Poliana Coeli Costa Arantes, Rayanne Lira Caspary Favacho
O presente artigo tem como objetivo apresentar uma cartografia das relações de poder na perspectiva foucaultiana envolvidas no contexto de ensino e aprendizagem de Alemão como Língua Estrangeira (ALE), aprofundando-a ao levar em consideração os impactos da pandemia de Covid-19. Nesse sentido, propomos uma reflexão a respeito do uso de materiais criados para a modalidade de aulas presenciais e os desafios para docentes e discentes na adaptação do mesmo para o uso nas aulas remotas (Rocha, Deusdará, Arantes, 2020). Para tal, desenvolvemos uma análise de atividades selecionadas de livros didáticos largamente utilizados em cursos de alemão no Brasil e, a partir dessa análise, apresentaremos nossas propostas de adaptação desses materiais a fim de fomentar a criticidade utilizando-se o referencial da Análise do Discurso e do poder (Foucault, [1979], 2003).
German literature, Germanic languages. Scandinavian languages
Phonetic semantics is a phenomenon of natural involuntary phonetically motivated connection between phonemes and the non-sound signs of denotation, which underlies the nomination. In other words, the denotation of the nomination in sound imitation is represented by objects, phenomena, processes, which are characterized by the ability to form sounds that are subconsciously associated with these objects, phenomena, etc. Following the principles of sound symbolism, the denotation of the nomination is represented by objects, phenomena, processes, which are not characterized by sound production. Phonosemantics needs to take into account two aspects of the fundamental principle of an involuntary/arbitrary linguistic sign. The first involves the general relationship of phenomena and objects of reality. In the history of science, there are examples of connections that are established between seemingly incompatible phenomena. The second aspect is related to the fact that the recognition of the arbitrariness of a linguistic sign means the independence of the relationship between the signified and the signifying, which contradicts the system-wide principle of hierarchy, according to which each element of the higher system can be considered as an independent lower system. The sound complex with its meaning has a constantly changing dynamic nature. The processes that take place in language cause constant changes, and this can not but affect the connection between sound and the meaning of the word. The principle of analogy was extremely developed in the early stages of language formation. And, as a consequence of the process of sound changes ceasing, the principle of metaphorical analogy continues performing such functions, obscuring the primary connections between sound and the meaning of the lexeme. Therefore, it seems natural that sound changes are expressed in changes by analogy. Both sound change and the change by analogy involve the creative factor. The study aims to set the level of motivation of the German sound [b]. The sound under study dominates across the continuum of concepts such as water, chatter, movement and fear. Application of such modern research methods as phonosemantic, descriptive and comparative-historical analysis enabled obtaining a palette of semantic associative phonetic meanings of the sound [b]. The analysis of the German vocabulary demonstrated the sound’s semantic charge at the level of both individual lexical units and the text as a whole. There are ongoing studies in the field of both Germanic and other languages.
This survey is a supplementary resource to the article “Runic Sticks and Other Inscribed Objects from Medieval Bergen: Challenges and Possibilities” (see Maal og Minne 2020). The survey is based on investigations of the Bryggen corpus, carried out mainly in the years 2013–18.1 Own field notes and photographs have been complemented by information in runological or archaeological databases and publications (available per January 2020). The purpose behind the survey is twofold. For one, it demonstrates the variability of the corpus; it contains information on inscribed artefacts, which can be determined to represent something other than wooden sticks or pieces of wood. Secondly, the survey brings to the fore some of the interesting ambiguities in the study of inscribed artefacts, especially regarding wooden items. The table presents an overview of artefacts, which with some certainty can be identified as (parts of) sundry tools, vessels, implements and other functional objects. As such, they display alternative functionalities than primarily script-bear-ing objects. Artefacts made of materials other than wood are also included (marked in bold). The number of items may be subject to change depending upon the adjustment of classification criteria and the reassessment of individual objects.2 Uncertain instances regarding objects and their functions are indicated with question marks. The included descriptions on forms of writing (i.e. primary, secondary, and tertiary) follow the categories introduced by Franklin (2002) – presented in more detail in the article. Such assessments illuminate the diverse nature and dynamic boundaries of the evidence; they do not work as rigid groups. With some inscribed artifacts, the form of writing also remains uncertain.
