El texto destaca la necesidad de integrar la ética en la educación médica para formar profesionales no solo competentes técnicamente, sino también moralmente responsables. Utiliza la figura de Ulises en la Odisea para ilustrar la importancia de la resiliencia y la introspección en momentos de adversidad. Enfatiza que, aunque los avances científicos y técnicos son cruciales, deben ir acompañados de una sólida formación ética para enfrentar los desafíos del entorno sanitario actual. La ética médica no solo se basa en principios teóricos, sino también en la práctica de virtudes como la prudencia y el respeto. Además, se subraya la importancia de un currículo que incluya tanto la formación formal como la influencia del “currículum oculto”, es decir, los aprendizajes implícitos adquiridos a través de la experiencia y la interacción con mentores y colegas.
Medical philosophy. Medical ethics, Business ethics
Due to the evolution of digital finance and the active development of cryptocurrencies, blockchain is no longer just a tool for cryptocurrency extraction or database management but a technology that has a wider range of benefits for every trader who wants to conduct transactions using electronic payment instruments (cost improvement, effective tracking and traceability, verifiable record-keeping, transparency, etc.). The impact of blockchain technology on e-commerce can be viewed through the prism of unprecedented technological capabilities, legal and regulatory issues, customer data analysis, the design of communication channels along the supply chain, and trust and security. The article investigates the effect and the direction of the impact made by changes in digital blockchain technologies on retail prices in US e-commerce during 2014-2023 based on the VECM error correction model (software package – Eviews 12). The stability of the time series of the studied variables was confirmed by the Phillips-Perron test, and the Granger causality test showed the absence of a causal relationship between the studied factors in both directions. Instead, the Johansen Juselius Joint Integration Test showed a long-term balance between the studied variables (this is what allows using the VECM model). The results of the delay test of the studied model by two criteria (AIC and SC) showed that the optimal number of delays for the studied variables is 2. When conducting validity tests of the VECM model (joint integration test, LM test, heterogeneity test, unit root test, etc.), it was found that the model does not suffer from the problem of heterogeneity or self-correlation and meets the stability conditions. The study results indicate a positive impact of changes caused by blockchain technology on e-commerce in the long run (changes in digital blockchain technology explain 44% of retail e-commerce changes), with no short-term effect. Any shock in retail e-commerce will quickly affect changes in digital blockchain technology and vice versa (from the first period).
The integration of metaverse technologies in the Indian education system presents transformative opportunities for enhancing the learning experience through personalized and immersive instruction. This study explores the potential of the metaverse to foster student engagement and improve educational outcomes, aligning with the broader goal of using innovative technology to meet diverse learner needs. However, realizing this potential requires addressing critical challenges. The lack of adequate teacher training and infrastructure remains a significant barrier, highlighting the need for professional development programs that equip educators with both technical and pedagogical skills. Ethical concerns related to data privacy and student well-being also demand attention, particularly regarding the collection of sensitive data and the impact of prolonged virtual immersion on mental health. Additionally, equitable access to metaverse technologies is a pressing issue, as the digital divide threatens to widen educational disparities. To ensure the successful adoption of the metaverse in Indian education, comprehensive policy reforms, ethical safeguards, and initiatives aimed at bridging access gaps are essential. This study calls for future research on the long-term effects of metaverse integration on student outcomes and best practices for addressing these challenges, promoting a more inclusive and ethical digital learning environment.
This paper uses the IBE <i>Ethics at Work</i> 2018 survey to explore employees’ ethical reasoning and examine gender and age differences across 12 countries. Debates about gender and ethics have been intense since Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, with feminist critiques from Gilligan and others advocating the different voice of women, while the recent arrival of Millennials in the workplace has raised new questions about age/generational differences and ethics. The findings in this study suggest that women and older workers have stronger ethical judgments in the workplace than men and younger workers. These gender and age differences, both among employees and managers, are consistent across countries. This study shows that individual characteristics are important for employees’ ethical reasoning, which affects their ability to make ethical decisions and act ethically. Business ethics research should therefore take greater account of differences between (groups of) employees and their learning needs when examining the effectiveness of ethics policies and instruments, while organizations can improve employee ethical reasoning by adopting diversity-based training programs and ethical leadership.
