Hasil untuk "Architectural engineering. Structural engineering of buildings"

عباس آیاتی فرد

تهدیدات انسان‌ساز- خصمانه (موضوع علم پدافند غیرعامل) درمیان طیف گستردۀ تهدیداتی که متوجه انسان و محیط انسان‌ساخت است، جایگاه ویژه‌ای دارند؛ درحالی‌که در عمدۀ تهدیدات با منشأ طبیعت، مستهلک کردن کامل تهدید امکان-پذیر نیست، در تهدیدات انسان‌ساز- خصمانه به دلیل منشأ انسانی و مختار بودن فرد و یا اجتماعات انسانی در اخذ تصمیم و اقدام، امکان کاهش موثر آسیب و حتی مستهلک شدن و حذف کامل تهدید وجود دارد. از این نظر مجموعۀ تدابیر و اقدامات مواجهه با این دسته از تهدیدات ذیل عنوان کلی «علم پدافند غیرعامل» از اهمیت ویژه‌‌ای برخوردار است. با‌ توجه به طیف گستردۀ تهدیدات در منطقۀ استقرار کشور، پژوهش حاضر تلاش دارد با ژرفکاوی در مفهوم «کلان واژۀ» امنیت و نظریات امنیتی، راهکارهای علمی و پایدار را در مواجهه با تهدیدات انسان‌ساز- خصمانه مرتبط با حرفۀ طراح محیطی (معماری- شهرسازی) با تمرکز بر مرحلۀ برنامه‌دهی استخراج و تبیین نماید. این مطالعه به روش توصیفی- تحلیلی ابتدا با ابزار مطالعه کتابخانه‌ای و مصاحبه به تعریف راهبردها و سپس به تحلیل روابط میان آن‌ها با استفاده از روش تحلیل اثرات متقابل و میک-مک می‌پردازد. براساس نتایج این پژوهش، در ماتریس تأثیرات مستقیم، متغیر «قانون/ مردم‌سالاری محلی» بیشترین نسبت تأثیرگذاری به تأثیرپذیری را داراست. همچنین در بین متغیرهای موردسنجش، بیشترین تأثیرگذاری مربوط به «گفتمان»، کمترین تأثیرگذاری مربوط به «توجه به اقلیت‌ها»، بیشترین تأثیرپذیری مربوط به «پویایی/ بازاندیشی سیاسی- فرهنگی» و «گفتمان» و کمترین تأثیرپذیری مربوط به «قانون/ مردم‌سالاری محلی» است.

Hajime Akashi, Tomohiro Kobayashi, Toshio Yamanaka et al.

ABSTRACT In order to measure external approaching wind velocity and direction for controlling natural ventilation (NV), anemometers are often installed at the roof top of mid‐ to high‐rise buildings. However, due to the complex flow field around roof top caused by separation flow, the accuracy of the measurement is not well‐known. The final goal of this research is to propose an advanced method for controlling NV operation. By conducting PIV and CFD, the results of the accuracy of estimation of external wind direction and velocity at measuring points based on the data regarding horizontal distribution are shown in this paper.

Caterina Mosca

Alena A. Kurdanova, Mikhail N. Voskresenskiy, Elena A. Kosorotova et al.

The research object is the natural resonance frequencies of the buildings of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (UB RAS) located in Ekaterinburg and their distribution at observation points. The method of spectral ratios (HVSR or the Nakamura method), which allows hidden construction defects to be identified, is applied to analyze the resonance characteristics. Periodic monitoring of technical condition allows to calculate and evaluate changes in dynamic characteristics over time. Equal values of the amplitude extrema of the spectral ratio curve and uniform distribution of the values throughout the building indicate a normal operational state of the structure. The presence of abnormally high values at some points may be due to hidden defects and requires additional study. A method for calculating vulnerability coefficient is demonstrated. According to the results of annual monitoring (since 2017), the stable state of the Institute of Geophysics building of UB RAS is demonstrated, and a comparison with resonant frequencies obtained from the standard project (Institute of Geology Geochemistry of UB RAS) is presented. This article presents a method for assessing seismic stability by calculating horizontal acceleration ( ) at observation points. Acceleration is calculated at the maximum possible seismic event in the studied region (44 cm/s²). The possible maximum acceleration is calculated, taking into account the characteristics of the soil, for the observation point with the highest , = 30.6 cm/s², which corresponds to an earthquake intensity of 5.6.