Philology. Linguistics, Germanic languages. Scandinavian languages
In this article, reflections are made on some specialized lexicographical/terminographical resources being produced in African languages. The resources are produced in order to contribute towards the intellectualization of those languages for expanded functional usage. The article focuses on lemma selection, provision of data/information for included lemmata and structural aspects of the surveyed resources. With regard to the first area of focus, the article identifies the lack of a systematic approach to lemma selection, which undermines the potential of the resources as communicative and cognitive tools in specialized subject fields and disciplines. Secondly, regarding the provision of data categories, instances of insufficient information and cases of inclusion of irrelevant information are identified, both of which have implications for the functional value of the resources within specialized domains. Finally, reflections on aspects of dictionary structure indicate sub-standard structural designs which affect the user-friendliness of the resources, but some innovative structural designs are also identified. Overall, the article argues for a stronger lexicographic orientation in terms of the theoretical underpinnings guiding the production of specialized lexicographical/terminographical resources in African languages.
Philology. Linguistics, Languages and literature of Eastern Asia, Africa, Oceania
The article discusses the treatment of zero equivalence in an English–Slovene dictionary (ESD). The absence of equivalents in the TL is marked by two symbols: Ø (a complete absence of any equivalent) and # (equivalence at the level of the entire message rather than at word level). Sixty-five lemmata in the ESD contain a slashed zero, a hash or both, but one and the same entry can contain more than one symbol. Detailed results are presented by parts of speech of the lemmata, starting with a numerical analysis, which is followed by analysis of the content of illustrative examples. Then follows a detailed discussion of lemmata expressing pragmatic meaning in the SL, lemmata with lexico-grammatical, grammatical and lexical differences between the SL and the TL as well as lemmata with a number of SL senses included under one sense in the ESD. In the ESD, the problem of zero equivalence is mostly solved by the inclusion of translated examples of use. Another method employed in the ESD is the use of short descriptions of the function of the lemma or one of its senses. In this way, a more successful and thorough retrieval of information can be achieved with every look-up.
Philology. Linguistics, Languages and literature of Eastern Asia, Africa, Oceania
For when American literature was being established as a field of study, there was still a sense in the world of scholarship that the language and literature of the United States was a field not limited to English. (Werner Sollors, in Shell 1) ROLVAAG BELONGS TO THE GROUP of writers who, as immigrants America in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, continued sing their native immigrant languages. In The Multilingual Anthology of American Literature edited by Werner Sollors and Marc Shell, this literary tradition is illustrated by the works of twenty-nine authors, many of whom write in European languages. The volume also includes, however, Arabic, Chinese, and some Native American texts, with English translations. This publication is an apt reminder of American literatures' multilingual past as well as a means of giving today's readers access to this tradition spanning three centuries. Although Rolvaag's novels are Norwegian literature in terms of language, they can also be considered American literature in that they were written in America and deal with American life. Sollor's term "American literary texts in languages other than English" (Multilingual America 6) is appropriate. These writers in numerous languages were anchored in their ethnic communities and often focalized the double perspective of old and new homelands. Some also reached back to the country from which they emigrated--as did Rolvaag--by publishing their works there. What is unique about Rolvaag's texts is their transnational and transcultural nature; Norwegian-American literature is, thus, the term that best defines them. Contemporary American writers who are immigrants to the United States have, unlike Rolvaag and his generation, mostly opted for English as their literary language. Examples