Political institutions and public administration (General)
Introduction. In the context of the significance of the development of the Russian economy, the culture of business communications of business entities is of particular importance. Its enhancement and stimulation are supported in every possible way by the state, and popularization of entrepreneurship and formation of a positive image of the entrepreneur among the population become the most important area of activity in achieving state goals and objectives. Though, the process of forming business ethics and legal regulation of the promotion of business ethics in the Russian legislation are still at the stage of active development. Theoretical analysis. The modern legal field primarily reflects promotion of the values of competition, promotion of social responsibility norms among entrepreneurs, promotion of legal entrepreneurship and formation of a positive image of the entrepreneur. However, most often, the legislator creates the prerequisites for the behavior desired by business in the existing legal conditions, without directly enshrining the “propaganda of business ethics”, with examples from current legislation and law enforcement practice being confirmation of that. Empirical analysis. Fragmented legal regulation of the promotion of business ethics, both at the federal and regional levels, emphasizes the lack of a systematic approach to understanding business ethics, which, in turn, may affect the effectiveness of the future formation of fair commercial practices. Result. In the legal field, business ethics should be considered as a complex, collective and still developing concept, including an attitude to the social responsibility of a business entity, corruption, healthy competition, combining elements of management ethics, corporate culture, ethics of interaction with government agencies, environmental awareness, etc. Introduction to the legal field of promoting business ethics is a natural process. Legal education remains an effective measure to promote business ethics among business entities, that pursues preventive goals, and only in conjunction with measures to support and encourage such activities at the present time, since ensuring the standards of business ethics is closely related to the absence of illegal forms of economic struggle, to building measures of economic security in the context of corporate social responsibility, rejection of corruption, etc.
Livia Maria de Souza Gonçalves, Felipe Felizardo Mattos Vieira, Ariadne Botto Fiorot
et al.
ABSTRACTEstablishing effective pharmaceutical governance is a challenge for government agencies, private enterprises, and professionals working on the ground, demanding complex ethical decisions from the actors involved, especially in a lower-middle-income country like Ghana. This letter aims to share the author’s perspectives and additional considerations on the analyses of the reports in the paper “It is very difficult in this business if you want to have a good conscience”: pharmaceutical governance and on-the-ground ethical labor in Ghana by Hampshire et al. The letter's authors discuss the need to advance universal health coverage in Ghana, the everyday ethics, and the disparities between the collective and individual moral consciousness of the participants, as well as other aspects of governance in the pharmaceutical sector.
Medical philosophy. Medical ethics, Social sciences (General)
Dede Suleman, Supiandi Supiandi, Sri Budi Cantika Yuli
et al.
Purpose — This study aims to investigate the dual impacts of cultural shock and economic development in the Mandalika Special Economic Zone on the preservation of local culture.
Method — Employing a qualitative approach, this research utilizes in-depth interviews and observations to collect data from residents, tourists, and stakeholders within the Mandalika. The gathered insights provide a comprehensive understanding of the cultural impacts, economic developments, and changes in behavior, lifestyle, and cultural norms.
Result — The study reveals a range of positive and negative impacts stemming from the collision of local culture with global influences. Positive effects include the introduction of local culture to the world, economic empowerment through tourism, preservation through education, and increased cultural awareness. Conversely, negative outcomes encompass cultural dilution, excessive commercialization, clashes of values, social imbalances, and shifts in lifestyle. These changes manifest in increased social interactions, adoption of global business ethics, modern lifestyle adoption, shifts in consumption patterns, adjustments to tourist expectations, clothing influences, and more.
