Joaquim Antonio Alves Ribeiro (Icó, 1830 – Fortaleza, 1875) foi o primeiro médico brasileiro a se formar em Harvard (1853); criou o primeiro gabinete de história natural do Ceará, uma instituição particular; fundou o primeiro periódico cearense voltado à difusão de conhecimentos médico-científicos; foi pioneiro no uso de um tipo de anestésico no Brasil; realizou outras atividades de cunho médico-científico, como o envio de objetos naturais para coleções no exterior e a contribuição com instituições públicas cearenses. No entanto, a despeito de sua relevância, é ainda personagem pouco reconhecido pela historiografia das ciências. A hipótese discutida no livro do historiador Eduardo Henrique Barbosa de Vasconcelos, A ciência peculiar de Joaquim Antonio Alves Ribeiro: Ceará – Harvard – Ceará, é que não se trata propriamente de um desconhecimento, mas sim de uma obliteração produzida por uma operação historiográfica desenvolvida em razão de um projeto político de elites “nacionais” – na verdade, sudestinas –, as quais sempre enfatizaram instituições científicas sobretudo do Sudeste como espaços quase exclusivos de pesquisa e desenvolvimento de atividades científicas na história do Brasil.
The article examines the foundations that constitute the formulation of the metaphysical question in Martin Heidegger’s philosophy. The article focuses in detail on the period of 1929-1930, which includes the report “Was ist Metaphysik?” and the lecture course “Die Grundbegriffe der Metaphysik. Welt–Endlichkeit–Einsamkeit”. The introduction to the article and the main problem are three prejudices from Being and Time that make it impossible to ask a clear question about being. The main material is presented on the basis of primary sources: “Being and Time”, “Basic Concepts of Metaphysics”. The peculiarity of Heidegger’s work of the 1929s and 1930s is the approximation of the research methodology in the 1927 treatise to the present. Phenomenological hermeneutics and fundamental ontology were used in relation to the ancient Greeks to develop a metaphysics of ciphers or special words in which Heidegger concentrated the Greek experience of being. During the 1930s, Heidegger would make an effort to realize this experience by looking for points of intersection between Greeks and Germans in German idealism and poetry. Since the Greeks are ruled by aeon (temporal time) and agon (the spirit of competition), modern metaphysics needs to develop a special concept of being that would distinguish who Germans are, where they came from, and where they are going. The article proposes a distinction between higher being - divine, human life-world – social, human essence – cultural, working, shepherd. Being, being and man are subject to metaphysical questioning as the most general concepts. That is, those that immediately or a priori express a certain clarity. Nihilism, as the spirit of the time, demands that metanarratives be questioned and self-evidence be reassessed. An outstanding achievement of Heidegger’s metaphysical question is the distinction being as Seyn. The nationalist or folk Old German definition of being both frees it from academic requirements and accurately captures the open horizon in which the existence of the first half of the 20th century was frozen. Since this essence of man is presented after the linguistic turn, it lacks the main feature of the turn-a specific linguistic ability or words that clarify being. The article aims to study Martin Heidegger’s metaphysical teaching in the 1929-1930s. The article concludes that the metaphysics of the above-mentioned years of Heidegger’s philosophy reveals itself in parallel with the spirit of the time of the then German conservative revolution. As we know, Martin Heidegger did not remove the question of being and selected names for it, because he was looking for an appropriated lawn and a boundary, beyond which the exit to the lawn opens. This article offers a look at this problematic in the contextual name of metaphysic – Seyn.
