Hasil untuk "History of Central Europe"

D. Reich, M. Cargill, S. Bolk et al.

P. Ravenscroft, H. Brammer, K. Richards

Gabriela Eichlová

This paper responds to recent research on linguistic and more broadly cultural translation in the field of cultural exchange and transfer studies. The study will focus on two translation projects undertaken by women in the eighteenth century for whom translation was not a profession, namely Maria Elenora von Sporck (1687–1717) and María Francisca de Montijo (1754–1808). Two types of translation activities will be examined: 1) translations from French into German in the Czech Germanophone environment and 2) translation from French into Castilian in a Spanish-speaking environment. The two francophone noblewomen from Catholic backgrounds translated books with spiritual and moral themes, but somewhat surprisingly they were authors suspected of religious heterodoxy. This fact, among other things, invites us to take a closer look at the extra-textual factors, in addition to textual ones, that influenced the emergence of these translations. Focusing on women translators of heterodox texts the study thus aims to extend the research on the early modern translation. It also seeks to contribute to contemporary discussions on the reconceptualization of agency, especially with an emphasis on the concept of collaborative authorship, and, finally, to contribute to the assessment of the applicability of translatological concepts to early modern translations.

Tiago Torres, Joana Antunes, Rui Tavares Bello et al.

Generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP) is a rare but severe inflammatory skin disease characterized by the eruption of widespread sterile pustules, often accompanied by systemic inflammation. Although GPP can coexist with plaque psoriasis, it is increasingly recognized as a distinct entity with unique clinicopathological, immunologic, and genetic features. The dysregulated IL-36 pathway, including mutations in the IL36RN gene, is implicated in GPP pathogenesis, providing a molecular basis for targeted therapies. Diagnosing GPP requires a comprehensive evaluation, including clinical presentation, potential triggers, patient history, histopathologic findings, and laboratory results. Disease severity must be assessed through both cutaneous symptoms and systemic involvement, as GPP flares can lead to life-threatening complications such as sepsis and multi-organ failure. Historically, GPP treatment primarily relied on therapies approved for plaque psoriasis, despite their limited specificity for this condition. Recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms of GPP, particularly the central role of interleukin-36 pathway, have led to the development of targeted therapies for this rare condition. Currently, spesolimab is the only therapy specifically approved for treating GPP flares in adolescents and adults, in both Europe and the United States of America. However, the management of GPP remains complex and challenging. This narrative review provides an overview of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, comorbidities, and evolving therapeutic strategies for GPP.

Jagoda Mizerka-Urbaniak

The study reviews the current state of research on early medieval strongholds in Western Greater Poland, a region in which roughly 30 such sites are known. Built in the older phases of the Early Middle Ages, they precede the formation of the state of the first Piasts, which took place from the second half of the 10th century. The strongholds display considerable diversity in terms of physical features and probably also in their chronology and function. The northwestern part of Greater Poland, however, has been studied to a limited and rather selective degree. The preliminary analysis of local strongholds presented in this paper indicates significant research potential, particularly given their good state of preservation. Key questions concern the chronological variability of the sites, their functions, and the role they played within micro-regional settlement networks. Ultimately, these investigations may shed light on the social and political dynamics underlying the origin, functioning, and decline of the strongholds.    

K. Kotseva, G. De Backer, D. De Bacquer et al.

BACKGROUND European Action on Secondary and Primary Prevention by Intervention to Reduce Events (EUROASPIRE) V in primary care was carried out by the European Society of Cardiology EURObservational Research Programme in 2016-2018. The main objective was to determine whether the 2016 Joint European Societies' guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in people at high cardiovascular risk have been implemented in clinical practice. METHODS The method used was a cross-sectional survey in 78 centres from 16 European countries. Patients without a history of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease either started on blood pressure and/or lipid and/or glucose lowering treatments were identified and interviewed ≥ 6 months after the start of medication. RESULTS A total of 3562 medical records were reviewed and 2759 patients (57.6% women; mean age 59.0 ± 11.6 years) interviewed (interview rate 70.0%). The risk factor control was poor with 18.1% of patients being smokers, 43.5% obese (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2) and 63.8% centrally obese (waist circumference ≥88 cm for women, ≥102 cm for men). Of patients on blood pressure lowering medication 47.0% reached the target of <140/90 mm Hg (<140/85 mm Hg in people with diabetes). Among treated dyslipidaemic patients only 46.9% attained low density lipoprotein-cholesterol target of <2.6 mmol/l. Among people treated for type 2 diabetes mellitus, 65.2% achieved the HbA1c target of <7.0%. CONCLUSION The primary care arm of the EUROASPIRE V survey revealed that large proportions of people at high cardiovascular disease risk have unhealthy lifestyles and inadequate control of blood pressure, lipids and diabetes. Thus, the potential to reduce the risk of future cardiovascular disease throughout Europe by improved preventive cardiology programmes is substantial.