Contribution — This research contributes to the understanding of the intricate interplay between cultural shock, economic growth, and the preservation of local culture in SEZs. By delineating the positive and negative outcomes, this study informs stakeholders and policymakers about the challenges and opportunities presented by cultural shock. It underscores the necessity for balanced strategies that uphold cultural heritage while harnessing economic benefits in the context of SEZ development.
With the rapid development of digital technology, a wide range of academic fields is devoting an increasing amount of attention to the study of ;digital citizen building;, often known as ;DC;. Despite the widespread use of the word, academics are free to define DC in any way they think proper. The primary emphasis of this extensive inquiry is an in-depth examination of every book that has ever been written about DC themes and values. Journal articles that other researchers have evaluated made up 114 of the total. The topic of education is mentioned in more than half of the entries on the list. Even while each major DC notion was welcomed by its specific disc method, they all had one thing in common: a storm. Concerns raised by participants and prior research on the DC study were considered in these outcomes. The difficulty is that there is a significant shortage of research information on young children, as well as a deficiency in the use of conventional methods of research that are relevant to developmental cohesion. According to the findings of the current integrated study, collaboration across different racial groups is necessary to solve both policy and operational challenges in the District of Columbia research community.
Life-saving treatments represent the heart of all medical intervention. Doctors are instructed and pledge to do no harm and to help save all patients to the best of their ability, a difficult task when life-saving treatments require scarce resources. Distributional fairness is of the utmost importance when a pandemic like COVID-19 roars into emergency rooms causing a nonstop pressure for more ventilators. The production of more ventilators is a looming necessity. With so many healthcare workers struggling to maintain any semblance of work life balance, it is with great admiration that we look to them to have answers for us in this time. The ethics that guide decisions on how to distribute scarce resources varies among countries and within the US. Uniformity and encouraging medical directives would ensure more fairness and a better allocation of resources.
Emergency room doctors in New York, which has become the United States’ epicenter of the virus, are already struggling. New York has yet to reach the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic’s consequences, but the limitations of its hospitals are being exposed. Invasive ventilators are used typically for trauma victims, mostly in emergency situations where the outcome might be unknown. During the pandemic, however, the outcome is starting to show a pattern. With 25 percent of patients requiring ventilation upon ICU admission at New York Presbyterian, the risk of falling short of resources necessary to save lives seems inevitable. In New York, Elmhurst Hospital in Queens has shortages already; critically ill patients died waiting for beds and hospital staff.[i] Thankfully, some efforts have been made to double the capacity for existing ventilators. Novel protocols have been developed at Presbyterian hospital to use one ventilator for two patients. These improvements are critically important and will save lives. With limited numbers of ventilators being provided by the federal government and/or the state, hospitals will reach capacity regardless of efforts to expand resources. Hospitals will need to prioritize patients and decide who will be placed on ventilators.[ii] The factors that are likely to contribute to these difficult decisions will test the foundational principles of bioethics. Age, underlying comorbidities, and whether they are a healthcare worker or not are factors that may very well change the course of treatment once there is an extremely limited number of ventilators left for sick patients.