Relevance. Growing distrust of vaccines around the world, a decrease in vaccination rates have led to an increase in the incidence of measles and a rise in the vulnerability of people with immunodeficiency status. The aim. To study the efficacy and safety of measles vaccination in children with oncohematological diseases. Materials & methods. The study involved 107 children: 74 of them with a history of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and 33 with solid tumors. All children had a history of receiving standardized polychemotherapy. In all the subjects, the vaccination history was studied, the titers of specific antibodies to measles were determined. Children with non-protective levels of antibodies (53 children) were subsequently vaccinated against measles. Results and discussions. Of the 107 children examined, before cancer, 99 (92.5%) were vaccinated against measles, of which 68 (68.7%) patients were only vaccinated, and 31 (31.3%) had vaccination and revaccination. Protective titers of antibodies against measles were preserved in 51 people (51.5%), and 48 (48.5%) were seronegative. When assessing immunogenicity on days 14, 45 after the introduction of the vaccine, it turned out that by day 14, 27 out of 53 children (50.9%) developed measles antibodies, and by day 45, 33 out of 53 children (62.3%), the rest of the children did not developed a protective level of antibodies, including 3 of 6 revaccinated. Conclusion. Thus, children with malignant diseases, regardless of the number of previous vaccinations and the duration of the end of therapy, become unprotected or have low titers of antibodies to measles in 83.8%, and immunization after treatment is effective in 62.3% of cases.
Inspirado no Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas (CBPF), o Centro de Pesquisas Físicas da URGS (CPF-URGS) foi criado em 1953 e substituído em 1959 pelo Instituto de Física. O objetivo deste trabalho é mostrar os elementos mais relevantes dessa efêmera existência, e como esse processo redundou em reconhecidos benefícios para o futuro do Instituto de Física, uma vez que parte significativa da cultura científica implantada no IF-UFRGS a partir dos anos 1960 tem forte conexão com as atividades desenvolvidas no CPF.
Na primeira parte da definição de virtude moral, na Ética Nicomaqueia, Aristóteles afirma que a virtude deve ser uma emoção (pathos), uma capacidade (dynamis), ou uma disposição (hexis) e apresenta um argumento com o objetivo de sustentar que a virtude é uma disposição. Uma maneira de tentar entender o que acontece em II.5 é observar que Aristóteles está lidando com qualidades e buscar nas Categorias uma explicação para o que é feito na EN. Ainda que ajude a entender em geral o que são afecções (pathe), capacidades e disposições, o recurso às Cat. não dá conta de certas especificidades do contexto da EN. Cat. não fornece nenhuma pista que nos ajude a entender, por exemplo, por que capacidades e disposições são caracterizadas em função das emoções. O objetivo deste artigo é propor uma leitura de EN II.5 que atente mais para o que é desenvolvido na própria EN do que em outros textos. Nesse sentido, sustentarei que o que está em jogo no referido capítulo é a relação entre virtude e emoção e que o resultado da primeira parte da definição da virtude moral é que a virtude é uma disposição emocional
This contribution aims to offer food for thought on the ancestral role of music for mankind, considering its potential, transversal to different areas of interest, including psycho-pedagogical, clinical and didactic, as a heterogeneous expression of cultures, communities and characters. In spite of the fact that music education is compulsory in secondary schools, not in all contexts the activities are structured and carried out taking into account the positive implications on pupils’ psycho-physical well-being, rehabilitative potential and increased motivation to learn. Just as the possibilities for dynamics and time in music are manifold, so too is the horizon of options that looms over the sky of educational action, intersecting also with the world of technology, which puts innovative tools such as serious games at the service of education.
Philosophy (General), Epistemology. Theory of knowledge
O artigo analisa o recrutamento por parte da Revista Brasiliense, publicação sediada em São Paulo que circulou entre 1955 e 1964, do literato cearense João Clímaco Bezerra (JCB), objetivando entender o espaço de possíveis que permitiu a circulação de um escritor de província para além das fronteiras regionais e sua participação em um projeto político-cultural de caráter nacional-desenvolvimentista e cujos principais articuladores eram nomes consagrados da intelectualidade brasileira. Como recurso metodológico, a partir da sociologia bourdieusiana, se remontou a trajetória de JCB e se elaborou o conjunto de capitais (cultural, social e intelectual) alcançados pelo escritor. Buscou-se, dessa forma, estabelecer os ritos de instituição e nominação que construíram a identidade social do agente analisado, os mecanismos de consagração, as posiçõesocupadas nos espaço sociais onde transitou e por meio das quais estabeleceu suas redes de sociabilidade e de filiação.
