Hasil untuk "Economic theory. Demography"

Raquel Zanatta Coutinho, Fabiana Ferreira Guimarães, Michelle Elaine Siqueira Ferreira

Este estudo analisa dados da pesquisa “Percepção das mulheres sobre a assistência obstétrica e suas consequências para a saúde da mulher e da criança em Belo Horizonte”, que coletou depoimentos de 100 mulheres (20 a 47 anos) em processo de abortamento, atendidas em hospitais de Belo Horizonte (Brasil) entre janeiro de 2018 e abril de 2021. Investigou-se a ocorrência de violência obstétrica utilizando a tipificação de Bohren et al. (2015). No Brasil, há garantia de direito à assistência humanizada em todas as etapas do abortamento (diagnóstico, manejo e pós-evento). Contudo, foram encontradas violações categorizadas como: abuso físico; abuso sexual; abuso verbal; estigma e discriminação; falhas no padrão do cuidado profissional; comunicação deficiente entre mulher e prestador do serviço; e restrição de serviços. Os resultados podem subsidiar ações de saúde para promover informações corretas, reduzir desigualdades no acesso e melhorar a qualidade do atendimento.

Marc-André Gagnon

Changryong Baek, Seunghyun Moon, Seunghyeon Lee

We introduce KRED (Korea Research Economic Database), a new FRED MD style macroeconomic dataset for South Korea. KRED is constructed by aggregating 88 key monthly time series from multiple official sources (e.g., Bank of Korea ECOS, Statistics Korea KOSIS) into a unified, publicly available database. The dataset is aligned with the FRED MD format, enabling standardized transformations and direct comparability; an Appendix maps each Korean series to its FRED MD counterpart. Using a balanced panel of 80 series from 2009 to 2024, we extract four principal components via PCA that explain approximately 40% of the total variance. These four factors have intuitive economic interpretations, capturing monetary conditions, labor market activity, real output, and housing demand, analogous to diffusion indexes summarizing broad economic movements. Notably, the factor based diffusion indexes derived from KRED clearly trace major macroeconomic fluctuations over the sample period such as the 2020 COVID 19 recession. Our results demonstrate that KRED's factor structure can effectively condense complex economic information into a few informative indexes, yielding new insights into South Korea's business cycles and co movements.

Jiaxin Liu, Yixuan Tang, Yi Yang et al.

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used in decision-making scenarios that involve risk assessment, yet their alignment with human economic rationality remains unclear. In this study, we investigate whether LLMs exhibit risk preferences consistent with human expectations across different personas. Specifically, we assess whether LLM-generated responses reflect appropriate levels of risk aversion or risk-seeking behavior based on individual's persona. Our results reveal that while LLMs make reasonable decisions in simplified, personalized risk contexts, their performance declines in more complex economic decision-making tasks. To address this, we propose an alignment method designed to enhance LLM adherence to persona-specific risk preferences. Our approach improves the economic rationality of LLMs in risk-related applications, offering a step toward more human-aligned AI decision-making.

A. D. Parfenov

The article analyses communitarian models of cultural conservatism. The specific features of cultural conservatism as a form of conservative theory are revealed. A comparative analysis of various communitarian models for cultural conservatism is carried out, their common and specific features are identified. It is concluded that the initial communitarian principles of cultural conservatives can lead to different assessments of the role of the state in the implementation of cultural and national policies, as well as the most preferable ways of protecting and preserving values.

Irifaar SOME

This paper analyzes the effects of relative prices on macroeconomic stability in sub- Saharan African countries by considering inflation, real effective exchange rate, government deficit, and a composite index of macroeconomic stability using techniques combining a panel Vector Autoregressive (VAR) and the generalized method of moments (GMM) for 30 countries over the period 1991-2017. The results show that the terms of trade (external relative prices) have positive effects on the real exchange rate, the reduction of the public deficit, and on macroeconomic stability in general. Impulse response function analysis and variance decomposition confirm these different results.