Kimberley R. Slater, John B. Robinson

Highlights With their predominantly coastal geographies, rapidly growing populations, and emissions-intensive activities, cities are highly vulnerable and major contributors to climate change. Their role as cultural centers, and commerce and innovation hubs, means they are also promising sources of solutions. Taken together, these factors demand a closer examination of the progress and solutions that cities are making to mitigate climate change and adapt to its impacts. However, research on the extent and effectiveness of cities’ implementation efforts is underdeveloped. There is a need to better understand if and how cities are rolling out effective implementation measures, what effects (intended and unintended) such measures are having, and whether their implementation efforts are achieving the transformational changes needed to realize a low carbon, climate-resilient future. This editorial introduces the special issue by exploring these issues and reflecting perspectives from a variety of disciplines both within and outside academia, and in relation to diverse cities in the Global North and South. To better understand the practical dimensions of implementation, and the various obstacles and opportunities faced by public and private sector actors in progressing climate action targets and goals, the editors invited submissions reflective of co-produced research. Though not all took this form, some did and helped to foreground the experiences of those actors who arguably have the most power and responsibility to advance implementation measures, and seed the very institutional arrangements needed for deeper, multisectoral climate action. Collectively, the content of the special issue points to a need for significant investment, policy change, social innovation, and cooperation across societal scales.

Aaron Jara-Calabuig

Federico García Lorca (1898-1936) was one of the most influential writers of Spanish literature of the 20th century. His particular point of view, influenced by rural and urban experiences, inspired set designs with high aesthetic and compositional value. This research analyzes the original stagings of Bodas de sangre in the Teatro Beatriz (Madrid, 1933) and Yerma in the Teatro Español (Madrid, 1934). Compiling documentary material and preparing plans and technical models offer a complete view of each proposal, considering the design criteria and construction processes of those designs for which information is available today. Studying the set designers responsible for each project is also relevant. Manuel Fontanals, Santiago Ontañón, and Siegfried Burmann were leading figures in Spanish and foreign theatrical plastic art during the Second Spanish Republic and the following years. In summary, the study shows how the designs for each scenic space were created, analyzing both their compositional and technical details and the transformation process from the written space to the built one. After all, set design is a discipline belonging to ephemeral architecture, which aims to generate atmospheres and structures with a short useful life but with aesthetic, functional, and stability requirements.

Oluropo Stephen Ilesanmi, S. C. Folorunso, O. O. Kolade

The advent of computer technology has set off an information explosion that has changed civilization and indeed the entire workforce of today’s world. These changes presage a new context in which architecture schools must function. Traditionally, architectural education is basically between a group of persons; the teacher and the learner(s) in a defined classroom space. This mode of knowledge delivery makes the students to adopt a passive position (based on just listening to the teacher). This prevents the diversity of ideas, promotes repetitive learning and kills creativity. Virtual education on the other hand refers to instruction in a learning environment where teacher and student are separated by time or space, or both. In this knowledge delivery mode, students’ take responsibility of their learning process in an active way. Multimedia tools, electronic media like a discussion forum, chat room, voice mail, and e-mail are employed for communication. The benefits inherent in this type of learning process include sharing of resources and learning environment, promotion of collaborative learning, effective education delivery and educational programme enhancement. In this paper, the concept “virtual architectural education” is considered together with the inherent benefits for the architecture schools and profession.

