. Effective and efficient analysis of their oral history archives can promote access and understanding of the oral histories. However, Large-scale analysis of these archives remains limited due to their unstructured format, emotional complexity, and high annotation costs. This paper presents a scalable framework to automate semantic and sentiment annotation for Japanese American Incarceration Oral History. Using LLMs, we construct a high-quality dataset, evaluate multiple models, and test prompt engineering strategies in historically sensitive contexts. Our multiphase approach combines expert annotation, prompt design, and LLM evaluation with ChatGPT, Llama, and Qwen. We labeled 558 sentences from 15 narrators for sentiment and semantic classification, then evaluated zero-shot, few-shot, and RAG strategies. For semantic classification, ChatGPT achieved the highest F1 score (88.71%), followed by Llama (84.99%) and Qwen (83.72%). For sentiment analysis, Llama slightly outperformed Qwen (82.66%) and ChatGPT (82.29%), with all models showing comparable results. The best prompt configurations were used to annotate 92,191 sentences from 1,002 interviews in the JAIOH collection. Our findings show that LLMs can effectively perform semantic and sentiment annotation across large oral history collections when guided by well-designed prompts. This study provides a reusable annotation pipeline and practical guidance for applying LLMs in culturally sensitive archival analysis. By bridging archival ethics with scalable NLP techniques, this work lays the groundwork for responsible use of artificial intelligence in digital humanities and preservation of collective memory. GitHub: https://github.com/kc6699c/LLM4OralHistoryAnalysis.

Zefanya Bramantasaputra, Dea Daniella Wangsawijaya, Bharathram Ganapathisubramani

The present study experimentally investigates the recovery of smooth-wall turbulent boundary layers (TBLs) following non-equilibrium pressure gradients (PGs). The imposed pressure gradient history (PGH) comprises favourable-adverse pressure gradient (FAPG) sequences of varying strength, followed by recovery to zero-pressure-gradient (ZPG) conditions. Hot-wire anemometry measurements were obtained at multiple downstream stations in the recovery region, with friction Reynolds numbers $Re_τ$ ranging from 2000 to 6000 depending on downstream development. Comparative analysis at matched $Re_τ$ and Clauser pressure gradient parameter $β$ enables clear assessment of history effects on TBL behaviour. Results show that increasing PGH strength enhances the wake in mean velocity profiles and amplifies turbulence intensities across the boundary layer, including the inner peak, logarithmic region, and outer peak (a signature of APG). Downstream, the mean flow gradually recovers toward a ZPG-like state, but turbulence in the outer region retains a lasting impact of PGH. Spectral analysis indicates that PGH primarily affects outer-layer scales, introducing a distinct PG peak and modifying the VLSM peak - with energy amplification dependent on PGH strength and spatial characteristics governed by history effects. Downstream recovery involves merging of large-scale wavelengths and the reorganisation of turbulence structures toward a ZPG-like state - although the `recovered' VLSM streamwise length becomes shortened due to the mixing of lengthscales with the PG peak. These results demonstrate that even under matched local parameters, TBLs retain a clear imprint of their upstream history, consistent with the findings of Preskett et al. (2025); moreover, this study provides new insights regarding the central role of scale interactions in the recovery mechanism of TBL subjected to complex PGH.

Karine Tournier-Sol

From the UK Independence party (UKIP) to Reform UK (including under its original name, the Brexit Party), Nigel Farage and his successive political parties have been major agents of disruption of the British political order, generating significant instability. This is an inherent part of their nature as populist parties. This article focuses on Reform UK, the latest illustration of Farage’s disruptive potential, as a destabilising force during and after the 2024 General Election, with the aim of exploring the party’s use of disruption as both a strategy and an explicit goal. The first part examines the origins of Reform UK, tracing its political lineage back to UKIP and the Brexit Party, with Nigel Farage as its defining figure. The second part delves into the 2024 General Election, analysing how Reform acted as a disruptive force in the campaign, which resulted in a historic breakthrough marking a turning-point for the party, but also for British politics. The third part addresses the post-election period, characterised by an increasing visibility of Reform. The party has actively cultivated a constant media presence, by performing crisis to stage its own disruptive dimension. This was illustrated by the 2024 summer riots, but also by the party’s extensive publicisation of its progress in building up its “people’s army” to carry out its revolt against the establishment.

Konstantinos Dimopoulos, Anish Ghoshal, Theodoros Papanikolaou

Considering inflationary magnetogenesis induced by time-dependent kinetic and axial couplings of a massless Abelian vector boson field breaking the conformal invariance we show in this article that, surprisingly, the spectral shape of the large-scale primordial magnetic field power spectrum is insensitive to the post-inflationary history, namely the barotropic parameter ($w$) and the gauge coupling functions of the post-inflationary era.

