Hasil untuk "Forestry"

Jieru Yue, Shaohua Yuan, Qiling Hou et al.

Maintaining stable male sterility is fundamental for ensuring the genetic purity and productivity of two-line hybrid wheat. However, unexpected heat events during the fertility-sensitive period can induce fertility restoration in photo-thermo-sensitive male sterile (PTMS) lines, posing a major threat to hybrid seed production. In this study, we identified two BS-type PTMS lines, BS166 and BS192, that consistently maintained sterility under heat stress in a seed-production environment, indicating strong heat-tolerant sterility. To uncover the molecular basis underlying this stability, we compared four BS-type PTMS lines exhibiting contrasting heat responses through field assessments, controlled heat treatments, transcriptome sequencing, and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). A total of 19,105 differentially expressed genes were identified, with the bisque4 module showing a significant correlation with seed setting rate. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that starch and sucrose metabolism, cutin, suberin, and wax biosynthesis, fatty acid biosynthesis, and plant hormone signal transduction pathways were highly associated with heat-tolerant sterility. Core genes within these pathways displayed transcriptional stability in BS166 and BS192 but were strongly induced in heat-sensitive lines. In situ hybridization and RT-qPCR further confirmed tapetum-specific expression of <i>TaBGLU32</i> and <i>TaLACS1</i>. Based on these findings, we propose a regulatory model explaining how PTMS lines maintain sterility stability under heat stress.

Sazonova Svetlana, Anikeev Evgeny, Shcherbakova Irina et al.

The paper considers the process of examining the current state of materials and load-bearing structures of an old building. Such buildings are often located in a forest complex. Recommendations to eliminate the defects and damage identified as a result of the survey, as well as the possibility of increasing the number of storeys were made. The process of examining the main part of the building, which is complex in terms of shape and is under the influence of the external environment of the forest complex, is considered. The design feature of the building is studied. The results of visual and instrumental inspection of the building are presented. The main recommendations for the elimination of defects and damages are developed and given. It is noted that the technical examination of the old building by the method of non-destructive testing showed that the state of the building structures of the building at the time of the survey was limited in working capacity.

Haitao Fu, Jianxiu Hao, Mengyuan Dun et al.

Increasing the amount of cheap and renewable wood flour (WF) in traditional wood–plastic composites (WPCs) can effectively enhance the cost performance and competitiveness of WPCs. This strategy aligns with global goals for sustainable and efficient resource use and carbon neutrality. In this study, ultrahigh-filled WF–polyethylene composites (UWFPEs, WF content >70 wt %) were prepared using maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (MAPE) as an interface compatibilizer through hot pressing. Increasing the WF content can raise the internal energy consumption of the system under dynamic conditions, weaken water absorption resistance, and reduce melt fluidity, while also improving the creep resistance of the system. The MAPE-compatibilized UWFPEs exhibited high interfacial bond strength, significantly enhancing mechanical strength. When the WF content was 80 %, the bending and tensile strengths increased by 137.7 % and 152.1 %, respectively. When the WF content reached 90 %, the bending and tensile moduli further increased by 28.9 % and 22.1 %, respectively. The effective interfacial combination and improved uniformity of the architecture significantly enhanced the water resistance, dimensional stability, and creep resistance of UWFPEs. The solid-like properties of the UWFPEs were demonstrated using frequency scanning tests conducted at a strain of 0.01 %. The experimental results of this study provide reliable theoretical guidance for the practical production and application of UWFPEs.

Ying Gao, Yushu Chen, Alin Olarescu et al.

As ergonomic and user-centered kitchen design gains importance, integrating built-in appliances such as refrigerators has become common in modern households. However, spatial misalignment and circulation conflicts often disrupt kitchen routines. This study introduces the BEHAVIOR model (Behavioral Embeddedness Evaluation for Appliance-Versatile Integrated Operation Routing), a multidimensional framework for evaluating the movement path adaptability of embedded refrigerators in integrated kitchen–dining environments. The model identifies eight behavioral dimensions: Body Clearance, Embedded Compatibility, Handling Logic, Accessibility, Visual Feedback, Interaction Conflict, Operating Time, and Routing Simplicity, from a user–space–product coordination perspective. Expert-based AHP weighting and user entropy methods were combined to construct adaptability scores across five kitchen layouts (L-shaped, U-shaped, single-line, G-shaped, and island). The findings indicate that Routing Simplicity and Accessibility are the core determinants of layout adaptability, while Operating Time and Body Space show layout-dependent variations. Interaction Conflict and Embedded Compatibility are significantly influenced by spatial compactness. This research identifies key behavioral bottlenecks in kitchen workflows and presents a scalable model for appliance–space compatibility analysis, contributing to behavioral product evaluation and highlighting the role of user dynamics in design decisions.