Ellie Johnson, Nevil Pierse, Chisholm Chisholm

Objectives It is estimated that around 30,000 New Zealand (NZ) children are hospitalised each year for preventable conditions related to poor-quality housing. To combat the high levels of housing-related illness in NZ, the Healthy Homes Initiative (HHI) was established. The HHI is a government-funded, multicomponent housing intervention programme operating with the aim of reducing the incidence of housing-related illness in children. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the HHI programme on health outcomes of participating families. Approach The Integrated Data Infrastructure (IDI) is a database of linked microdata maintained by Statistics NZ. Deidentified HHI referral data were linked to the IDI, and we used government administrative data to explore the impact of the HHI on health outcomes. Results The HHI dataset linked to the IDI provided referral information for over 21,000 participants of the programme. Characteristics of the cohort included a higher proportion of participants who identified as Māori or Pacific Islander and lower socio-economic status than the general NZ population. Odds ratios were calculated for all variables in the model and showed lower odds of hospitalisation associated with participation in the HHI programme. Conclusion This study demonstrates how housing-intervention programmes can improve health outcomes for those at risk of illness related to housing. These programmes are imperative for addressing the burden of disease and significant health inequities driven by exposure to substandard housing in NZ. This study shows how data linkage methods and administrative data can be used to evaluate large-scale government housing programmes.

Ravi Jagadeesan, Alexander Teytelboym

This paper develops a theory of competitive equilibrium with indivisible goods based entirely on economic conditions on demand. The key idea is to analyze complementarity and substitutability between bundles of goods, rather than merely between goods themselves. This approach allows us to formulate sufficient, and essentially necessary, conditions for equilibrium existence, which unify settings with complements and settings with substitutes. Our analysis has implications for auction design.

Neri Merhav

This article stands as a tribute to the enduring legacy of Jacob Ziv and his landmark contributions to information theory. Specifically, it delves into the groundbreaking individual-sequence approach -- a cornerstone of Ziv's academic pursuits. Together with Abraham Lempel, Ziv pioneered the renowned Lempel-Ziv (LZ) algorithm, a beacon of innovation in various versions. Beyond its original domain of universal data compression, this article underscores the broad utility of the individual-sequence approach and the LZ algorithm across a wide spectrum of problem areas. As we traverse through the forthcoming pages, it will also become evident how Ziv's visionary approach has left an indelible mark on my own research journey, as well as on those of numerous colleagues and former students. We shall explore, not only the technical power of the LZ algorithm, but also its profound impact on shaping the landscape of information theory and its applications.

Meda Andrijauskiene, Dimosthenis Ioannidis, Daiva Dumciuviene et al.

Though much attention is dedicated to the development of its research and innovation policy, the European Union constantly struggles to match the level of the strongest innovators in the world. Therefore, there is a necessity to analyze the individual efforts and conditions of the 27 member states that might determine their final innovative performance. The results of a scientific literature review showed that there is a growing interest in the usage of artificial intelligence when seeking to improve decision-making processes. Data envelopment analysis, as a branch of computational intelligence methods, has proved to be a reliable tool for innovation efficiency evaluation. Therefore, this paper aimed to apply DEA for the assessment of the European Union’s innovation efficiency from 2000 to 2020, when innovation was measured by patent, trademark, and design applications. The findings showed that the general EU innovation efficiency situation has improved over time, meaning that each programming period was more successful than the previous one. On the other hand, visible disparities were found across the member states, showing that Luxembourg is an absolute innovation efficiency leader, while Greece and Portugal achieved the lowest average efficiency scores. Both the application of the DEA method and the gathered results may act as viable guidelines on how to improve R&I policies and select future investment directions.

Мар’яна Бортнікова, Юлія Чиркова

В статті розкрито проблеми гармонізації податкового законодавства України та ЄС та визначено напрями їх вирішення. З’ясовано, що процесу гармонізації вітчизняної податкової бази до вимог законодавства європейських країн притаманний досить довготривалий та систематичний характер, внаслідок чого стає можливо забезпечити більш кращі умови для співпраці нашої країни з країнами-членами ЄС, а також забезпечити достатній рівень інвестиційної привабливості України загалом. Визначено головні особливості європейських стандартів налагодження роботи податкових правовідносин. Розкрито чинники, які впливають на податкову політику та відрізняють вітчизняну податкову політику від політики європейських країн. Визначено найбільш вагомі проблеми в сфері оподаткування в Україні. Розкрито напрями вирішення існуючих проблем в сфері гармонізації в сфері гармонізації податкового законодавства України.