Many patients who are infected with the novel virus are experiencing symptoms for more than 14 days. Their ability to breath can be affected and as we near the apex, more of them may turn to clinical ethicists to allocate ventilators. Arthur Caplan, head of the medical ethics division at New York Medical School, is working to develop a rationing plan that will guide doctors. As more legal protections are granted to doctors and malpractice is less of a worry, it is important that all healthcare workers look to guiding principles that ensure the integrity of care they provide to patients. Guidelines established in New York help to identify patients who have a higher likelihood of surviving the acute incident as decided by a triage committee. Evaluating patients who are most likely to benefit leads to less futile treatment and more successful intervention, potentially maximizing the number of lives saved.[iii]
Outbreaks of other viruses should have prepared us a bit more, but the US did not experience cases of SARS or MERS, a known impetus for other countries to boost pandemic preparation. Plans to allocate ventilators or medical care are not often shared throughout the US leaving differences between states. Striking a balance between beneficence and utility, ventilator allocation depends on factors that could limit a patient’s likelihood to recover. The fewer factors, the better chance at recovery warranting use of a ventilator. Well, some states have guidelines in place already that might unfairly place more weight on some comorbidities than others. Those with AIDS or mental disabilities in Alabama would be denied a ventilator for reasons discussed in state issued guidelines from 2010. Thomas Cunningham, director of bioethics at Kaiser Permanente West Los Angeles, attempted to gather all guidelines issued across the US in order to solidify some form of national agreement. Another question that has been raised is how long to allow a ventilator to be used by a single patient when there are patients in critical condition waiting to use it. These issues have yet to be solved in the US and elsewhere, but there seems to be an unwillingness to withdraw ventilators once patients are relying on them. In the US, withdrawal of ventilators is common in ICUs when further usage is deemed futile. However, in the midst of the pandemic, withdrawal of a ventilator may come even when there is still a small chance of improvement. Making these decisions can be extremely distressful for clinicians who are otherwise not accustomed to distributing critically low resources.[iv] In the Netherlands, citizens have been made acutely aware that rationing will become a reality soon. Doctors have conducted phone calls to screen patients about their end-of-life decisions and some have been accused of age-based bias that has led to improper questioning. Senior citizens made complaints about calls from doctors whom they claimed were advising against COVID-19 treatment for the elderly. However, the Health Minister, Hugo de Jonge, maintains the claims are false.[v] Advanced care planning is crucial and actually occurs more often in the Netherlands than in the US. These conversations often have nothing to do with the age of the individual. Importantly, the phone calls occur before the emergency and the requirement for ventilation, and therefore the people called are not subject to undue influences or fear.
Invasive ventilation and COVID-19 treatment are not appropriate for everyone. Those who would opt out would be giving their spot to another patient in need. Phone calls reaching people before an emergency to encourage health directives are important measures that all countries might want to begin implementing. With many healthcare workers working from home and waiting for redeployment, the phone calls could be made in order to gain a clear picture of where the US population stands on advanced care planning. Upon admission to the ICU, those who wish to be ventilated if needed and those who do not can be placed in separate areas even.
Sometimes, end of life care decisions are accidentally ignored, a problem that could occur more in the mayhem of COVID-19 hospital admissions. In a situation like COVID-19 where the risk of providing someone life-saving treatments who would have refused them would also harm another who must continue to wait is unacceptable. Hospitals must make sure they are doing absolutely everything to honor health directives while saving the lives they can and should.
Next time a pandemic hits the US, national policies should be in place to address allocation of life-saving medical resources. Other countries have battled somewhat alone in the COVID-19 pandemic, forcing them to develop strategies to manage their own resources. Some countries have received help from the international community and within the US states can encourage sharing resources. However, in the COVID-19 pandemic, in some countries, the entire health care system is being suffocated and there is neither time nor resources available to rely on neighbors for help. The US should make nationwide decisions soon furthering uniformity of emergency healthcare and fair distribution of scarce resources.
April 24, 2020
Photo by Scott Graham on Unsplash
[i] Gregory Barber, “In Crowded Hospitals, Who Will Get Life-Saving Equipment?” Wired, March 31, 2020. https://www.wired.com/story/in-crowded-hospitals-who-will-get-life-saving-equipment/)
[ii] Sarah Kliff et al., “There Aren't Enough Ventilators to Cope With the Coronavirus,” The New York Times, March 18, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/18/business/coronavirus-ventilator-shortage.html
[iii] Robert D. Truog, Christine Mitchell, and George Q. Daley, “The Toughest Triage — Allocating Ventilators in a Pandemic,” New England Journal of Medicine, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmp2005689
[iv] Truog.