Epistemology. Theory of knowledge, History (General)
N. N. Filatov, M. P. Kostinov, T. N. Elagina
et al.
Whereas the quality of the program depends on promptness, full coverage, vaccination schedule abidance. Taking new Moscow regions as an example there have been studied factors influencing vaccination against Pneumococcal infection (PI). Insufficient provision of the vaccine to reach the desired level of coverage has been detected: in 2014 only 67.57% of liable children could receive double vaccination; the available quantity of vaccine in 2015 was able to provide 33. 84% of children up to 12 months old with double vaccination.However, the actual number of children vaccinated turned to be much lower (0.23% in 2014 and 20.85% in 2015).The survey of the doctors with the purpose of defining the level of knowledge and commitment to the vaccination against PI has shown a modest level of epidemiology, clinical implications, PIimmunoprophylaxis method awareness. Parental attitude towards PI vaccination has been estimated as positive. Parental interest to opportunities of immunoprophylaxis against PI is worthwhile noting despite the insufficient level of knowledgeability of its effects. Hence 74.5% of parents whose children are not vaccinated against PI would like to start vaccination, however a part of them look into receiving more information (29.41% parents).
En este trabajo intento poner a prueba la consistencia de la teoría fichteana del derecho natural, comparando la forma de intersubjetividad que implica el cuerpo y la que se deduce de la teoría del Estado, fundada sobre el supuesto psicológico-moral del egoísmo universal.
The present essay aims to investigate the role and the relevance of the Agent and its subjective dimension in the scope of Natural Sciences.
Science pursues an ideal of absolute objectivity, with all individual instances totally banished. However, the analysis of the process of acquiring new scientific concepts, observed in its becoming, shows that individual cognizances and subjective perceptions constantly intervene all along the path of a notion through the human knowledge. The adoption of protocols not grounded on quantitative indicators and unbiased formal procedures represents an epistemological base larger than the ordinary framework, acting in synergy with the weighting of the operating subjects. These components do not undermine the overall reliability, but rather they disclose a greater discernment potential, merging into a criterion of truth inclusive and shared, we may call "over-objectivity".
Si richiama l’aspetto non più propulsivo della grande svolta di Schönberg e delle scuole di Vienna e poi di Stoccarda. Si sottolineano invece le prospettive di apertura nelle forme compositive di Alessandro Sbordoni, le cui origini sono nel gruppo di ricerca di Nuova Consonanza, di Franco Evangelisti, e nell’idea di una composizione come ‘fare’, vicina all’improvvisazione della musica jazz; si sottolineano i precedenti filosofici e i punti nevralgici di questa apertura nelle considerazioni di Fichte, in merito all’autoriflessione epistemologica sulla relazione gnoseologica, e così nell’operazionismo di Bridgman; e si puntualizza la critica alla lunga tradizione formale delle regole compositive e alle loro ricostituzioni negli stessi climi rivoluzionari. Musica come prassi compositiva è il Sirius di Sbordoni (2009), di cui si analizzano le forme a posteriori, e da cui si risale indietro fino alle Fantasie della lontananza, su versi di Emily Dickinson. La riflessione si confronta con le tesi di Schönberg, Adorno, Mila e Rognoni, oltre che dello stesso Sbordoni.
