Hasil untuk "Economic history and conditions"

M. Avendano, E. Balster, M. Martens et al.

Ariel Bernardo Ibañez Choque

The left-wing experience in Bolivia was emblematic for its achievements in economic growth and an unprecedented reduction of poverty and inequality, but it was interrupted by the coup of 2019. Nevertheless, in 2020 the second progressive wave emerged after a broad social movement to recover democracy. Then, this research aims to critically reflect on the progressive experience in Bolivia and its new challenges. Using political economy categories and the heterodox framework, this research argues that to remain the second progressive wave experience requires overcoming the internal political crisis and the balance of payments constraints.

Facundo Barrera Insua, Déborah Noguera, Emiliano López

Desde la emergencia del neoliberalismo ha aflorado una nueva tendencia a la monopolización en la mayor parte de las economías occidentales. En particular, los países latinoamericanos han visto las consecuencias de esta tendencia con mayor gravedad debido a su condición periférica y dependiente. En este artículo buscamos dar cuenta del proceso de fortalecimiento del poder estructural del capital a través del análisis de las interacciones sectoriales entre ramas de actividad en Argentina. Abordamos esta problemática desde el enfoque de redes complejas y proponemos aproximar el poder estructural del capital mediante el índice PageRank. Los resultados encontrados permiten identificar, primero, cierta estabilidad en las posiciones de las ramas productivas en el entramado de relaciones intersectoriales, especialmente en los puestos líderes del ranking y, segundo, un vínculo positivo entre la inserción exportadora de los sectores y su participación en procesos de valorización globales, y el índice de centralidad de sus posiciones en el sistema productivo local.

Mickaël Wilmart

Alors qu’on associe spontanément le vigneron au monde rural, c’est paradoxalement la documentation urbaine qui nous renseigne le mieux sur lui pour les trois derniers siècles du Moyen Âge. Si les sources notariales et seigneuriales ne sont pas toujours précises le concernant avant le xve siècle, les archives urbaines permettent de mieux comprendre l’émergence d’un métier reconnu, en partie façonné par les exigences de la ville. Au xive siècle, les listes produites (de vote ou d’imposition) donnent à voir un groupe socio-professionnel bien identifié. Dans les décennies suivantes, les sources normatives se multiplient à leur sujet ainsi que les conflits sur leur temps de travail. Enfin, la fin du xve siècle voit l’apparition de métiers organisés dans plusieurs villes. Cette lente évolution répond à une exigence de professionnalisation de la part de citadins investissant de plus en plus dans des clos périurbains sans procéder eux-mêmes à leur exploitation.

Brendan J. Von Briesen

La historia del trabajo de carga y descarga en el Puerto de Tarragona nos ofrece una buena oportunidad para entender mejor los impactos de los cambios institucionales y tecnológicos en la construcción de un mercado laboral capitalista. Empieza a mediados del dieciocho con la historia del Gremio de Mareantes de Tarragona, el cual se reconstituyó en 1873 bajo el nombre de Sociedad Marítima y Protectora, pero sin alterar sus operaciones sustancialmente hasta finales del diecinueve, cuando se convirtió en una sociedad de socorros mutuos. Seguimos la trayectoria con la transformación del mercado laboral y las luchas sindicales hasta la Guerra Civil.

A. Tay, A. Riley, Rashidul Islam et al.

Abstract Aims Despite the magnitude and protracted nature of the Rohingya refugee situation, there is limited information on the culture, mental health and psychosocial wellbeing of this group. This paper, drawing on a report commissioned by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), aims to provide a comprehensive synthesis of the literature on mental health and psychosocial wellbeing of Rohingya refugees, including an examination of associated cultural factors. The ultimate objective is to assist humanitarian actors and agencies in providing culturally relevant Mental Health and Psychosocial Support (MHPSS) for Rohingya refugees displaced to Bangladesh and other neighbouring countries. Methods We conducted a systematic search across multiple sources of information with reference to the contextual, social, economic, cultural, mental health and health-related factors amongst Rohingya refugees living in the Asia-Pacific and other regions. The search covered online databases of diverse disciplines (e.g. medicine, psychology, anthropology), grey literature, as well as unpublished reports from non-profit organisations and United Nations agencies published until 2018. Results The legacy of prolonged exposure to conflict and persecution compounded by protracted conditions of deprivations and displacement is likely to increase the refugees' vulnerability to wide array of mental health problems including posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression and suicidal ideation. High rates of sexual and gender-based violence, lack of privacy and safe spaces and limited access to integrated psychosocial and mental health support remain issues of concern within the emergency operation in Bangladesh. Another challenge is the limited understanding amongst the MHPSS personnel in Bangladesh and elsewhere of the language, culture and help-seeking behaviour of Rohingya refugees. While the Rohingya language has a considerable vocabulary for emotional and behavioural problems, there is limited correspondence between these Rohingya terms and western concepts of mental disorders. This hampers the provision of culturally sensitive and contextually relevant MHPSS services to these refugees. Conclusions The knowledge about the culture, context, migration history, idioms of distress, help-seeking behaviour and traditional healing methods, obtained from diverse sources can be applied in the design and delivery of culturally appropriate interventions. Attention to past exposure to traumatic events and losses need to be paired with attention for ongoing stressors and issues related to worries about the future. It is important to design MHPSS interventions in ways that mobilise the individual and collective strengths of Rohingya refugees and build on their resilience.