Jiongqi Lin, Wuyin Weng, Linfan Shi et al.

The ever-increasing global demand for shrimp has spurred the growth of the shrimp farming and processing industries. Byproducts derived from shrimp processing, including shrimp heads, viscera, and shells, are underutilized and pose potential environmental pollution risks. Shrimp and its byproducts contain a wide number of components, including proteins, lipids, chitin, carotenoids, and minerals. Therefore, utilizing shrimp and its byproducts holds significant economic and environmental importance, with applications in food, pharmaceutical, and other industries. Shrimp processing technologies, including thermal and non-thermal processing techniques, are reviewed. Besides, the applications of shrimp and its byproducts are summarized, covering their use in food and nutritional supplements, development of active edible films, animal feed additives, and environmental and biotechnological applications. Additionally, the barriers and prospects of utilizing shrimp processing byproducts are also discussed. The extracted active ingredients possess various biological activities, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antihypertensive, and anti-inflammatory properties, and can serve as natural and safe food or feed additives or as important ingredients for functional foods and feeds due to their unique functional and nutritional characteristics. More importantly, the bioactive compounds contained in shrimp byproducts offer new approaches for the development of food additives and nutritional supplements. Looking ahead, the development and utilization of shrimp byproducts will move towards environmentally friendly directions, such as energy conversion, bioremediation technologies, and the manufacturing of bioplastics. Moreover, the integration with artificial intelligence technologies is expected to present broad prospects for development.

Peiyun Bi, Linfeng Yu, Quan Zhou et al.

<i>Dendroctonus valens</i> is one of the main invasive pests in China, causing serious economic and ecological damage. Early detection and control of <i>D. valens</i> can help prevent further outbreaks. Based on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) thermal infrared and hyperspectral data, we compared the spectral characteristics of <i>Pinus sylvestris</i> var. <i>mongolica</i> in three states (healthy, early-infested, and dead), and constructed a classification model based on the random forest algorithm using four spectral datasets (reflectance, first derivative, second derivative, and spectral vegetation index) and one temperature parameter dataset. Our results indicated that the spectral differences between healthy and early-infested trees mainly occur in the near-infrared region, with dead trees showing different characteristics. While it was effective to distinguish healthy from early-infested trees using spectral data alone, the addition of a temperature parameter further improved classification accuracy across all datasets. The combination of the spectral vegetation index and temperature parameter achieved the highest accuracy at 93.75%, which is 3.13% higher than using the spectral vegetation index alone. This combination also significantly improved early detection precision by 13.89%. Our findings demonstrated the applicability of UAV-based thermal infrared and combined hyperspectral datasets in monitoring <i>D. valens</i> early-infested trees, providing important technical support for the scientific prevention and control of <i>D. valens</i>.

Yao Yang, Yuxian Qiu, Yu Cheng et al.

Mineral elements and non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) are important nutrients and energy sources for flower development in plants. However, no studies were reported on the dynamic changes of nutrient stoichiometry and NSC contents in <i>Houpoea officinalis</i> (<i>H. officinalis</i>) flower. In this study, the changes in carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and NSC contents as well as C:N:P stoichiometry in the pistil, stamen, and petal of <i>H. officinalis</i> flowers at four developmental stages were comparatively analyzed. The results showed that C, N, P, and NSC contents, as well as C:N:P stoichiometric ratios in the three parts of the flower exhibited large variations at four development stages. Development stages and organs had significant effects on the measured parameters in the three organs of <i>H. officinalis</i> flowers, but their interactions had no significant effects. During the flower development, C, N, and P contents in different floral parts ranged from 418.7 to 496.3 mg/g, 26.6 to 45.3 mg/g, and 0.396 to 0.656 mg/g. P content decreased continuously with development, C:N in stamen were significantly higher than those in other flower parts at the same developmental stage. Glucose, starch, fructose, and sucrose contents showed significant differences in three parts of <i>H. officinalis</i> flowers at four development stages. These differences may reflect differences in elemental storage capacity and biomass allocation patterns of <i>H. officinalis</i> flowers. In general, our data will help to improve our understanding of the relationship between NSCs and C:N:P stoichiometry in response to development stages and organs in <i>H. officinalis</i> flowers.

Vladimíra Dekanová, Milan Novikmec, Ivana Svitková et al.