Isabella Wanderley de Cerqueira, Valério Augusto Soares Medeiros, Victor Lubambo Peixoto Accioly

O artigo investiga a relação entre caminhabilidade e configuração espacial, com o intuito de identificar parâmetros relevantes para a interpretação do tema. É intenção compreender o que afeta a escolha, a apreensão e a qualidade dos espaços utilizados pelas pessoas em seus deslocamentos, com base nas seguintes questões de pesquisa: em que medida a configuração da cidade influi nas experiências vivenciadas pelos pedestres nas calçadas?; Que elementos afetam o deslocamento dos pedestres nas calçadas?; e Quais os parâmetros/critérios mais relevantes para observar a caminhabilidade e a qualidade dos espaços públicos? A investigação é procedida a partir da análise exploratória de conceitos, dados e observação em área de estudo no Recife (Pernambuco/Brasil), com base na Teoria da Lógica Social do Espaço (Sintaxe Espacial), estruturando-se em duas etapas: exploratória (análise de parâmetros avaliativos da caminhabilidade por meio da revisão de literatura e métodos observados); e confirmatória (avaliação, em campo, dos parâmetros observados na etapa anterior, com auxílio de técnicas estatísticas). Os achados obtidos revelam que a configuração espacial influencia a caminhabilidade, demonstrando quais aspectos estimulam ou restringem o ato de caminhar, ora alinhando-se, ora negando a bibliografia consultada. As barreiras e as permeabilidades associadas à forma urbana guiam o processo de escolha dos trajetos traçados pelos pedestres e meios de transporte. A forma e a dimensão das quadras, as conexões da malha viária, o comprimento dos percursos, entre outros, acabam por sugerir o modo de transitar, apropriar-se e perceber os espaços.

Tarek Sharaf, Mohamed Hassan, Osman Ramadan

This research addresses the nonlinear analysis of flat bottom clinker silos that are typically used to store granular materials. Most of silos’ failure is due to the inefficiency to resist seismic forces. One of the silo failure reasons is that filled granular material is usually treated as a water pressure which is not realistic. Water pressure is linearly distributed, while granular material has a nonlinear distribution along silo height. The main investigated variables were silo width, height, reinforcement ratio, and the existence of opening in the bottom part of the silo wall. Effects of these variables on silos’ dynamic properties - modal periods and mode shapes - as well as seismic response, base shear, base overturning moment, and the least number of modes needed to satisfy mass participation of 90%, were examined. Extensive numerical analyses were conducted to examine these parameters using different types of analyses such as free vibration, response spectrum, and pushover analysis. It was found that increasing height on time-period has a great effect when compared to the effect of diameter increase. Reinforcement ratio in silo without openings has a minor effect in small diameters while it has a major effect in case of silos with large diameters.

Jiyoon Song, Bernhard Müller

Urban regeneration offers extensive opportunities for tackling climate change. However, in the Republic of Korea, successful examples of such policy integration are rare. Whereas many studies have analysed inhibiting factors of policy integration, the perspective of this paper is different. It investigates enabling factors that promote policy integration in the cases of climate change and urban regeneration policies under non-supportive politico-administrative framework conditions. Two good practice examples from Seoul ('i.e.' the neighbourhoods of Jangwi-dong and Sangdo 4-dong) provide a basis for analysing: (1)   which topics facilitated integration; (2) which stakeholders promoted the integration of climate change and urban regeneration policies and how; and (3) whether and how long-term community effects could be generated. A mixed-methods approach is used: document analysis, content analysis, interviews ('n' = 50) and process-tracing methods. The results show the significance of local promoters and their politico-administrative skills to frame distinct subjects comprehensively which facilitates support from different programmes. Second, open and flexible regulatory frameworks as well as the readiness of higher level authorities to learn from local experiments are conducive to innovation. Third, the institutionalisation and mainstreaming of new topics, 'e.g.' climate change, is a precondition for creating lasting effects in urban regeneration areas. 'Practice relevance' The study is relevant for urban regeneration practice because it highlights the role and qualifications of promoters of policy integration, the level of readiness to allow and learn from local experiments in urban living laboratories, and the necessity to mainstream new topics such as climate change as soon as they are integrated to generate lasting effects.

Mohammad Zarei, Alireza Naseri, Arsalan Salehikalam et al.