Sergey Stupachev

The article considers the financial assistance of international financial institutions (the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank) to Moldova in their partnership process. The relevance of the study is determined by the objective need to use this financial assistance to solve urgent financial and economic problems and implement an effective economic policy of Moldova. The purpose of the article is to analyze the financial assistance of International Financial Institutions to Moldova to assess the current state and prospects for developing their financial relations. The information base of the research consists of theoretical and methodological scientific studies of foreign and Moldovan economists devoted to the subject under consideration; information materials of official websites of financial organizations. It is shown that for the entire period of financial support of Moldova by the International Monetary Fund, almost all special credit mechanisms have been implemented. Since 1993, the World Bank has implemented and is financing 118 different projects (90 completed, 18 active and 7 under development). Agriculture accounts for the largest number of projects financed by the bank. It is revealed that the country's debt and overdue obligations to International Financial Institutions have an upward trend, which is due to the crises and financial instability of 2008 and 2019. The continuation of such a trend in the future may lead to certain financial and economic problems if the financial assistance received does not lead to significant development of the Moldovan economy.

V. Piscopo, A. Scamardella, Giovanni Battista Rossi et al.

The fatigue assessment of mooring lines for floating offshore wind turbines represents a challenging issue not only for the reliable design of the stationkeeping system but also for the economic impact on the installation and maintenance costs over the entire lifetime of the offshore wind farm. After a brief review about the state-of-art, the nonlinear time-domain hydrodynamic model of floating offshore wind turbines moored by chain cables is discussed. Subsequently, the assessment of the fatigue damage in the mooring lines is outlined, focusing on the combined-spectrum approach. The relevant fatigue parameters, due to the low- and wave-frequency components of the stress process, are estimated by two different methods. The former is based on the time-domain analysis of the filtered stress process time history. The latter, instead, is based on the spectral analysis of the stress process by two advanced methods, namely the Welch and Thomson ones. Subsequently, a benchmark study is performed, assuming as reference floating offshore wind turbine the OC4-DeepCWind semisubmersible platform, equipped with the 5 MW NREL wind turbine. The cumulative fatigue damage is determined for eight load conditions, including both power production and parked wind turbine situations. A comparative analysis between time-domain and spectral analysis methods is also performed. Current results clearly show that the endorsement of advanced spectral analysis methods can be helpful to improve the reliability of the fatigue life assessment of mooring lines.

Fatima Boccetti

El siguiente trabajo pretende una aproximación a la experiencia femenina durante el recrudecimiento neoliberal en Córdoba hacía finales de la década del 90. A partir de la historia reciente y la historia oral, mediante el testimonio de una de las mujeres que luchó junto a los trabajadores de la Cervecería Córdoba, busca entender desde una perspectiva de género a las acciones colectivas en clave de politización y repolitización de las mujeres que desarrollaron sus prácticas y acciones en los márgenes del circuito doméstico en un contexto fuertemente convulsionado, cuyo objetivo no residía sólo en expresarse sino transformar la realidad.

Eva Latifatun Ni'mah, Dimas Tri Anantyo, Adhie Nur Radityo Suswihardhyono et al.

Background: Children with low birth weight tend to have a higher risk of experiencing abnormal growth and developmental delays. While the risk of developing obesity in the later years is higher in children with high birth weight. Physical and psychological conditions can affect the quality of life of adolescents. Objective: To analyze the association between birth weight and quality of life in early and middle adolescents. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 120 students aged 13-16 years in Semarang City in which a consecutive sampling method was used.  The study was conducted in August 2020. Research subjects need to fill up the PedsQL, PAQ, birth history, and socio-economic questionnaires. Statistical analyses used were Chi-square and logistic regression tests. Results: Birth weight was significantly associated with quality of life (p=0.002). A history of abnormal birth weight increases the risk of experiencing poor quality of life as a teenager (p=0.002; OR=3.987). Low birth weight was associated with decreased physical function (p=0.001), whereas high birth weight was associated with reduced social and school functioning (p=0.013; 0.032). Gender was significantly associated with quality of life (p=0.016). Girls tend to have a higher risk of experiencing poor quality of life (p=0.021; OR=4.021). Conclusion: Birth weight has a significant association with quality of life in early and middle adolescents. Adolescents with a history of LBW or HBW were more likely to experience decreased quality of life than adolescents with a history of NBW. Keywords: Adolescence, Birth weight, Quality of Life.