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Man bezieht sich hier auf den nicht mehr vorantreibenden Aspekt des großen Wendepunkts von Schönberg, der Wiener und später der Stuttgarter Schule. Demgegenüber werden die Perspektiven der Öffnung in den Kompositionsformen von Alessandro Sbordoni betont, deren Ursprung in der Forschungsgruppe Nuova Consonanza um Franco Evangelisti und in der Idee einer Komposition als “Schaffen” liegt, die der Improvisation der Jazz-Musik nahesteht. Es werden sodann die philosophischen Präzedenzfälle und die kritischen Punkte dieser Öffnung in Fichte’s Betrachungen über die epistemologische Selbstbeobachtung der gnoseologischen Zusammenhänge unterstrichen, ebenso wie im Operationismus von Bridgeman; es wird auch die Kritik an der langen formalen Tradition der Kompositionsnormen präzisiert und an ihrer Neubegründung in denselben revolutionären Klimata. Musik als kompositorische Praxis ist Sbordoni’s Sirius (2009), dessen Formen a posteriori analysiert werden und von da aus zurückgehend bis zu den Fantasie della lontananza (Verse von Emily Dickinson). Die Überlegungen werden mit den Thesen von Schönberg, Adorno, Mila und Rognoni verglichen, neben den Thesen von Sbordoni selbst.
Computational linguistics. Natural language processing, Epistemology. Theory of knowledge
Quine, em seu livro
Philosophy of Logic, identifica lógica com lógica de primeira ordem e defende a concepçáo segundo a qual a completude é uma propriedade necessária dos sistemas lógicos. O objetivo deste trabalho é discutir a argumentaçáo de Quine e mostrar que suas idéias a respeito da natureza da lógica apresentam diversos problemas tanto conceituais, como técnicos.
This article seeks to understand the philosophical situation of some authors whose lives and thoughts were between Kant and Hegel. This age was called German Romanticism. Among its first authors, were Friedrich Schlegel and Novalis, besides Hölderlin. These thinkers sought to overcome Kant’s criticism of all philosophical knowledge that intended to reach the absolute truth, the way things are in themselves. This process, however, was never completed for them – as happened later with the system of Hegel, for whom contradictions would only be accepted as the steps of what he called dialectic, whose essence was, in the end, to resolve them in the figure of synthesis. Finite limitation of man before the whole of being, as it was established by Kant, was left behind with Hegel. Schlegel, Novalis and Hölderlin were not satisfied with the criticism of Kant, but neither did they believe in the synthesis of Hegel. They seem to suggest another path to Western modernity, which is not taken by the fury of Hegelian absolute knowledge without awaking it every time with the Kantian critical consciousness and is not content with this critical consciousness without dreaming with the absolute. This path is what this article seeks to understand.
Este trabalho pretende abordar a relaçáo entre ensino e avaliaçáo em filosofia, pois é preciso que deixemos de tratar as questões relativas a essa relaçáo no nível do senso comum.Tomando-se como referência a célebre frase de Kant, mas náo sua conclusáo e sim o texto que se encontra entre parênteses “a náo ser historicamente” entendemos que é possível, além de filosofar, ensinar história da filosofia, na educaçáo básica e no ensino superior. Por outro lado, é preciso aproveitar, criticamente, a produçáo pedagógica em torno da avaliaçáo, permitindo-nos refletir sobre o por quê e como avaliar em filosofia seja como avaliaçáo do filosofar seja como avaliaçáo em história da filosofia.
One of Ortega y Gasset's more important contributions was his theory and methodological use of the concept of perspective. Clearly he´s indebeted to Nietzsche on this issue, but it can also be surmised that Renan was also important in this issue at the time that Ortega was preparing Meditaciones del Quijote. The article compares Renan's criticism of Lamennais with Ortega's interpretation of Pío Baroja focusing not only on the paralelism of their criticisms of established and prominent personalities of their intelectual community, but also on the underlying understanding of cultural practice.
El trabajo trata, desde un punto de vista crítico, acerca del sentido del concepto muralla, en su contexto socio-político y simbólico. A propósito de la generalización a nivel mundial de murallas entre naciones, países, culturas, plantea además la existencia de murallas virtuales, como la «línea de pobreza», que marcan la exclusión de grandes sectores sociales.<br>This work, written from a critic standpoint, is about the meaning of the concept of wall in its sociopolitical and symbolic context. Deriving from the outspreading of walls all over the world between nations, countries, cultures, we pose the existence of virtual walls such as the "poverty line", which mark the exclusion of big social groups.