abound ranging from twentieth-century canonical luminary Vladimir Nabokov through today's prominent authors like Julia Alvarez, Junot Diaz, Aleksandar Hemon, Ha Jin, and Bharati Mukherjee to name just a few. They are what Steven Kellman calls "translingual authors," i.e. they have chosen the language of their new homeland for their artistic endeavors, not their mother tongue. With migration and exile as such prominent aspects of our contemporary life, the translingual writer is also common in European literatures including Scandinavian. Today's writers from migrant backgrounds in the Nordic countries (the most prominent example being the Swedish author Theodor Kallifatides) have mainly chosen to write in the Nordic languages in contrast to the practice of the earlier Scandinavian immigrant writers in America who wrote primarily in their first language. These facts offer an interesting backdrop for studying Rolvaag and provide a contextualization of different transcultural, translingual, and transnational combinations that may be open for worthwhile comparisons. Very few literary works belong to three literary traditions as is the case with O.E. Rolvaag's immigrant epic I de dage, Riket grundlogges, Peder Seier, and Den signede dag published in 1924, 1925, 1928, and 1931 respectively. Written in Norwegian, in the Norwegian-American community of the upper midwest, which maintained a lively literary tradition from roughly 1870 to 1930, Rolvaag's novels were published in Norway as rare examples of works by writers from Norwegian-America. In English translation, they were widely read contributions to American literature. Giants in the Earth, consisting of volumes I and 2 of the Norwegian edition, was published in 1927 and subsequently offered as a Book-of-the-Month selection. It was followed by Peder Victorious in 1929 and Their Fathers' God in 1931. They are, thus, a tetralogy in the Norwegian original, but a trilogy in the English version. The translations, authorized by Rolvaag himself, are in part rewritings, especially in the case of Giants in the Earth on which the author and translator collaborated in a way that they called the "double action" (Haugen 94). …
<p>Abstract: The lexicographical record of English in Canada began with wordlists of the late eighteenth, nineteenth, and early twentieth centuries. From the beginning of the twentieth century onwards, the general vocabulary of English in Canada has been represented in bilingual and monolingual dictionaries, often adapted from American or British dictionaries. In the 1950s, several important projects were initiated, resulting in the publication of general dictionaries of English in Canada, and of dictionaries of Canadianisms and of the vocabulary of particular regions of Can-ada. This article gives an overview of these dictionaries and of their reception, contextualizing them in the larger picture of the lexicography of Canada's other official language, French, and of a number of its non-official languages. It concludes by looking at the future of English-language lexicography in Canada, and by observing that although it has, at its best, reached a high degree of sophistication, there are still major opportunities waiting to be taken.</p><p>Keywords: DICTIONARY, LEXICOGRAPHY, CANADIAN ENGLISH, CANADIANISMS, NATIONAL DICTIONARIES, CANADIAN FRENCH, CANADIAN FIRST NATIONS LAN-GUAGES, BILINGUAL DICTIONARIES, REGIONAL DICTIONARIES, UNFINISHED DICTIONARY PROJECTS</p><p>Opsomming: Woordeboeke van Kanadese Engels. Die leksikografiese optekening van Engels in Kanada begin met woordelyste van die laat agtiende, neëntiende en vroeë twintigste eeue. Van die begin van die twintigste eeu af en verder, is die algemene woordeskat van Engels weergegee in tweetalige en eentalige woordeboeke, dikwels met wysiginge ontleen aan Ameri-kaanse en Britse woordeboeke. In die 1950's is verskeie belangrike projekte onderneem wat gelei het tot die publikasie van algemene woordeboeke van Engels in Kanada, en van woordeboeke van Kanadeïsmes en van die woordeskat van bepaalde streke van Kanada. Hierdie artikel gee 'n oorsig van dié woordeboeke, en van hul ontvangs, deur hulle in die konteks te plaas van die groter pa-troon van die leksikografie van Kanada se ander offisiële taal, Frans, en van 'n aantal van sy nieamptelike tale. Dit eindig deur na die toekoms van Engelstalige leksikografie in Kanada te kyk, en deur op te merk dat, alhoewel dit, op sy beste, 'n hoë graad van sofistikasie bereik het, daar nog belangrike geleenthede wag om te benut.</p><p>Sleutelwoorde: WOORDEBOEK, LEKSIKOGRAFIE, KANADESE ENGELS, KANADE-ISMES, NASIONALE WOORDEBOEKE, KANADESE FRANS, KANADESE EERSTENASIETALE, TWEETALIGE WOORDEBOEKE, STREEKSWOORDEBOEKE, ONVOLTOOIDE WOORDEBOEK-PROJEKTE</p>