Leaf litter decomposition is a critical ecosystem-level process in many freshwater habitats. Although ponds are likely to derive a large proportion of their energy from riparian vegetation, allochthonous organic matter decomposition in these water bodies has received little attention. We studied the breakdown rates of black alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.) litter in ponds and provide the first evidence of the role of the taxonomic and functional diversity of pond-dwelling shredders in this ecosystem process. Despite a strong connection to riparian zones, the litter breakdown rates observed in ponds were generally lower than those reported in headwater streams. It seems that ponds provide less favorable conditions for shredder communities than headwaters. The rate of organic matter decomposition in ponds was significantly positively related to functional diversity, represented by the variability of shredder body size, while shredder species richness did not appear to be a reliable proxy for this ecosystem function. This finding is consistent with theoretical predictions that functional complementarity among species has a systematic effect on ecosystem processes. It also emphasizes that body size is a crucial functional trait mediating the effects of shredder diversity on litter decomposition in ponds.

Maojun Duan, Juntian Zhu, Zhong Gu et al.

To investigate the temperature field variation of the main tower of large-span suspension bridges, the Nanjing Xinshengwei Yangtze River Bridge was selected as the objective of the present study. The finite element model of the main tower was developed, and the analysis of the effect of the temperature field on the structure of the main tower was carried out. The calculation parameters of the temperature field of the main tower were determined, and the influence of the solar radiation temperature of the main tower within 24 h was investigated. Differences in the temperatures inside and outside the wall of the tower column were analyzed, and the thermal stress of the tower wall under the most unfavorable temperature difference was calculated. Results show that under the positive temperature difference, the area of tensile stress is mainly concentrated on the inner wall, the maximum value is located at the corner of the intersection of the tower wall, and the range of tensile stress is mainly diffused along the vertical wall. Under the action of negative temperature difference, the area of tensile stress is mainly concentrated in the outer tower wall, the maximum value is located in the upper part of the western outer tower wall, and the range of tensile stress is mainly diffused along the center of the tower wall to both sides. The maximum tensile stresses in the inner and outer tower wall are 2.8 MPa and 1.3 MPa, respectively, which meets the standard value of 2.85 MPa for the tensile strength of C60 concrete specified in the Chinese national standard.

Alana R. Westwood, Jenna Hutchen, Tyreen Kapoor et al.

Abstract Knowledge produced by scientists is essential to the policy and practice of managing natural resources, including forests. However, there has never been systematic mapping of which techniques in knowledge exchange (KE) have been applied in the forest sciences, by whom, and to what effect. We examined KE techniques documented in the forest sciences globally. We used standardized search strings in English and French across two academic search engines (BASE and Scopus) and a specialist website (ResearchGate) to locate relevant items. We screened items, extracted data, conducted qualitative and quantitative analysis, and built a network visualization diagram to demonstrate knowledge flow. Our final map included 122 items published from 1998 to 2020, with most published after 2010. Items mentioned organizations from 66 countries as knowledge producers or users. The interactive network visualization diagram displays linkages between organizations, sectors and countries. We found that most of the KE activity involved the Global North (89%). Governments were the most common knowledge users, and industry was frequently reported as a user but rarely a producer. Academia was both producer and user. Indigenous, local, traditional or community knowledge was included in 24% of items, but these communities were not associated with any coauthor affiliations. Reported funders were universities, governments, non‐profits or foundations. We found 90 unique terms in the items related to KE with less than 25% of terms used in more than one item. Fifteen per cent of item keywords related to KE. The most commonly identified enabling conditions for KE were trust, funding and established relationships, while major barriers were challenges for translation of science and lack of time. To improve searchability of information related to KE and encourage a culture of considering KE in scientific research and forest management work, we recommend a common lexicon of ‘knowledge exchange’/‘échange de connaisances’. We recommend that more effort be given to forest science‐related KE connections between the Global North and South as well as a deliberate collection of evidence for the effectiveness of KE techniques. Researchers and practitioners can use our KE typology to identify their goals and design appropriate evaluation measures.

Nicholas Kalaitzandonakes, Christopher Willig, Kenneth Zahringer

Abstract In this review article we analyze the economics of genome editing and its potential long‐term effect on crop improvement and agriculture. We describe the emergence of genome editing as a novel platform for crop improvement, distinct from the existing platforms of plant breeding and genetic engineering. We review key technical characteristics of genome editing and describe how it enables faster trait development, lower research and development costs, and the development of novel traits not possible through previous crop improvement methods. Given these fundamental technical and economic advantages, we describe how genome editing can greatly increase the productivity and broaden the scope of crop improvement with potential outsized economic effects. We further discuss how the global regulatory policy environment, which is still emerging, can shape the ultimate path of genome editing innovation, its effect on crop improvement, and its overall socioeconomic benefits to society.

Tao Zhang, Zachary Applebee, Peng Zou et al.