Luz Mar González-Arias

This article looks critically at Celia de Fréine’s Léaslíne a Lorg / In Search of a Horizon (2022), a poetry collection entirely devoted to the lockdown experienced during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic by an Irish woman – easily identified with the poet herself – from her house in Dublin. In the 18 poems that make up the collection, published in bilingual format (English and Irish), de Fréine addresses issues as relevant as the supposed objectivity of the scientific discourse around the virus, the human-nonhuman connection, environmental damage and the historical links of the COVID-19 pandemic with previous health crises lived through in Ireland, specifically the Hepatitis C Scandal. My analysis will close-read the poems, adopting both a national and a transnational perspective. The ultimate aim of this essay is to look at the virus in its socio-cultural dimension in order to complement the biomedical narratives around it.

Karen Racine

Yarno Merckx, Pablo Correa, Krijn D. de Vries et al.

We present a phenomenological framework for starburst-driven neutrino production via proton-proton collisions and apply it to (ultra)luminous infrared galaxies (U/LIRGs) in the Great Observatories All-Sky LIRG Survey (GOALS). The framework relates the infrared luminosity of a GOALS galaxy, derived from consistently available Herschel Space Observatory data, to the expected starburst-driven neutrino flux. The model parameters that define this relation can be estimated from multiwavelength data. We apply the framework in a case study to the LIRG NGC 3690 (Arp 299, Mrk 171) and compare the obtained neutrino fluxes to the current sensitivity of the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. Using our framework, we also conclude that the neutrino emission in the LIRG NGC 1068, recently presented as the first steady IceCube neutrino point source, cannot be explained by a starburst-driven scenario and is therefore likely dominated by the active galactic nucleus in this galaxy. In addition to the single-source investigations, we also estimate the diffuse starburst-driven neutrino flux from GOALS galaxies and the total LIRG population over cosmic history.

Emily Jones

In addressing the rise of Disraeli’s global status in the half century that followed his death in 1881, this article draws on a vast corpus of Anglophone biographies, histories, obituaries, paintings, films, and more, to chart the transformation of Disraeli’s political and personal reputation, including his Jewishness, that allowed his supporters (and British Conservatives in particular) to promote Disraeli as a political thinker rather than an opportunist, and invoke this image for their own ends. This was the fundamental basis for those who wished to shape Disraeli’s legacy into a particular, simplified form – that of the founder and intellectual lodestar of a strand of conservative thought and British Conservative politics now titled ‘One Nation Conservatism’.

Craig Smeaton, Cai J. T. Ladd, Cai J. T. Ladd et al.

Coastal wetlands, such as saltmarshes, are globally widespread and highly effective at capturing and storing ‘blue carbon’ and have the potential to regulate climate over varying timescales. Yet only Australia and the United States of America have national inventories of organic carbon held within saltmarsh habitats, hindering the development of policies and management strategies to protect and preserve these organic carbon stores. Here we couple a new observational dataset with 4,797 samples from 26 saltmarshes across Great Britain to spatially model organic carbon stored in the soil and the above and belowground biomass of Great British saltmarshes. Using average values derived from the 26 marshes, we deliver first-order estimates of organic carbon stocks across Great Britain’s 448 saltmarshes (451.66 km2). The saltmarshes of Great Britain contain 5.20 ± 0.65 Mt of organic carbon, 93% of which is in the soil. On average, the saltmarshes store 11.55 ± 1.56 kg C m-2 with values ranging between 2.24 kg C m-2 and 40.51 kg C m-2 depending on interlinked factors such as geomorphology, organic carbon source, sediment type (mud vs sand), sediment supply, and relative sea level history. These findings affirm that saltmarshes represent the largest intertidal blue carbon store in Great Britain, yet remain an unaccounted for component of the United Kingdom’s natural carbon stores.

Jessica E. Thorne, Aaron S. G. Robotham, Sabine Bellstedt et al.

Gas-phase metallicities of galaxies are typically measured through auroral or nebular emission lines, but metallicity also leaves an imprint on the overall spectral energy distribution (SED) of a galaxy and can be estimated through SED fitting. We use the ProSpect SED fitting code with a flexible parametric star formation history and an evolving metallicity history to self-consistently measure metallicities, stellar mass, and other galaxy properties for $\sim90\,000$ galaxies from the Deep Extragalactic VIsible Legacy Survey (DEVILS) and Galaxy and Mass Assembly (GAMA) survey. We use these to trace the evolution of the mass-metallicity relation (MZR) and show that the MZR only evolves in normalisation by $\sim0.1\,$dex at stellar mass $M_\star = 10^{10.5}\,M_\odot$. We find no difference in the MZR between galaxies with and without SED evidence of active galactic nuclei emission at low redshifts ($z<0.3$). Our results suggest an anti-correlation between metallicity and star formation activity at fixed stellar mass for galaxies with $M_\star > 10^{10.5}\,M_\odot$ for $z<0.3$. Using the star formation histories extracted using ProSpect we explore higher-order correlations of the MZR with properties of the star formation history including age, width, and shape. We find that at a given stellar mass, galaxies with higher metallicities formed most of their mass over shorter timescales, and before their peak star formation rate. This work highlights the value of exploring the connection of a galaxy's current gas-phase metallicity to its star formation history in order to understand the physical processes shaping the MZR.