Danuta Żurkiewicz

After the disappearance of the Linear Pottery culture (LBK) in the area now known as the Polish Lowlands, we observe a heterogeneous cultural situation. The Late Band Pottery culture (LBPC) and the Stroke-Ornamented Ware culture (SBK) are distinguished here. Generally, none of these communities used grog (ground potsherds, ‘chamotte’) as the main type of clay temper. However, there are exceptions to these production rules. In this article, the presented pottery materials from sites in the Polish Lowlands allow us to conclude that grog temper was important for some of these communities. An attempt to interpret the addition of fragments of other vessels to the pottery clay does not point to the technical advantages of the chamotte itself, but rather to its symbolic meaning – the use of fragments of burned vessels to produce new forms. A great deal of ethnographic data justifies this approach, which is sometimes used in archaeological interpretations. The proposed hypothesis allows us to consider an alternative concept of the origin of some post-LBK communities in the Polish Lowlands.

Bartłomiej Rusin

The article discusses the issue of the political activity of Bulgarians during the Crimean War, which was a breakthrough moment in the national liberation movement in the era of the National Revival (1762–1878). During this conflict, the Bulgarians exercised the widest efforts for liberation so far, which was manifested by the functioning of as many as three emigration centres. The first one, represented by Georgi Rakovski, focused on the preparations for the uprising and disappeared quite quickly. After that, the priority in conducting political action was taken over by the Bulgarian émigré elites on the Romanian lands and in Russia, which in the first period of the war (1853–1854) developed a far-reaching activity, promoting the Bulgarian issue and organising recruitment to volunteer troops. The political action of the Bulgarians was not effective but the political concepts they established were used and developed in the forthcoming years.

Tünde Kovács

Debrecenben a konzervgyár 1969-ben kezdte meg működését, de csak a következő évben került sor az ünnepélyes átadásra. A gyár Debrecenbe telepítése mellett szóló egyik nyomós érv az volt, hogy a mindenkori tervben meghatározott termelési előirányzat teljesítéséhez szükséges munkaerőt a város teljes egészében biztosítani tudja. Ez nem minden esetben sikerült, még annak ellenére sem, hogy az új nagyüzem létesítésével akarták megoldani a nők, illetve a mezőgazdaságból felszabaduló munkaerő foglalkoztatását. A gyár vezetése különféle intézkedéseket tett a dolgozók megszerzése, illetve megtartása érdekében, ami egyáltalán nem bizonyult könnyű feladatnak, hiszen a munka idényjellege és az egyéb kedvezőtlen körülmény miatt nagy volt a munkaerő áramlás. A konzervipari termékek iránt megnövekedett belföldi kereslet és fokozódó exportigény kényszerítette rá a vállalat vezetését, hogy megkeresse „rejtett tartalékait”. Ennek egyik lehetséges formáját, a „szocialista brigád mozgalmat” szorgalmazta, munkaversenyeket hirdetett meg. A szocialista brigádok többletfeladat vállalásaival is találkozhatunk a brigádnapló bejegyzésekben, melyek bepillantást engednek abba a munkáslétbe, amit elvártak tőlük.

L. Guerrero, A. Claret, W. Verbeke et al.

Anna Řičář Libánská

This paper examines the strategies that enabled the nuns and their congregations to adapt to life and ministry under the Czechoslovak authoritarian regime, focusing on the less studied period of normalisation.

Pierre Luisi, Angelina García, Juan Manuel Berros et al.

Similarly to other populations across the Americas, Argentinean populations trace back their genetic ancestry into African, European and Native American ancestors, reflecting a complex demographic history with multiple migration and admixture events in pre- and post-colonial times. However, little is known about the sub-continental origins of these three main ancestries. We present new high-throughput genotyping data for 87 admixed individuals across Argentina. This data was combined to previously published data for admixed individuals in the region and then compared to different reference panels specifically built to perform population structure analyses at a sub-continental level. Concerning the Native American ancestry, we could identify four Native American components segregating in modern Argentinean populations. Three of them are also found in modern South American populations and are specifically represented in Central Andes, Central Chile/Patagonia, and Subtropical and Tropical Forests geographic areas. The fourth component might be specific to the Central Western region of Argentina, and it is not well represented in any genomic data from the literature. As for the European and African ancestries, we confirmed previous results about origins from Southern Europe, Western and Central Western Africa, and we provide evidences for the presence of Northern European and Eastern African ancestries. Author Summary The human genetic diversity in Argentina reflects demographic processes during which the European colonists invaded a territory where Native American populations were settled. During the colonial period, the slave trade also prompted many African people to move to Argentina. Little is known about the origins of these three continental ancestry components in Argentinean populations nowadays. Genotyping data for 87 admixed individuals throughout Argentina was generated and data from the literature was re-analyzed to shed light on this question. We confirmed that most of the European genetic ancestry comes from the South, although several individuals are related to Northern Europeans. We confirmed that the African origins in Argentina mainly trace back from Western and Central/Western regions, and we document some proportion of Eastern African origins poorly described before. As for the Native American ancestry, we identified that it can be divided into four main components that correspond to Central Chile/Patagonia, Subtropical and Tropical Forests, Central Andes and Central Western region of Argentina. In order to understand the specificity of the genetic diversity in Argentina, more effort is required to generate specific massive genomic knowledge at the local level.