Determining the amount of a drug transferred into breast milk is critical for benefit-risk analysis of breastfeeding when a lactating mother takes medications. In this study, we developed a human mammary epithelial cell (MEC)-based permeability assay to assess drug permeability across the mammary epithelium. Human MEC cell MCF10F formed tight junctions when cultured on Transwells with culture medium containing insulin, hydrocortisone and epidermal growth factor (EGF). Formation of integral cell barrier and morphology of the cells were confirmed by assessing trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER), flux of fluorescent tracers and imaging with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). MCF10F cells showed consistent P-glycoprotein (P-gp) transporter expression when culturing on Transwell inserts versus on petri dish. A few P-gp transporter drug substrates were used to estimate the permeability from this assay. Human plasma and breast milk were used as incubation medium in basolateral and apical chambers respectively to mimic physiological conditions. The predicted milk to plasma (M/P) ratios were reasonably good. The current effort to develop the MEC-based permeability assay to facilitate M/P ratio prediction showed promising results. This assay may have a potential to be developed as a useful in vitro technique for determining the transfer of small-molecule therapeutic drugs into breast milk.

Lu Wang, Yousheng Li, Jie Cui et al.

Global primates are endangered, and thus it is important to know the determinants of primate population dynamics. It is widely reported that food plant diversity and nutrients are key determinants of many primate population dynamics. However, it remains unknown whether this can be applied to explain the population dynamics of Hainan gibbon (Nomascus hainanus), the world’s rarest primate. Recently, two individuals moved out from one family group (group C) and went across more than 9 km to form a new family group (group E), thus providing a perfect chance to quantify whether food plant diversity and nutrients can determine Hainan gibbon’s formation of the new family group. Here, we used a plot survey to compare the differences in food plant diversity (species richness and abundance) and nine leaf nutrient traits (leaf water content, total soluble sugar, vitamin C, calorific value, crude fat, crude protein, crude fiber, Zn, and Fe) between group C and group E. We found that plant diversity in group E was indeed higher (1.35–1.41 times) than that in group C. Moreover, in both groups C and E, food plant diversity within the home range was also higher (1.4–1.6 times) than that out of the home range. However, both cases could not be witnessed for all leaf nutrient traits. Results of principal component analysis revealed that food plant species between groups C and E were all significantly separated by food plant diversity but not leaf nutrient traits. Food plant species within and out of the home range of both groups C and E could also be significantly separated by food plant diversity, but not for all leaf nutrient traits. In conclusion, food plant diversity was one key determinant of the formation of a new family group of Hainan gibbons. Choosing high food plant diversity was also one key motivation for Hainan gibbons to select their home range.

Elena A. Mikhailova, Lili Lin, Zhenbang Hao et al.

Integration of land cover change with soil information is important for valuation of soil carbon (C) regulating ecosystem services (ES) and disservices (ED) and for site-specific land management. The objective of this study was to assess the change in value of regulating ES from soil organic carbon (SOC), soil inorganic carbon (SIC), and total soil carbon (TSC) stocks, based on the concept of the avoided social cost of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions for the state of South Carolina (SC) in the United States of America (U.S.A.) by soil order (Soil Taxonomy), land cover, and land cover change (National Land Cover Database, NLCD) using information from the State Soil Geographic (STATSGO) and Soil Survey Geographic Database (SSURGO) databases. Classified land cover data for 2001 and 2016 were downloaded from the Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics Consortium (MRLC) website. The total estimated monetary mid-point value for TSC in the state of South Carolina was $124.42B (i.e., $124.42 billion U.S. dollars, where B = billion = 10⁹) with the following monetary distribution in 2016 and percent change in value between 2001 and 2016: barren land ($259.7M, −9%) (i.e., $259.7 million U.S. dollars, where M = million = 10⁶), woody wetlands ($33.8B, −1%), shrub/scrub ($3.9B, +9%), mixed forest ($6.9B, +5%), deciduous forest ($10.6B, −7%), herbaceous ($4.8B, −5%), evergreen forest ($28.6B, +1%), emergent herbaceous wetlands ($6.9B, −3%), hay/pasture ($7.3B, −10%), cultivated crops ($9.9B, 0%), developed, open space ($7.0B, +5%), developed, medium intensity ($978M, +46%), developed, low intensity ($2.9B, +15%), and developed, high intensity ($318M, +39%). The percent change in monetary values was different from percent change in areas because different soil orders have different TSC contents. The percent changes (between 2001 and 2016) both in areas and monetary values varied by soil order and land cover with $1.1B in likely “realized” social cost of C mostly associated with Ultisols ($658.8M). The Midlands region of the state experienced the highest gains in the “high disturbance” classes and corresponding SC-CO₂ with over $421M for TSC, $354.6M for SOC, and $66.4M for SIC. Among counties, Horry County ranked first with over $142.2M in SC-CO₂ for TSC, followed by Lexington ($103.7M), Richland ($95.3M), Greenville ($81.4M), York ($77.5M), Charleston ($70.7M), Beaufort ($64.1M), Berkeley ($50.9M), Spartanburg ($50.0M), and Aiken ($43.0M) counties. Spatial and temporal analyses of land cover can identify critical locations of soil carbon regulating ecosystem services at risk.