Nanomaterial have been considered as one of the new additives by researchers for use in asphalt pavement. In this study, economic analysis along with technical analysis of the effect of different percentages of Nano carbon black on a 1 km long road was evaluated. The results showed that the addition of Nano carbon black to the asphalt mixture in low percentages reduced the Marshall stability due to the lack of proper bonding between bitumen and Nano carbon black. By increasing the percentage of Nano carbon black in the asphalt mix, Marshall Stability increased. Also, Nano carbon black has clearly shown potential for improving the permanent deformation resistance of the modified asphalt mixture. During the Marshall Quotient test, more than two times increase in rutting resistance has been observed by adding more than 10% Nano carbon black to the asphalt mixture. On the other hand, the results of economic analysis showed that the project has become uneconomic in different percentages; however, due to the positive effect of adding Nano carbon black on the technical properties of asphalt mixtures, it is recommended that Nano carbon black be used sparingly in areas where the pavement suffers from a lack of load-bearing capacity.

Chi-Hua Yu, M. Buehler

We report the use of a deep learning model to design de novo proteins, based on the interplay of elementary building blocks via hierarchical patterns. The deep neural network model is based on translating protein sequences and structural information into a musical score that features different pitches for each of the amino acids, and variations in note length and note volume reflecting secondary structure information and information about the chain length and distinct protein molecules. We train a deep learning model whose architecture is composed of several long short-term memory units from data consisting of musical representations of proteins classified by certain features, focused here on alpha-helix rich proteins. Using the deep learning model, we then generate de novo musical scores and translate the pitch information and chain lengths into sequences of amino acids. We use a Basic Local Alignment Search Tool to compare the predicted amino acid sequences against known proteins, and estimate folded protein structures using the Optimized protein fold RecognitION method (ORION) and MODELLER. We find that the method proposed here can be used to design de novo proteins that do not exist yet, and that the designed proteins fold into specified secondary structures. We validate the newly predicted protein by molecular dynamics equilibration in explicit water and subsequent characterization using a normal mode analysis. The method provides a tool to design novel protein materials that could find useful applications as materials in biology, medicine, and engineering.

P. Valeri, P. Guaita, Raffael Baur et al.

Textile reinforced concrete (TRC) is a cementitious‐based material where reinforcement consists of high‐strength noncorrosive textile fabrics. Due to the use of a noncorrosive reinforcement, cover requirements can be limited to minimum static values and the amount of clinker in the cement can also be notably reduced. In addition, the simplicity to arrange the fabrics in complex formworks makes the material suited for thin shells or folded structures (typically with thicknesses ranging 10–20 mm). Due to the savings in material and to the lower amounts of clinker used for its production, TRC has a higher sustainable potential than conventional reinforced concrete, with a significantly lower CO2 footprint. To encourage an extensive use of TRC in practice, several topics need however further development. They comprise aspects related to the material and structural response of TRC, but also to the design and to the possibilities to integrate TRC within the architecture and building‐physics. In the present research, results of a 4‐year research program on TRC performed by researchers in civil engineering and architecture are presented. The response of the material is first investigated in tension, bending, and shear. On this basis, considerations on the potential of TRC for construction are drawn and an example of application is presented with the construction of a full‐scale pavilion entirely in TRC.

Lei Yu, Yongyi Ye, Lu Zhang

It is important to improve residential thermal comfort in the high dense cities, in which wind environment is crucial. Waterside buildings take an advantage of micro-hydrological-climate in summer that should be used to enhance residential thermal comfort especially in the subtropical region. In order to propose design approaches according to the outdoor thermal comfort of the waterside residential, a case study of Shenzhen She Kou residential district has been made. It focused on various factors that could have influence on wind environment for improving thermal comfort. Using wind velocity ratio (ΔRi) criterion, factors of building development volume, building direction and layout pattern, open space arrangement etc. have been broadly explored using FLUENT simulation. To planning parameters, the Floor Area Ratio (FAR) is significantly influence wind environment, the smaller FAR is better. To the vertical layout of the buildings, multi-storey layout and multi-storey & sub high-rise mixed layout would provide better wind environment. To the horizontal layout, the determinant is better than the peripheral. Other factors such as the buildings’ direction towards the road, buildings’ height, and open space setting, have influence on wind environment yet. In general, the more benefit of design layout for wind breezing, the better wind environment it could get

Maria-Aida Stan

This paper analyzes user experience principles and methods and their importance regarding the establishment of a powerful brand. As a case study, the author conducts user experience analysis of the website belonging to RISE, a Romanian company in the aerospace industry. The study comprises includes methods such as heuristic evaluation, persona building and journey mapping, the System Usability Scale (SUS) survey and competitor benchmarking. The author identifies opportunities for improvement within the website and compiles a list of standard well performing design elements for use in the redesign of the website. As a fnal touch, the author prototypes wireframes for the redesign of the website and explains the thought process behind each.