Philology. Linguistics, Languages and literature of Eastern Asia, Africa, Oceania
<p>Zusammenfassung: In diesem Beitrag werden die Begriffe bereitgestellt, die benötigt werden,um jedes bereits gegebene oder noch zu planende gedruckte Wörterbuchregister in einer einheitlichentheoretischen Perspektive analysieren und entwickeln zu können, und zwar hinsichtlichseiner Strukturen, seiner Funktionen und seiner Typzugehörigkeit. Dazu werden zunächst dieakzessiven Registereinträge untersucht: Zahlreiche Typen von Registereinträgen werden unterschieden,wie z.B. nach der Anzahl und nach den Typen der Registerangaben, die reduzierten, dievollständigen, die einfachen, die erweiterten und die angereicherten Registereinträge sowie nachder mediostrukturellen Orientierung u. a. die einfach und die mehrfach außenorientierten Registereinträge.Bei den Registereintragstrukturen werden hierarchische registerinterne Konstituentenstrukturen,hierarchische registerinterne Mikrostrukturen, registerinterne Adressierungsstrukturensowie hierarchische registerinterne Angabenstrukturen dargestellt. Weiterhin wird eine Typologievon Registerzugriffsstrukturen präsentiert, in der u. a. die mediostrukturellen von den nichtmediostrukturellenRegisterzugriffsstrukturen unterschieden und beide Typen weitgehend subtypologisiertwerden. Auf der Basis der unterschiedenen Eigenschaften und Teilen von Registern wirdschließlich eine Typologie von Registern entworfen. Abschließend werden die Registerfunktionenbetrachtet und exemplarisch gezeigt, was an Registern kritikwürdig ist.</p><p>Stichwörter: AKZESSIVER REGISTEREINTRAG, EINFACHER REGISTEREINTRAG,ERWEITERTER REGISTEREINTRAG, EXTERNE DATENAKZESSIVITÄT, GESTAFFELTEREGISTERZUGRIFFSSTRUKTUR, HIERARCHISCHE REGISTERINTERNE MIKROSTRUKTUR,MEDIOSTRUKTURELLE REGISTERZUGRIFFSSTRUKTUR, MEDIOSTRUKTURELLES REGISTER,MONODIREKTIONALES ZUGRIFFSREGISTER, PERIPHERE ALPHABETISCHE REGISTERZUGRIFFSSTRUKTUR,POLYDIREKTIONALES ZUGRIFFSREGISTER, REGISTERFUNKTION,REGISTERINTERNE ADRESSIERUNGSSTRUKTUR, REGISTERINTERNE ANGABENSTRUKTUR,ZENTRALE ALPHABETISCHE REGISTERZUGRIFFSSTRUKTUR, REGISTEREINGANG,REGISTERVERWEISANGABE, REGISTERVERWEISEINTRAG, REGISTERZUGRIFFSSTRUKTUR,WÖRTERBUCHREGISTER, ZUGRIFFSREGISTER</p><p>Abstract: Dictionary Indexes. Foundations of a Theory of Indexes in Modern-day Printed Dictionaries. This article presents the concepts needed for the analysis and development of all existing and future dictionary indexes according to a uniform theoretical perspective regarding their structures, functions and typology. For this purpose, the accessible index entries are examined. Numerous types of index entries are distinguished, e.g. according to the number and types of index items, the reduced, the complete, the single, the expanded and the enriched index entries, as well as according to the mediostructural orientation, among others the single and the multiple externally oriented index entries. For the index entry structures, hierarchical index internal constituent structures, hierarchical index internal microstructures, index internal addressing structures as well as hierarchical index internal item structures are introduced. Furthermore a typology of index access structures is presented in which, among others, mediostructural are distinguished from the non-mediostructural index access structures and both types are extensively subtypologised. On the basis of the different features and parts of indexes a typology of indexes is proposed. In conclusion, the functions of indexes are examined and, by using examples, the aspects of indexes worthy of criticism are shown.</p><p>Keywords: ACCESS INDEX, ACCESSIBLE INDEX ENTRY, CENTRAL ALPHABETICALINDEX ACCESS STRUCTURE, DICTIONARY INDEX, EXPANDED INDEX ENTRY, EXTERNALDATA ACCESSIBILITY, HIERARCHICAL INDEX INTERNAL MICROSTRUCTURE, INDEXACCESS STRUCTURE, INDEX ENTRY, INDEX FUNCTION, INDEX INTERNAL ADDRESSINGSTRUCTURE, INDEX INTERNAL ITEM STRUCTURE, INDEX REFERENCE ENTRY, ITEMGIVING THE INDEX CROSS-REFERENCE, MEDIOSTRUCTURAL INDEX, MEDIOSTRUCTURALINDEX ACCESS STRUCTURE, MONODIRECTIONAL ACCESS STRUCTURE, PERIPHERALALPHABETICAL INDEX ACCESS STRUCTURE, POLYDIRECTIONAL ACCESS STRUCTURE,SINGLE INDEX ENTRY, STAGGERED INDEX ACCESS STRUCTURE</p>
Philology. Linguistics, Languages and literature of Eastern Asia, Africa, Oceania