Luca Papi

Il lavoro propone una sistematica valutazione economica di due importanti e recenti interventi di politica economica (i cosiddetti “bonus facciate” e “superbonus 110%”) con i quali sono state introdotte generose agevolazioni fiscali per ristrutturare e riqualificare il patrimonio edilizio privato italiano. I risultati della nostra analisi considerano le due misure meritevoli negli obiettivi, ma criticabili nella progettazione e nelle modalità di attuazione per gli effetti negativi in termini di spesa, efficienza ed equità. Il lavoro si conclude discutendo alcuni suggerimenti correttivi delle due misure adottate.

Sharmistha Chakrabarti, Yuanmeng Yang, Shuman Zhang et al.

This study re-examines the impact of natural disasters on economic growth in the perspective of developed and developing countries. Based on panel data consisting of developing and developed countries over the period 1990-2019 and using different statistical techniques we find that i) Developing countries agricultural growth impacted twice as much severely as the agricultural growth of developed countries. ii) While per capita GDP growth of developing countries is impacted severely, the developed countries don't have any statistical impact. The study confirms the finding of previous studies such as Panwar and Sen (2019) , and Nishizawa et al (2019) that the economic impact of natural disasters are statistically stronger in developing countries.

Nick Harkiolakis

A representation of economic activity in the form of a law of conservation of value is presented based on the definition of value as potential to act in an environment. This allows the encapsulation of the term as a conserved quantity throughout transactions. Marginal value and speed of marginal value are defined as derivatives of value and marginal value, respectively. Traditional economic statements are represented here as cycles of value where value is conserved. Producer-consumer dyads, shortage and surplus, as well as the role of the value in representing the market and the economy are explored. The role of the government in the economy is also explained through the cycles of value the government is involved in. Traditional economic statements and assumptions produce existing hypotheses as outcomes of the law of conservation of value.

Harold Erbin

This book provides an introduction to string field theory (SFT). String theory is usually formulated in the worldsheet formalism, which describes a single string (first-quantization). While this approach is intuitive and could be pushed far due to the exceptional properties of two-dimensional theories, it becomes cumbersome for some questions or even fails at a more fundamental level. These motivations have led to the development of SFT, a description of string theory using the field theory formalism (second-quantization). As a field theory, SFT provides a rigorous and constructive formulation of string theory. The main objective is to construct the closed bosonic SFT and to explain how to assess the consistency of string theory with it. The accent is put on providing the reader with the foundations, conceptual understanding and intuition of what SFT is. After reading this book, they should be able to study the applications from the literature. The book is organized in two parts. The first part reviews the topics of the worldsheet theory that are necessary to build SFT (worldsheet path integral, CFT and BRST quantization). The second part starts by introducing general concepts of SFT from the BRST quantization. Then, it introduces off-shell string amplitudes before providing a Feynman diagrams interpretation from which the building blocks of SFT are extracted. After constructing the closed SFT, it is used to outline the proofs of several important consistency properties, such as background independence, unitarity and crossing symmetry. Finally, the generalization to the superstring is also discussed. This book grew up from lecture notes for a course given at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität LMU (winter semesters 2017-2018 and 2018-2019). The current document is the draft of the manuscript published by Springer.

Ihor Tsependa

The article dwells on the state, achievements and research perspectives of the political science school of the Carpathian region scholars. It analyses the whole complex of debatable issues under study that scientists have been working on lately relying on the social demand regarding Ukrainian political processes coverage. The research revolves around certain political aspects of the general topic "Western Ukraine in the national liberation movement and in the processes of state-building". It provides analysis of the historical participation of Western Ukrainian lands in national state-building processes and in national liberation movement, ways of establishing the unity of Ukraine in the historical and political context, as well as political aspects of state-building. Political scientists of the Carpathian region have worked out a scientifically valid position condemning Russia's imperial ambitions regarding the independent Ukrainian state.