N. Davies, M. De, L. Brooke

Youngtaek Kim, Jaeyoung Kim, Hyeon Jeon et al.

Git metadata contains rich information for developers to understand the overall context of a large software development project. Thus it can help new developers, managers, and testers understand the history of development without needing to dig into a large pile of unfamiliar source code. However, the current tools for Git visualization are not adequate to analyze and explore the metadata: They focus mainly on improving the usability of Git commands instead of on helping users understand the development history. Furthermore, they do not scale for large and complex Git commit graphs, which can play an important role in understanding the overall development history. In this paper, we present Githru, an interactive visual analytics system that enables developers to effectively understand the context of development history through the interactive exploration of Git metadata. We design an interactive visual encoding idiom to represent a large Git graph in a scalable manner while preserving the topological structures in the Git graph. To enable scalable exploration of a large Git commit graph, we propose novel techniques (graph reconstruction, clustering, and Context-Preserving Squash Merge (CSM) methods) to abstract a large-scale Git commit graph. Based on these Git commit graph abstraction techniques, Githru provides an interactive summary view to help users gain an overview of the development history and a comparison view in which users can compare different clusters of commits. The efficacy of Githru has been demonstrated by case studies with domain experts using real-world, in-house datasets from a large software development team at a major international IT company. A controlled user study with 12 developers comparing Githru to previous tools also confirms the effectiveness of Githru in terms of task completion time.

Maude Wagner, Francine Grodstein, Karen Leffondre et al.

Long-term behavioral and health risk factors constitute a primary focus of research on the etiology of chronic diseases. Yet, identifying critical time-windows during which risk factors have the strongest impact on disease risk is challenging. To assess the trajectory of association of an exposure history with an outcome, the weighted cumulative exposure index (WCIE) has been proposed, with weights reflecting the relative importance of exposures at different times. However, WCIE is restricted to a complete observed error-free exposure whereas exposures are often measured with intermittent missingness and error. Moreover, it rarely explores exposure history that is very distant from the outcome as usually sought in life-course epidemiology. We extend the WCIE methodology to (i) exposures that are intermittently measured with error, and (ii) contexts where the exposure time-window precedes the outcome time-window using a landmark approach. First, the individual exposure history up to the landmark time is estimated using a mixed model that handles missing data and error in exposure measurement, and the predicted complete error-free exposure history is derived. Then the WCIE methodology is applied to assess the trajectory of association between the predicted exposure history and the health outcome collected after the landmark time. In our context, the health outcome is a longitudinal marker analyzed using a mixed model. A simulation study first demonstrates the correct inference obtained with this approach. Then, applied to the Nurses' Health Study (19,415 women) to investigate the association between BMI history (collected from midlife) and subsequent cognitive decline after age 70. In conclusion, this approach, easy to implement, provides a flexible tool for studying complex dynamic relationships and identifying critical time windows while accounting for exposure measurement errors.

A. Bostom, I. Rosenberg, H. Silbershatz et al.

Petra N. Tang, J. J. Eldridge, Elizabeth R. Stanway et al.

We compare the impacts of uncertainties in both binary population synthesis models and the cosmic star formation history on the predicted rates of Gravitational Wave compact binary merger (GW) events. These uncertainties cause the predicted rates of GW events to vary by up to an order of magnitude. Varying the volume-averaged star formation rate density history of the Universe causes the weakest change to our predictions, while varying the metallicity evolution has the strongest effect. Double neutron-star merger rates are more sensitive to assumed neutron-star kick velocity than the cosmic star formation history. Varying certain parameters affects merger rates in different ways depending on the mass of the merging compact objects; thus some of the degeneracy may be broken by looking at all the event rates rather than restricting ourselves to one class of mergers.

RUXANDRA IORDACHE

Between EU and non-EU, Great Britain remains an insulated but vocal actor among the European States. Europe needs Britain, but there is a perpetual debate on the right kind of tie which could help the two partially convergent partners to stay together. The British exception is a recurrent item. The recent past of the European history provides us with explanatory elements tracing back the peculiar relationship of Britain with the continental partner. In the light of this recent past, Brexit seems to be the peak on a continuum line and not such a surprising advent.

Seán Kennedy

In a forceful critique of previous scholarship, Lloyd (Meadhbh) Houston discerns evidence of “sectarian eugenicism” in Beckett’s writings. It is a startling claim, and there are problems to it. In particular, I suggest, Houston ignores the issue of tone: Beckett’s use of parody. Responding to Houston’s critique, I offer some thoughts on eugenicism, sectarianism and misogyny in Murphy and First Love. The aim is not to exculpate Beckett from all charges of prejudice, only to complicate issues of complicity in a theocratic hetero-patriarchal society.