R. Drayton

G. Scarascia-Mugnozza, H. Oswald, P. Piussi et al.

Ondřej Bakeš

The exile organization Opus Bonum has become more widely known by organizing the symposiums in the Bayern town Franken. Especially the first meeting in February 1978 became a milestone in the history of the association and one of the most important activities of exile after the Soviet occupation in 1968. On a common platform debated the representatives of so-called "winners" together with "losers" from February 1948, e.g. Zdeněk Mlynář and Pavel Tigrid The focus of the organization thus changed from the original cultural-religious one to a discussion meeting with a strong political accent. We will examine how and why this change occurred and how the new concept influenced Opus Bonum itself and also the Czech exile milieu in Western Europe.

Charles E. Brown

S. Felkel, C. Vogl, D. Rigler et al.

Analysis of the Y chromosome is the best-established way to reconstruct paternal family history in humans. Here, we applied fine-scaled Y-chromosomal haplotyping in horses with biallelic markers and demonstrate the potential of our approach to address the ancestry of sire lines. We de novo assembled a draft reference of the male-specific region of the Y chromosome from Illumina short reads and then screened 5.8 million basepairs for variants in 130 specimens from intensively selected and rural breeds and nine Przewalski’s horses. Among domestic horses we confirmed the predominance of a young’crown haplogroup’ in Central European and North American breeds. Within the crown, we distinguished 58 haplotypes based on 211 variants, forming three major haplogroups. In addition to two previously characterised haplogroups, one observed in Arabian/Coldblooded and the other in Turkoman/Thoroughbred horses, we uncovered a third haplogroup containing Iberian lines and a North African Barb Horse. In a genealogical showcase, we distinguished the patrilines of the three English Thoroughbred founder stallions and resolved a historic controversy over the parentage of the horse ‘Galopin’, born in 1872. We observed two nearly instantaneous radiations in the history of Central and Northern European Y-chromosomal lineages that both occurred after domestication 5,500 years ago.

Igor Zagorodniuk

The species names Sylvaemus microps and Sylvaemus uralensis are markers of the two key stages in the recognition of the taxonomic heterogeneity of Sylvaemus sylvaticus (s. str.), to which they have long been included. The first was described in 1952 from Central Europe, while the second 140 years earlier (1818) from the Southern Urals. Both taxa have undergone a complicated taxonomic history and are now considered conspecific. However, there are some gaps between them, in particular geographic ones. They are considered here as two groups of populations: a western (microps) and an eastern (uralensis). The taxonomic history of wood mice of the group Apodemus microps & Sylvaemus uralensis and the history of increase in knowledge on their distribution are considered. An analysis of geographic variability of key diagnostic characters of the species was carried out, which revealed a quite well-expressed morphological homogeneity. Within the Western Palearctic populations, there is a clear clinal variation from relatively large southern and eastern to small northern and western forms. Geographic range analysis shows the presence of several relatively isolated fragments of the range, including a clear gap between the western forms of the microps group (Central Europe, the Balkans, and the Western Carpathians region) and the eastern forms of the uralensis group (from the Dnipro region and Baltic states to the Urals, including the Caucasus and Asia Minor). Proposals to recognise the specific level of differentiation between the northern and southern forms seem far too hypothetical, as well as the idea to assign the Caucasian form (ciscaucasicus) to the Central European microps and the Crimean form (baessleri) to the Upper Volga mosquensis. In general, the available data indicate differences between the western and eastern forms of Sylvaemus uralensis. Detailed information on marginal records of the two groups of populations is given, including the easternmost (essentially north-eastern) findings of the microps group and the westernmost findings of the uralensis group. There is a significant geographic gap between these two forms covering the entire area of Volyn, Podillia, Western and Central Polissia, but narrowing to the south, towards the Black Sea. Connection between the two range fragments may exist in the south, but the available and verified data essentially show a gap across the interfluve between the Dnister and Tyligul rivers.

Joanna Sawicka

In the late medieval settlement layers of the gord in Międzyrzecz, a small collection of glass vessels was excavated. Several forms of tableware were reconstructed and research was conducted into the chemical composition of the glass. The examined piece of a vessel and the glass is potassium glass which comes in two varieties: calcium-potassium-magnesium-silica (CaO-K2O-MgO-SiO2) and calcium-potassium-magnesium-aluminium-silica (CaO-K2O-MgO-Al.2O3-SiO2). The forms of the vessels and the chemical composition of the examined glass indicate the basic goods manufactured in Central Europe.

Sergej Vladimirovič Polechov

The aim of the article is to analyze the widely spread idea that the late medieval Grand Duchy of Lithuania could unite the whole Rus' and pose an alternative to Moscow. It is shown that the Lithuanian rulers didn't lay such claims; the attempts to detect them in their statements made in 1358 and (allegedly) in 1399 are nothing but misinterpretations. It is also shown that Algirdas, Jogaila and Vytautas had no real chances to subjugate the Duchy of Moscow and its allies and vassals, both as the result of their military expeditions (1368–1372, 1406–1408) and due to the matrimonial union (1383/84).