Sidhi Pramudito, Yustina Banon Wismarani

Panjangrejo village is a tourism village that located in Pundong sub-district, Bantul regency, Yogyakarta Special Region. This village is an area of pottery production centers where most of the villagers work as pottery craftsmen. This potential is also supported by the Regional Planning and Development Agency (Bappeda) and the Bantul Regency Tourism Office which establishes the village as one of the priority planning of 7 (seven) priority tourism villages in Bantul Regency in 2019. Research on the criteria of ideal housing can become one of the first steps to understanding the urge and needs of pottery craftsmen of houses. The purpose of this study is to determine the criteria that are the preferences of respondents about an ideal houses. This research uses a qualitative approach by collecting data through a questionnaire distributed to pottery craftsmen. Data analysis was performed by text data analysis. The results of the analysis showed that of the various criteria about the ideal houses, the dominant design criteria found were aspects of environmental health of the house, the form and finishing of the house, the spatial needs and relationships, and building construction. The results of this study are also expected to be used as input for Bappeda and the Bantul Regency Tourism Office if in the future they will carry out planning and design in Panjangrejo Tourism Village.

Ana - Maria Graur

When the principle of modular assembly of semi-regulated polyhedra is applied in architectural design, we obtain functional and structural autonomous architectural structures, based on a common matrix system. This system is subdivided into modules that allow independent changes or adjustments and offers great adaptability to the environment. The development of computer technology and 3D printing enables tessellation of more spectacular geometric modules. The studied surface is much easier to control both in terms of shape and structure. Therefore, research on the applications of modular assembly in the design of architectural geometry it is a great necessity for architectural studies. This paper aims to present several buildings that use the three-dimensional assembly of semi-regular polyhedra, explore the feasibility and significance of application of modular assembly in architectural geometry design and can be considered the beginning of a much more detailed ongoing research.

S. Butcher, A. Pyle

Daniel J. Thomas

Endrit Hoxha, Alexander Passer, Marcella Ruschi Mendes Saade et al.

The increasing pressure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from buildings has motivated specialists to develop low-carbon products incorporating bio-based materials. The impact of these materials is often evaluated through life-cycle assessment (LCA), but there is no clear consensus on how to model the biogenic carbon released or absorbed during their life-cycle. This study investigates and compares existing methods used for biogenic carbon assessment. The most common approaches were identified through an extensive literature review. The possible discrepancies between the results obtained when adopting different methods are made evident through an LCA study of a timber building. Results identified that land-use and land-use-change (LULUC) impacts and carbon-storage credits are not included in most existing methods. In addition, when limiting the system boundary to certain life-cycle stages, methods using the –1/+1 criterion can lead to net negative results for the global warming (GW) score, failing to provide accurate data to inform decision-making. Deviation between the results obtained from different methods was 16% at the building scale and between 35% and 200% at the component scale. Of all the methods studied, the dynamic approach of evaluating biogenic carbon uptake is the most robust and transparent.   'Practice relevance' This critical review identified key methodological differences between the most commonly used methods and recommended standards for biogenic carbon accounting in buildings. This indicates a lack of consensus and guidance for conducting LCAs of bio-based construction products and buildings using bio-based materials. A case study applying four different LCA approaches on a timber building identified the inability to compare results and create proper benchmarks. Moreover, different methods lead designers to pursue different strategies to reduce a building’s carbon footprint. Regulators, the construction industry and the construction products industry are directly affected by this lack of comparability. This research highlights the flaws and benefits of commonly used methods. A clear and grounded recommendation is for practitioners to adopt dynamic biogenic carbon accounting for future assessments of bio-based materials and buildings.