[v] Stephanie van den Berg, “Dutch End-of-Life Debate Flares as Coronavirus Tests Healthcare Limits,” Reuters, April 2, 2020. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-netherlands-elderl/dutch-end-of-life-debate-flares-as-coronavirus-tests-healthcare-limits-idUSKBN21K2B6?feedType=RSS&feedName=healthNews
The article mentions the need for development of small business in Russia based on the principals of perfect competition market from the point of view of the business ethics development. At the same time, the role of the government is a «night-watchman». Now Russian small business isn’t developed because of the system ofprinciples that Russia inherited from the USSR.
The article deals with the research of opportunities and prospects to use “Take a knee” protest in professional sports for Nike marketing purposes in terms of influencing customer loyalty to that brand. The action “Take a knee” became widely known in 2016, when the coloured quarterback of the San Francisco 49ers, Colin Kaepernick, knelt in protest while singing the national anthem of the United States of America before several games to denounce police violence against blacks and coloured people. In 2017 the European community for professional sports firstly supported that action, when Hertha BSC’s Bundesliga team went down on their knees before the kick-off of a Bundesliga game to demonstrate for diversity, tolerance and responsibility. Since Hertha BSC is equipped with the sporting goods of Nike manufacturer, the article suggested and tested the hypothesis that “Take a knee” could have an impact on customer loyalty growth to the Nike brand. The systematization of the relevant literature sources and approaches to study the demand for sports goods indicates the lack of comprehensive research on the analysis regarding the impact of the atypical advertising measures on consumer behaviour. Based on the systematization of literary sources, the article identifies the controversy of marketing activities with people who engage in politics. Furthermore, the article defines the moral role of individual athletes or teams of different sports using the example of American football and football (also known as soccer). The methodological basis of the study was analytical and comparative methods, methods of analysis, synthesis, and logical generalization. The paper presents the results of an empirical analysis based on a survey of potential customers of sporting goods in Germany in early 2020 with a sample size of 135 respondents. The authors substantiate the importance of continuous and systematic work by the advertising companies aimed at attracting famous people who are politically engaged to advertising companies as a guarantee of increasing customer loyalty. The results of the study can be useful for both business and advertising companies in terms of the choice of marketing communication tools between manufacturer and customer.
Relationship with stakeholders has been widely seen as a communication phenomenon. Indeed, communication has long played an essential role in stakeholder theory. This study analyzed stakeholder relations in the communication discipline, which still left a room for review, based on stakeholder theory in the context of company management. Specifically, this study focused on both concepts in stakeholder relations, which was studied in communication science, and stakeholder theory, which was grounded on business ethics and strategic management. The concepts were analyzed using a social-oriented framework, and the aim was to disentangle and make evident the communication problems in this issue. The study used a literature review, to map the body of knowledge, and a qualitative approach based on a multi-disciplinary perspective. This study recommended that stakeholder relations be a communication discipline, and it should examine stakeholders based on two interrelated analyses, namely normative and strategic. Stakeholder relations should focus on normative-ethical studies, which were rooted in idealism. The strategic-operative aspects, which originated from realism, by contrast, could be delegated to other disciplines, such as public relations, organizational communication, corporate communication, strategic communication, to communication management.
Every oil producing nation is confronted with a complex and fundamental ethical dilemma. On the one hand, there are moral arguments for the nation to use the petroleum resource for the benefit of society and make it available for countries who do not have this natural resource endowment. On the other hand, there are moral arguments for not extracting and using fossil fuels because of CO2 emissions. In short, this creates tension between the need for government revenues to finance welfare benefits and the objective of preserving the environment. A complicating factor is that a nation’s domestic oil and gas activities are in its nature global because the activities have a direct impact on the global climate. In this paper, I address a question that to my knowledge is rarely discussed in the business ethics literature: how does an oil producing nation try to resolve this fundamental ethical dilemma? Using Norway as a case, I argue that the nation is well aware of this ethical dilemma, but that there are few signals from the government that it wants to reduce the petroleum activities. Instead, Norway tries to seek redemption by (1) using the financial power of the Oil Fund to promote sustainability issues abroad and (2) building an international brand as an “Environmentally Conscious Energy Nation.”