Elizabeth M. S. Kwong, T. Kwok, T. S. Sumerlin et al.

Background Subjective social status (SSS), one’s self-perceived social status, has been gaining interest among researchers as a risk/protective factor of many health outcomes. SSS encompasses both socio-economic factors (eg, income) and intangible aspects of status (eg, esteem from peers). This study’s main objective was to examine the association between SSS and future risk of depression in elderly Chinese. Methods Using data from the ongoing Mr/Mrs Os study, a longitudinal study of Hong Kong Chinese elderly, this study analysed baseline SSS-Hong Kong (self-perceived social status within Hong Kong) and SSS-Community (self-perceived status within one’s own social network) as predictors of Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) score at year 4 (n=3153). The models adjusted for baseline depression scores, socio-economic status indicators, demographic variables, clinical conditions and functional status variables. Results Higher depression scores at follow-up were independently associated with lower SSS-Hong Kong (standardised β-coefficient= −0.040, p=0.017), lower SSS-Community (standardised β-coefficient= −0.057, p=0.001), in addition to older age, female gender and stroke history. After stratifying by dementia status, higher baseline SSS was associated with less depressive symptoms only in the non-dementia group. In the multivariable models that included both SSS variables, only SSS-Community was significantly associated with year 4 GDS score. However, both SSS variables were independently associated with year 4 depression status in the logistic regression analysis. Conclusion In Chinese elderly, SSS captures aspects of social status that are not captured by traditional socio-economic indicators. SSS can be a useful supplementary tool for assessing future risk of developing mental health conditions.

F. Hou

ABSTRACT Welcoming 60,000 Southeast Asian refugees in the 1979–80 period has become a celebrated part of Canada's history, but the eventual integration of these refugees into Canadian society has received insufficient attention. This study provides a comprehensive overview of Vietnamese refugees’ economic outcomes over the three decades after their arrival. This study also explores how regional contexts contributed to shaping economic outcomes. Based on analyses of multi-year census data, this study finds that adult Vietnamese refugees arrived with little human capital, but they had high employment rates, and over time they closed their initial large earnings gap with other immigrants. Childhood Vietnamese refugees out-performed other childhood immigrants and similar-aged Canadian-born individuals in educational attainment and earnings when they reached adulthood. The geographic region of residence was associated with some large variations in refugees’ socioeconomic outcomes; and regional differences in refugees’ human capital characteristics, ethnic enclave, and economic conditions played varying roles depending on the outcome measure and length of residence.

LÁSZLÓ FIKÓ

A tanulmányban a szerző arra keres választ, hogy a 2008–2009-es világgazdasági válság milyen hosszú távú hatást gyakorol az ázsiai iparosodott országok gazdasági fejlődésére, különösen a gazdaságpolitika változása és az iparstruktúra terén. Az 1997–1998-as ázsiai pénzügyi válság tapasztalatai nyomán végbement a régió gazdaságainak intézményi fejlődése, ezáltal ellenállóbbá váltak a későbbi világválsággal szemben, amely a délkelet ázsiai térségbe közvetett úton, az exportpiacok visszaesésével gyűrűzött be. A jelek szerint a válság következtében olyan átalakulás megy végbe az ázsiai iparosodott országokban, aminek hatására megnő a belső piac és a regionális kereskedelem fontossága. Ez a tény ráirányítja a figyelmet az úgynevezett „decoupling” jelenségére.

Dominika Szécsi

Financial attitudes are constantly evolving over time, so it is interesting and important to show what external and internal influences affect one’s change. One of the most defining periods in a person's life is when the process of independence starts in their young years. The aim of my research was to analyze the financial attitudes of young adults and the factors that influence them, i.e.: their family background, their decision-making style, their places of residence and their financial situation as the potential key influencing factors. Frequently only one of the highlighted factors is examined in literature, so I paid special attention to the complexity of the dimensions and examined them together and separately as well. In my empirical research I examined the relationship of financial attitude and decision making with cluster analysis and pivot-table methods, while housing aspects were examined by linear regression. According to my results, the financial attitude is influenced by the norms brought from home, the place of residence and the financial situation of the young person.