N. V. Kholshev, D. N. Konovalov, A. A. Lavrenchenko

Reducing the number of road accidents is an urgent task, the solution of which can be achieved, including by improving the design of vehicles. One of the most common causes of road accidents is the occurrence of a car skidding during braking with its subsequent exit from the traffic corridor. The effective development of new vehicle safety systems that increase its directional stability during braking and the improvement of existing systems is possible only if there are reliable methods that take into account the main parameters of the vehicle that affect its stability during braking. The currently existing methods and expressions for calculating the heading angles of a car at the end of braking have a number of assumptions that facilitate the calculations. This does not diminish their value, but slightly reduces accuracy. The purpose of this work was to clarify the methodology for calculating the permissible and actual heading angles of the vehicle at the end of braking. Within the framework of the work, theoretical studies have been carried out, based on the analysis of existing research on this topic. Based on the analysis performed, it was found that the existing methods and expressions for calculating the heading angle of a car at the end of braking do not take into account the effect of differences in the track dimensions of the front and rear axles of the car, and the center of mass of the car is conventionally assumed to be located on the longitudinal axis of the car. Evaluation of the influence of these parameters on the accuracy of calculations has not been carried out at present, there are no expressions for calculating the permissible heading angle of the vehicle at the end of braking. As a result of theoretical studies, a refined technique was obtained, including expressions for calculating the actual heading angle of the vehicle at the end of braking under various braking modes. The previously specified parameters are taken into account in the expressions obtained. An equation was derived to calculate the permissible heading angle of the car at the end of braking, taking into account the dimensions of the car, its location relative to the edge of the carriageway and the width of the lane. The refined expressions and the resulting equation that form the methodology for calculating the heading angles of the vehicle at the end of braking represent the scientific novelty of this work. To increase the efficiency of calculations according to the proposed method, a computer program has been developed. The direction of further research is to assess the adequacy and accuracy of the proposed methodology using the developed program.

John R. Klauder

Today's quantum field theory (QFT) relies heavenly on canonical quantization (CQ), which fails for $\varphi^4_4$ leading only to a "free" result. Affine quantization (AQ), an alternative quantization procedure, leads to a "non-free" result for the same model. Perhaps adding AQ to CQ can improve the quantization of a wide class of problems in QFT.

Jan E. Snellman, Rafael A. Barrio, Kimmo K. Kaski et al.

In this study we present a dynamical agent-based model to investigate the interplay between the socio-economy of and SEIRS-type epidemic spreading over a geographical area, divided to smaller area districts and further to smallest area cells. The model treats the populations of cells and authorities of districts as agents, such that the former can reduce their economic activity and the latter can recommend economic activity reduction both with the overall goal to slow down the epidemic spreading. The agents make decisions with the aim of attaining as high socio-economic standings as possible relative to other agents of the same type by evaluating their standings based on the local and regional infection rates, compliance to the authorities' regulations, regional drops in economic activity, and efforts to mitigate the spread of epidemic. We find that the willingness of population to comply with authorities' recommendations has the most drastic effect on the epidemic spreading: periodic waves spread almost unimpeded in non-compliant populations, while in compliant ones the spread is minimal with chaotic spreading pattern and significantly lower infection rates. Health and economic concerns of agents turn out to have lesser roles, the former increasing their efforts and the latter decreasing them.

ZSUZSANNA NOVÁK

A fejlett ipari országoknak is az államadósság csökkentése vagy akár szinten tartása okozza az egyik legfontosabb gazdaságpolitikai dilemmát. Az euróövezet tagállamai esetében is ez a kritérium tűnik a legkevésbé teljesíthetőnek, de Japán és az Egyesült Államok is leküzdhetetlennek tűnő államadóssággal birkózik. A tanulmány rövid áttekintést ad néhány meghatározó közgazdasági megközelítésről, amelyek az államadósság szintjének hosszú távú alakulása mögött meghúzódó tényezőket, gazdaságpolitikai lépéseket magyarázzák. Végül az elméletek alapján tanulságokat fogalmaz meg a magyar államadósság kezelését illetően az 1990–2010 közötti folyamatok ismeretében.