Koffi Dodji Noumonvi, Gal Oblišar, Ana Žust et al.

Phenological events are good indicators of the effects of climate change, since phenological phases are sensitive to changes in environmental conditions. Although several national phenological networks monitor the phenology of different plant species, direct observations can only be conducted on individual trees, which cannot be easily extended over large and continuous areas. Remote sensing has often been applied to model phenology for large areas, focusing mostly on pure forests in which it is relatively easier to match vegetation indices with ground observations. In mixed forests, phenology modelling from remote sensing is often limited to land surface phenology, which consists of an overall phenology of all tree species present in a pixel. The potential of remote sensing for modelling the phenology of individual tree species in mixed forests remains underexplored. In this study, we applied the seasonal midpoint (SM) method with MODIS GPP to model the start of season (SOS) and the end of season (EOS) of six different tree species in Slovenian mixed forests. First, substitute locations were identified for each combination of observation station and plant species based on similar environmental conditions (aspect, slope, and altitude) and tree species of interest, and used to retrieve the remote sensing information used in the SM method after fitting the best of a Gaussian and two double logistic functions to each year of GPP time series. Then, the best thresholds were identified for SOS and EOS, and the results were validated using cross-validation. The results show clearly that the usual threshold of 0.5 is not best in most cases, especially for estimating the EOS. Despite the difficulty in modelling the phenology of different tree species in a mixed forest using remote sensing, it was possible to estimate SOS and EOS with moderate errors as low as <8 days (<i>Fagus sylvatica</i> and <i>Tilia</i> sp.) and <10 days (<i>Fagus sylvatica</i> and <i>Populus tremula</i>), respectively.

Ye Chen, Quanming Xu, Hong Chen et al.

The identification of a new circovirus (Porcine Circovirus 3, PCV3) has raised concern because its impact on swine health is not fully known. In Fujian Province in eastern China, even its circulating status and genetic characteristics are unclear. Here, we tested 127 tissue samples from swine from Fujian Province that presented respiratory symptoms. All of the PCV3 positive samples were negative for many other pathogens involved in respiratory diseases like PCV2, PRRSV, and CSFV, suggesting that PCV3 is potentially pathogenic. From phylogenetic analysis, PCV3 strains are divided into two main clades and five sub-clades; PCV3a-1, PCV3a-2, PCV3a-3, PCV3b-1, and PCV3b-2. Our identified strains belong to genotypes PCV3a-1, PCV3a-2, PCV3a-3, and PCV3b-2, indicating a high degree of genetic diversity of PCV3 in Fujian province until 2019. Interestingly, we found the time of the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) of PCV3 was dated to the 1950s, and PCV3 has a similar evolutionary rate as PCV2 (the main epidemic genotypes PCV2b and PCV2d). In addition, positive selection sites N56D/S and S77T/N on the capsid gene are located on the PCV3 antigen epitope, indicating that PCV3 is gradually adaptive in swine. In summary, our results provide important insights into the epidemiology of PCV3.

Coussement, Jonas, Steppe, Kathy, Lootens, Peter et al.

Accurate assessment of canopy structure is crucial in studying plant-environment interactions. The advancement of functional-structural plant models (FSPM), which incorporate the 3D structure of individual plants, increases the need for a method for accurate mathematical descriptions of leaf shape. A model was developed as an improvement of an existing leaf shape algorithm to describe a large variety of leaf shapes. Modelling accuracy was evaluated using a spatial segmentation method and shape differences were assessed using principal component analysis (PCA) on the optimised parameters. Furthermore, a method is presented to calculate the mean shape of a dataset, intended for obtaining a representative shape for modelling purposes. The presented model is able to accurately capture a large range of single, entire leaf shapes. PCA illustrated the interpretability of the parameter values and allowed evaluation of shape differences. The model parameters allow straightforward digital reconstruction of leaf shapes for modelling purposes such as FSPMs.

Anup Gurung, R. Bista, Rahul Karki et al.

Eric Friginal

S. T. Scrivenor, G. Ainsworth