MÁRK BATÓ

2011 júniusában lezárult az első európai szemeszter. Az európai szemeszter bevezetésének célja az uniós gazdaságpolitikák koordinációjának megerősítése volt. A tanulmányban kiemelten foglalkozunk a kohéziós politikával, mivel ennek ernyője alatt olyan fejlesztések jelennek meg, amelyeket uniós forrásokból, de jelentős részben tagállami, illetve régiós döntések alapján megvalósítanak meg, emiatt szoros összefüggést mutatnak az európai szemeszter keretében folyó gazdaságpolitikai koordinációval. Az elemzésben az Európai Unió szempontjából vizsgáljuk meg a kohéziós politikát, értékeljük az uniós szempontból teremtett hozzáadott értéket. A kohéziós politikáról megjelenő értékelések döntő része tagállami szempontokat tükröz, ezért is bír nagy jelentőséggel annak megállapítása, hogy az integráció szempontjából hogyan látszik az egyik leginkább európai politika.

GÁBOR KUTASI

Kutasi Gábor 2008 tavaszán védte meg doktori értekezését a Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem Nemzetközi Kapcsolatok Doktori Iskolájában. A disszertáció értelmében az EU8+2 országok (Bulgária, Csehország, Észtország, Lengyelország, Lettország, Litvánia, Magyarország, Románia, Szlovákia és Szlovénia) felzárkózásához elengedhetetlen kiindulási alap a stabil üzleti környezet megteremtése, ami a fenntartható, egyensúlyi költségvetési politikával érhető el esetükben. A költségvetési egyensúly javítja mind a tőkevonzó képességet, mind az euró egységes piaci versenyképességet elősegítő bevezetésének esélyét. Érdemes tehát megvizsgálni, hogy e gazdaságpolitikai versenyben milyen pozíciót értek el egymáshoz képest az EU8+2 országok. A tanulmány a téma kutatási eredményeit foglalja össze.

S. Pengpid, K. Peltzer

Objective To assess the prevalence and health correlates of fall-related injury in a national population-based community-dwelling sample of older Indonesians. Methods Participants were 6698 older adults, 50 years and older (median age 58.0 years, IQR=11.0, and age range of 50–101 years), who took part in in the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS-5) in 2014-15. They provided information about sociodemographic, various health variables, including a falling down and received treatment history in the last two years. Results Overall, 12.8% had one or more fall-related injuries in the past two years, 14.0% among women and 11.5% among men, 7.6% had a single fall, and 5.2% multiple fall-related injuries in the past two years. In multivariable logistic regression models, having two or more chronic conditions, urinary problems, and functional disability was independently associated with multiple fall-related injuries in the past two years in both sexes. Sex-specific risk factors were former tobacco use, having or having had a cataract, sleep disturbance, and sleep impairment in men and poorer economic background, depression symptoms, and low cognitive functioning in women. Conclusion A significant proportion of older adults in Indonesia have fall-related injury. Several homogenous between the sexes and sex-specific risk factors for fall-related injury were identified that can help in designing fall-prevention strategies.

D. Hodson, I. Maher

Gwendolyn Wright

Shada Elalem, I. Pal

Abstract A disproportionate share of the global economic and human losses caused by environmental shocks is borne by people in the developing nations. The mountain region of Hindu-Kush Himalaya (HKH) in South Asia is threatened by numerous flooding events annually. An efficient disaster risk reduction often needs to rest upon location-based synoptic view of vulnerability. Resolving this deficit improves the ability to take risk reduction measures in a cost-effective way, and in doing so, strengthens the resilience of societies to flooding disasters. The central aim of this research is to identify the vulnerable locations across HKH boundary from the perspective of reported history of economic and human impacts due to occurrence of flooding disasters. A detailed analysis indicates a very high spatial heterogeneity in flooding disaster occurrence in the past 6 decades. The most recent decade reported highest number of disasters and greater spatial coverage as compared to the earlier decades. The data indicates that, in general, economic impacts of flooding disasters were notably higher in Pakistan, Afghanistan and Nepal. On the other hand, vulnerability scenarios with respect to human impacts were diverse for different countries. In terms of morbidity and mortality, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Bhutan and India were detected to be most susceptible to human impacts. Although Bhutan had seen lesser number of flooding disasters, higher population living within disaster prone region make them vulnerable. In summary, complex interactions between natural and socio-economic conditions play a dominant role to define and characterize the type and magnitude of vulnerability of HKH countries to disaster occurrence and their economic and human impacts.